![the pre-existence of a Phœnician or Egyptian colony here before the
Roman times?
214. As a matter of fact, 12th century would be more exact;
nearly all the chief problems of pointed arch construction in
intersecting vaulting having been worked out before the close of that
century.
215. [The domical construction of the vaults of the two great
cisterns erected by Constantine, the Binbirderek, or thousand-and-
one columns, and the Yeri Batan Seraï, both in Constantinople,
suggests that there already existed in the East a method of vaulting
entirely different from that which obtained in Rome, and which may
have been a traditional method handed down even from Assyrian
times.—Ed.]
216. ‘Syrie Centrale: Architecture civile et religieuse du Ier
au VIIme
Siècle. Par le Comte Melchior de Vogüé.’
217. ‘Byzantine Architecture,’ by Texier and Pullan. Folio, London,
1864.
218. De Vogüé, ‘Églises de la Terre Sainte,’ p. 101.
219. For a careful analytical description of the church, see
Professor Willis, ‘Architectural History of the Holy Sepulchre,’ London,
1849.
220. The particulars for these churches are taken from Texier and
Pullan’s splendid work on Byzantine architecture published by Day,
1864.
221. Another very small church, that of Moudjeleia, though under
50 ft. square, seems to have adopted the same hypæthral
arrangement.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-22-320.jpg)
![222. A great deal of very irrelevant matter has been written about
these “giant cities of Bashan,” as if their age were a matter of doubt.
There is nothing in the Hauran which can by any possibility date
before the time of Roman supremacy in the country. The very
earliest now existing are probably subsequent to the destruction of
Jerusalem by Titus.
223. The constructive dimensions of the porch at Chillambaram (p.
353. History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, 1876.) are very
similar to those of this church: both have flat stone roofs, but in the
Indian, though a much more modern example, there is no arch.
224. These are all given in colours in Texier and Pullan’s beautiful
work on Byzantine architecture, from which all the particulars
regarding this church are taken.
225. A wayside retreat or shelter.
226. A restoration of the church from Procopius’s description, ‘De
Ædificiis,’ lib. i. ch. iv., will be found in Hübsch, ‘Altchristliche
Baukunst,’ pls. xxxii. and xxxiii.
227. See vol. iii., in chapter on Indian Saracenic Architecture.
228. The Renaissance dome which fits best to the church on
which it is placed is that of Sta. Maria at Florence; but, strange to
say, it is neither the one originally designed for the place, nor
probably at all like it. All the others were erected as designed by the
architects who built the churches, and none fit so well.
229. [The apses on each side of central apse are said to be
additions to the original structure. The triple apses in Greek churches
are found, according to Dr. Freshfield (‘Archæologia,’ vol. 44), only in
churches erected subsequent to Justin II. In St. Simeon Stylites and
St. Sergius at Bosra the side apses have been added afterwards.—
Ed.]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-23-320.jpg)
![230. Strictly speaking, circular with flattened sides, for the
pendentive has a longer radius than half the diagonal of the square.
231. The two eastern cupolas have been raised in Arab times, and
a cylindrical drum inserted with windows pierced in them to give
more light to the interior.
232. There are numerous examples of this class of structure in
North Syria, but whether they are memorials or tombs is not known.
See ‘Reisen Kleinasien und Nord Syria’ by Karl Humann and Otto
Puchstein.
233. [This rule cannot be made a hard and fast one. Procopius
states that in the central dome of the Church of the Apostles,
Constantinople, “the circular building standing above the arches is
pierced with windows, and the spherical dome which over-arches it
seems to be suspended in the air.” In the church of St. Sergius at
Constantinople the walls of the octagon, which are pierced with
windows, are carried up to the vault, and in the church of Sta.
Sophia at Thessalonica the windows are pierced in an upright dome
cylindrical internally. In all these cases, however, there is a marked
distinction between these examples and those of the lofty cylindrical
drums which were employed in the Neo-Byzantine churches. Mr.
Fergusson’s rule, therefore, with these exceptions, may be taken as
absolute.—Ed.]
234. They are found in the Mustaphapacha mosque at
Constantinople dating from 430 A.D., but rebuilt in the 13th century.
235. [It is now considered that the Church of the Holy Apostles
was the original model. This church, rebuilt by Justinian, was pulled
down in 1464 A.D. by Mohammad II. to furnish a site for his mosque.
—Ed.]
236. [This work has lately been undertaken by Messrs. Barnsley
and Schultz, who are preparing their drawings for publication, and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-24-320.jpg)
![hope to follow up the task with a survey of the more important
churches in Mount Athos.—Ed.]
237. ‘Die Kunst in den Athos Kirchen,’ Leipzig, 1890.
238. ‘Athos; or, the Mountain of the Monks,’ by Athelstan Riley,
M.A., 1887.
239. See the photogravure of the interior of the Catholicon at
Dochiariu.
240. ‘Églises Byzantines en Grèce.’
241. ‘Expédition scientifique de la Morée.’
242. There would seem however to have been a revival in the
11th century, possibly a reflex of that which was taking place in West
Europe. And it was during this period that the churches of St. Luke
in Phoeis, the church at Daphné and the churches of St. Nicodemus
and St. Theodore in Athens were erected.
243. C. Texier, ‘Arménie et la Perse.’ 2 vols. folio. Paris.
244. Dubois de Montpereux, ‘Voyage autour du Caucase.’ 6 vols.
8vo. Paris, 1839, 1841.
245. Brosset, ‘Voyage Archéologique dans la Georgie et l’Arménie.’
St. Pétersbourg, 1849.
246. D. Grimm, ‘Monuments d’Architecture en Georgie et Arménie.’
St. Pétersbourg, 1864.
247. Texier gives three dates to this church. In the ‘Byzantine
Architecture,’ p. 174, it is said to be of the 7th, and at p. 4, of the
9th century. In the ‘L’Arménie et la Perse,’ at p. 120, the date is
given as 1243. My conviction is that the first is correct.
248. Flandin and Coste, ‘Voyage en Perse,’ pls. 214, 215.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-25-320.jpg)
![249. Texier and Pullan, ‘Byzantine Architecture,’ pp. lix., lx.
250. I am a little doubtful regarding the scales of these two
buildings. They are correctly reduced from M. Brosset’s plates. But
are these to be depended upon?
251. Even if it should be asserted that this is no proof that the
inhabitants of these countries were Buddhists in those days, it seems
tolerably certain that they were tree-worshippers, which is very
nearly the same thing. Procopius tells us that “even in his day these
barbarians worshipped forests and groves, and in their barbarous
simplicity placed the trees among their gods.” (‘De Bello Gotico,’
Bonn, 1833, ii. 471.)
252. The principal part of the information regarding these
excavations is to be found in the work of Dubois de Montpereux,
passim.
253. [See paper by Mr. Wm. Simpson in R. I. B. A. Transactions,
vol. vii., 1891.—Ed.]
254. All the plans and information regarding the churches at Kief
are obtained from a Russian work devoted to the subject, procured
for me on the spot by Mr. Vignoles, C.E.
255. The first bay, as shown on plan (Woodcut No. 382), is the
narthex; the five domes come beyond it.
256. The particulars and illustrations of this church are taken from
a paper by Heinrich Keissenberger, in the ‘Jahrbuch der K. K.
Commission für Enthaltung der Baudenkmale,’ 1860. A model of it,
full size, was exhibited at the Paris Exhibition of 1867.
257. [It has been assumed that the Roman basilicas were taken
possession of by the early Christians for their own religious services,
but as Mr. G. G. Scott points out in his ‘Essay on the History of
English Church Architecture,’ “there is no well-authenticated instance](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-26-320.jpg)
![Lateran), are of too great importance to warrant the suggestion that
their origin should be sought for in the very small though possibly
earlier examples in Egypt or the East.—Ed.]
258. This probably refers to its foundation, for M. Cattaneo, in his
work ‘L’architecture en Italie, 1890,’ judging by its ornamental detail,
places the church in the second half of the seventh century.
259. ‘Antiquités,’ vol. i. pl. 97.
260. Eodem, vol. iv. pl. 67.
261. Mr. Alfred J. Butler’s work, already referred to, has thrown
considerable light on the subject, though, as he was unable to visit
any of the Coptic churches up the Nile, we are still left in doubt as to
the age of the convent near Siout and other buildings. From
comparison of the plans and descriptions given in Denon, Curzon
and Pococke of these buildings, with those in Cairo and Old Cairo,
Mr. Butler ascribes them to the fourth century, that which in fact is
claimed for them as having been founded by Sta. Helena. On this
subject he says, p. 365: “Were there no more of evidence besides to
determine the truth of this tradition, the plan of the Haikal (the
central of the three chapels in a Coptic church) would decide it
beyond question. The persistence with which certain churches are
ascribed to Sta. Helena by a people utterly ignorant of history and
architecture is in itself remarkable, and it is still more remarkable to
find that these churches are always marked by a particular form of
Haikal. Indeed, so regular is the coincidence, that a deep apsidal
haikal with recesses all round it and columns close against the wall
may be almost infallibly dated from the age of Sta. Helena.”
262. The older church has been so altered and ruined by the
subsequent rebuildings that it is extremely difficult to make out its
history. It seems, however, to have been built originally above the
site of an old Mithraic temple, which has recently been cleared out,
and probably before the time of Gregory the Great. It was](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-28-320.jpg)
![apparently rebuilt, or nearly so, by Adrian I., 772, and burnt by
Robert Guiscard, 1084. The upper church seems to have been
erected by Paschal, 1099-1118. The question is, to what age do the
frescoes found on the walls of the older church belong? Some of the
heads and single figures may, I fancy, be anterior even to the time
of Adrian; but the bulk of the paintings seem certainly to have been
added between his age and 1084, and nearer the latter than the
former date. If it had not been entirely ruined in 1084 Paschal would
not have so completely obliterated it a century afterwards. A
considerable quantity of the materials of the old church were used in
the new, which tends further to confuse the chronology.
263. Gutensohn and Knapp, ‘Die Basiliken des Christlichen Roms.’
264. Cicero de Legg., ii. 24; Festus, s. v.; Smith’s ‘Dictionary of
Classical Antiquities.’
265. The dates here given generally refer to the building now
existing or known, and not always to the original foundation.
[Mr. G. G. Scott, in his work before referred to (p. 506), after
giving a full quotation from Eusebius of Constantine’s basilica at
Jerusalem, in which he points out that the orientation of primitive
times is the reverse of that which has become general in later times,
continues his enquiry into the evidence afforded by the numerous
early basilicas in Rome itself. Of about fifty churches of early date, in
forty of them the sanctuary is placed at the western end, and of the
remaining ten (one of which is the great church of St. Paolo fuori le
Mura), there are only seven which appear to have retained their
original form, and which have an eastward sanctuary.
The exact orientation of the sanctuary in each case has been
added to the list.—Ed.]
266. ‘Il Vaticano discritto da Pistolesi,’ vol. ii. pls. xxiv. xxv.
267. The new church which superseded this one is described in
the History of the Modern Styles of Architecture, vol. i., page 111,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-29-320.jpg)
![woodcut 45.
268. It should be observed that the dosseret is first found in Italy
in the Church of St. Stefano Rotondo, built 468-482, and is there of
similar design to examples in Thessalonica.
269. ‘L’architecture en Italie du vie au xie
siècle.’ Venice, 1891.
270. ‘Altchristlichen Kirchen nach Baudenkmalen und alteren
Beschreibungen,’ von D. Hubsch. Carlsruhe, 1862.
271. These piers were built in the 12th century, taking the place of
the columns of the original Basilican church of the 9th century, and
the arches date from the same period (Cattaneo).
272. It is now called S. Martino in Cielo d’Oro, from its having
been decided in the twelfth century that the other church in Classe
possessed the true body of the saint to which both churches were
dedicated.
273. A. F. von Quast, ‘Die Altchristlichen Bauwerke von Ravenna.’
274. The basilica Pudenziana at Rome has similar arcades
externally.
275. The twenty-four marble columns are said to have been
brought over from Constantinople, but they were probably obtained
from Greek quarries.
276. [The narthex as shown in Woodcut No. 409 is of much later
date than the church, and has been partially rebuilt on two or three
occasions. It is now (1892) being taken down, and the removal of
the central portion has uncovered the triple window which originally
lighted the nave.—Ed.]
277. “La basilica di San Marco in Venezia,” by Cattaneo, continued
by Boito. Venezia, 1890.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-30-320.jpg)
![278. Probably owing to its having been utilized to receive the relics
of St. Mark, which were temporarily hidden there.
279. This church, built by Justinian, no longer exists, having been
pulled down in 1464 by Mohammed II. to make way for his mosque.
From the description of it, however, given by Procopius, the plan was
similar to that adopted in St. Mark, being that of a Greek Cross with
central and four other domes. Procopius speaks of the church being
surrounded within by columns placed both above and below,
probably referring to galleries similar to those in St. Sophia of
Constantinople. In St. Mark’s the columns exist in one storey only,
and the main wall is carried up at the back of the aisles to give
increased size inside.
280. Originally, according to M. Cattaneo, his was the vestibule to
the atrium from the south, but it is now blocked up by an altar.
281. [They are shown in the mosaic of the doorway of St. Alipe,
executed at the end of the 13th century, as also the filling in of the
great west window.—Ed.]
282. ‘Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria,’ by T. G. Jackson, M.A.
Oxford, 1887.
283. In support of this statement he points out that twice during
Christian times it had been found necessary to raise the floor of the
church. The nave floor, which in 1857 was two steps below that of
the aisles, was raised in 1881 to the same level; but two feet nine
inches below the nave floor before it was raised there existed,
according to Prof. Eitelberger, another mosaic pavement, which must
have been the floor of the first basilica erected, and which was
pulled down by Bishop Euphrasius in 543. This lower pavement
extended also under the three chapels of the confessio, which
suggests that these are part of the first basilica.
284. The same polygonal form is found in the apses of St. Agatha,
St. Apollinare in Classe, St. Apollinare in Nuovo, St. Spirito, and St.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-31-320.jpg)
![Vitale, all in Ravenna, and St. Fosca, Torcello.
285. The apses of two churches, of the 4th and 6th century
respectively, in the island of Paros, are similarly fitted with marble
seats: in the 6th century church there are eight rows, so that the
apse looks like a small amphitheatre.
286. That is on the supposition that the word kirk is derived from
the Latin word “circus,” “circular,” as the French term it, “cirque.” My
own conviction is that this is certainly the case. The word is only
used by the Barbarians as applied to a form of buildings they derived
from the Romans. Why the Germans should employ κυρίου οἶκος,
when neither the Greeks nor the Latins used that name, is a mystery
which those who insist on these very improbable names have as yet
failed to explain.
287. The Tholos at Epidaurus seems to be an exception to this
rule.
288. Isabelle, ‘Édifices Circulaires,’ plates 26 and 27.
289. M. Cattaneo states that it was built by Pope St. Simplice,
468-482.
290. Above the capitals are impost blocks or dosserets, the
earliest known examples of that feature in Italy.
291. [The Vaults over the outer aisle of St. Stefano Rotondo were
built with hollow pots, the remains of which can still be traced in the
outer walls of the 2nd aisle.
Prof. Middleton points out also the existence of rings of earthen
pots in the vault of the tomb of Sta. Helena (Woodcut No. 227), and
also in the vaults of the Circus of Maxentius, on the Via Appia.—Ed.]
292. In this building they now show a sarcophagus of ancient
date, said to be that of Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius. She,
however, was certainly buried at Ravenna; but it may be of her time,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-32-320.jpg)
![and in these ages it is impossible to distinguish between baptisteries
and tombs.
293. Frederick Von Osten, ‘Bauwerke in der Lombardei.’
Darmstadt, 1852.
294. By an oversight of the engraver, the vault of the nave, which
ought to be made hexapartite, is drawn as quadripartite. [The nave
was so completely restored in the 14th century as to render doubtful
the original existence of a vault.—Ed.]
295. Étude de l’Architecture Lombarde,’ par F. de Dartein. Paris,
1878.
296. These are incorrectly shown on woodcut. The central pier is
nearly 4 feet wide and carried a transverse rib of the same size and
of two orders.
297. Ferrario, ‘Monumenti Sacri e Profani dell’ I. R. Basilica di S.
Ambrogio,’ Milan, 1824.
298. “Quid dicamus columnarum junceam proceritatem? Moles
illas sublimissimas quasi quibusdam erectis hastilibus contineri
substantiæ qualitate concavis canalibus excavatas vel magis ipsas
æstimes esse transfusas. Ceris judices factum quod metallis
durissimis videas expolitum. Marmorum juncturas venas dicas esse
genitales, ubi dum falluntur oculi laus probatur crevisse miraculis.” In
the above, metallum does not seem to mean metal as we now use
the word, but any hard substance dug out of the ground.
(Cassiodorus, Variorum, lib. vii. ch. 15.)
299. See vol. i. p. 372.
300. ‘The Land of Moab,’ by Dr. Tristram (Murray, 1873), pp. 376
et seqq. [The small triangular marble panels referred to in Murano
are of a very elementary character in their carving, and have
scarcely the importance attached to them by Mr. Fergusson. Besides,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-33-320.jpg)
![the same wall decoration in brickwork is found in the apse of St.
Fosca, Torcello (c. 1008), where, however, the triangular recesses
are simply covered with stucco and painted; being closer to the eye
in Murano, they filled the spaces with incised marble slabs: in other
words, it seems more probable that the slabs were made for the
triangular panels than the converse, which is suggested by Mr.
Fergusson.—Ed.]
301. The typical example of this class is the San Giorgio at Venice,
though it is not by any means the one most like St. Pietro; many
attempts were made before it became so essentially classical as this
(see Woodcut No. 39, Vol. I. in the ‘History of Modern Architecture’).
302. From the boldness of the construction, M. Cattaneo is
induced to place the erection of the building at the end of the 11th
or beginning of the 12th century.
303. The four square towers of San Lorenzo, Milan, and the
circular campanile by the side of the cathedral of Ravenna, are the
earliest examples known, the latter dating from the commencement
of the 5th century.
304. [The tower of St. Satiro at Milan (879 A.D.), is considered by
Cattaneo to be the most ancient campanile known in which the wall
surface is broken up with flat pilasters or vertical bands in relief, and
divided into storeys by horizontal string courses, with ranges of small
blind arches below, carried on corbels, and may be regarded as the
prototype of the most characteristic Lombard towers.—Ed.]
305. ‘History of Medieval Art,’ by Dr. F. M. Reber, translated by J. T.
Clarke. New York, 1887.
306. ‘Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria,’ by T. G. Jackson, A.R.A.
Oxford, 1887.
307. Schultz, ‘Denkmäler der Kunst der Mittelalters in Unter-
Italien.’ Folio, 1860.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-34-320.jpg)
![308. The polygonal form given to the apse externally shows the
direct influence of Byzantine art.
309. The cornice projects 1 ft. 10 in., and consequently overhangs
the base by 13 ft.
310. The present cathedral is only a portion, viz. the transept of a
much vaster edifice which was never completed; but the beautiful
unfinished south front and portions of the gigantic nave and aisles
still exist on the western side of the present cathedral, and the
drawings of it are preserved in the archives of the Duomo.
311. [Since this was written the façade has been completed to
harmonize with the rest, but not in accordance with the original
design, if we may judge by the painting in Sta. Maria Novella, which
shows side gablets similar to those of the cathedral of Siena.—Ed.]
312. If we may trust Wiebeking, the first two bays of the nave
from the front were vaulted in 1588, but the work was suspended till
1647, and completed only in 1659. Yet no difference can be
perceived in the details of the design.
313. The plan and section being taken from two different writers,
there is a slight discrepancy between the scales. I believe the plan to
be the more correct of the two, though I have no means of being
quite certain on the point.
314. ‘Dispareri d’Architettura.’
315. Within the last few years a façade has been added to Sta.
Croce, but about which the less said the better. It is wretched in
design.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/59604-250410174156-ca2e8b34/85/Open-Source-ESBs-in-Action-1st-Edition-Tijs-Rademakers-35-320.jpg)
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- 7. Open Source ESBs in Action
- 9. Open Source ESBs in Action EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONS IN MULE AND SERVICEMIX TIJS RADEMAKERS JOS DIRKSEN M A N N I N G Greenwich (74° w. long.)
- 10. For online information and ordering of this and other Manning books, please visit www.manning.com. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity. For more information, please contact: Special Sales Department Manning Publications Co. Sound View Court 3B Fax: (609) 877-8256 Greenwich, CT 06830 Email: orders@manning.com ©2009 by Manning Publications Co. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in the book, and Manning Publications was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, it is Manning’s policy to have the books we publish printed on acid-free paper, and we exert our best efforts to that end. Recognizing also our responsibility to conserve the resources of our planet, Manning books are printed on paper that is at least 15% recycled and processed elemental chlorine-free Development Editor: Jeff Bleil Manning Publications Co. Copyeditors: Liz Welch, Tiffany Taylor Sound View Court 3B Typesetter: Denis Dalinnik Greenwich, CT 06830 Cover designer: Leslie Haimes ISBN: 1933988215 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – MAL – 12 11 10 09 08
- 11. v brief contents PART 1 UNDERSTANDING ESB FUNCTIONALITY..........................1 1 ■ The world of open source ESBs 3 2 ■ Architecture of Mule and ServiceMix 42 3 ■ Setting up the Mule and ServiceMix environments 72 4 ■ The foundation of an integration solution 111 PART 2 USING ESB CORE FUNCTIONALITIES ..........................153 5 ■ Working with messages 155 6 ■ Connectivity options 194 7 ■ Web services support 243 8 ■ Implementing enterprise-quality message flows 280 PART 3 ESB CASE STUDIES.....................................................317 9 ■ Implementing a case study using patterns 319 10 ■ Managing and monitoring the ESB 358 11 ■ Implementing a process engine in the ESB 393
- 13. vii contents foreword xiii foreword xvii preface xix acknowledgments xxi about this book xxiii PART 1 UNDERSTANDING ESB FUNCTIONALITY................1 1 The world of open source ESBs 3 1.1 Why do you need an ESB? 4 Benefits of an ESB 5 ■ Using an ESB from an application perspective 8 1.2 Explaining the core functionalities of an ESB 12 Location transparency 13 ■ Transport protocol conversion 14 ■ Message transformation 15 Message routing 16 ■ Message enhancement 17 Security 18 ■ Monitoring and management 19 Core functionality overview 20 1.3 Researching the open source ESB market 21 Demystifying the open source ESB 21 ■ Overview of open source ESBs 23
- 14. CONTENTS viii 1.4 Why did we choose Mule and ServiceMix? 30 Defining selection criteria 30 ■ Assessing the open source ESBs 31 1.5 Hello world with Mule and ServiceMix 33 Taking a donkey ride with Mule 34 ■ Taking a JBI dive with ServiceMix 37 1.6 Summary 40 2 Architecture of Mule and ServiceMix 42 2.1 Mule architecture and components 43 Mule components overview 43 ■ Mule endpoints 46 Transformers 48 ■ Routers 50 ■ Component 53 Mule deployment models 54 ■ Mule wrap-up 55 2.2 JBI, the foundation for ServiceMix 56 Service engines and binding components 57 Services and endpoints 59 ■ Normalized message router 60 Service description, invocation, and message exchanges 62 Service unit and service assembly 64 ■ JBI wrap-up 65 2.3 ServiceMix architecture and components 65 ServiceMix overview 65 ■ Routing and transformations in ServiceMix 67 ■ ServiceMix deployment models 70 ServiceMix wrap-up 71 2.4 Summary 71 3 Setting up the Mule and ServiceMix environments 72 3.1 Three technologies enhancing the ESB functionality 73 Using Spring as an object container 73 ■ XML marshaling with JiBX 81 ■ Using JMS with the ActiveMQ broker 89 3.2 Preparing the development environment 94 Setting up ESBs, tools, and required libraries 94 Running examples from Eclipse 96 3.3 Inaugurate the Mule environment 98 Writing and configuring the Mule components 99 Running the Mule example 102 3.4 Inaugurate the ServiceMix environment 103 Select the necessary JBI components 103 ■ Configuring the ServiceMix example implementation 104 ■ Running the ServiceMix example 109 3.5 Summary 110
- 15. CONTENTS ix 4 The foundation of an integration solution 111 4.1 Implementing integration logic with Mule 112 Creating a logging solution with Mule 112 ■ Developing a custom transformer with Mule 115 ■ Integrating Mule and Spring 117 4.2 Implementing integration logic with ServiceMix 120 Creating a logging service assembly for ServiceMix 120 Creating service units and a service assembly 121 Integrating ServiceMix and Spring 125 4.3 Constructing message flows with an ESB 127 What is a message flow? 128 ■ A message flow case study 130 4.4 Implementing a message flow with Mule 131 Implementing the request flow with Mule 132 ■ Implementing the response flow with Mule 133 4.5 Implementing a message flow with ServiceMix 138 Implementing the request flow with ServiceMix 138 Implementing the response flow with ServiceMix 142 4.6 Interlude: Spring Integration 148 A quick example with Spring Integration 149 4.7 Summary 151 PART 2 USING ESB CORE FUNCTIONALITIES ................153 5 Working with messages 155 5.1 Routing messages 156 Fixed router 156 ■ Content-based router 158 5.2 Validating messages 170 Validating messages with Mule 171 ■ Validating messages with ServiceMix 175 ■ An alternative way to perform message validation using Synapse 180 5.3 Transforming messages 182 Implementing message transformation in Mule 182 Implementing message transformation in ServiceMix 188 5.4 Summary 193
- 16. CONTENTS x 6 Connectivity options 194 6.1 File connectivity 196 Mule File transport 196 ■ ServiceMix file transport 198 6.2 Connecting to JMS 202 Connecting Mule to JMS 203 ■ Connecting ServiceMix to JMS 206 6.3 Connecting to a database using JDBC 209 Connecting Mule to JDBC 210 ■ Connecting ServiceMix to JDBC 213 6.4 Connecting to mail servers 222 Connecting Mule to POP3 and SMTP 223 ■ Connecting ServiceMix to POP3 and SMTP 225 6.5 FTP connectivity 229 FTP and Mule 230 ■ FTP and ServiceMix 233 6.6 Connecting to EJB 3 234 Using EJB 3 from Mule 237 ■ EJB 3 and ServiceMix 239 6.7 Summary 242 7 Web services support 243 7.1 Top-down approach web service 244 Java implementation of the web service 250 ■ Implementing a top-down web service using Mule 252 ■ Implementing a top-down web service using ServiceMix 256 7.2 Bottom-up approach 259 Bottom-up approach using Mule 260 ■ Bottom-up approach using ServiceMix 260 7.3 Consuming web services 263 Consuming web services with Mule 263 ■ Consuming web services using ServiceMix 264 7.4 Web service standards 266 WS-Security 267 ■ Using WS-Security with Mule 267 Using WS-Security with ServiceMix 272 ■ WS-Addressing 274 Using WS-Addressing in Mule 275 ■ Using WS-Addressing in ServiceMix 277 7.5 Summary 279
- 17. CONTENTS xi 8 Implementing enterprise-quality message flows 280 8.1 Handling errors in your message flow 281 Error handling with Mule 281 ■ Error handling in ServiceMix 284 8.2 Securing the ESB environment 288 Authentication and authorization with Mule 288 Authentication and authorization with ServiceMix 302 8.3 Making your message flows transactional 307 Implementing transactional message flows in Mule 309 Implementing transactional message flows in ServiceMix 312 8.4 Summary 316 PART 3 ESB CASE STUDIES...........................................317 9 Implementing a case study using patterns 319 9.1 Introducing a design approach for integration projects 320 Introducing the Enterprise Integration patterns 320 Analyzing a pattern-based design approach 322 9.2 Introducing a restaurant table reservation case study 324 9.3 Designing the restaurant table reservation solution 325 Designing a publish-subscribe message flow 325 ■ Designing a filtering and routing message flow 327 9.4 Implementing the case study with Mule and ServiceMix 328 The Spring and Hibernate building blocks 328 ■ Implementing the Mule message flow 332 ■ Implementing the ServiceMix message flow 339 9.5 Testing and deploying the integration solution 352 Using JUnit to test the Mule and ServiceMix flows 352 Deploying an integration solution to a production environment 356 9.6 Summary 357
- 18. CONTENTS xii 10 Managing and monitoring the ESB 358 10.1 System-management Enterprise Integration patterns 359 The Wire Tap pattern 359 ■ The Message Store pattern 363 The Detour pattern 368 10.2 Monitoring using JMX 375 Using JMX to administer Mule 376 ■ Monitoring Mule using MC4J 380 ■ Mule Galaxy and Mule HQ 382 Using JMX to administer ServiceMix 386 ■ Monitoring ServiceMix using MC4J 388 10.3 Summary 391 11 Implementing a process engine in the ESB 393 11.1 Introducing the process engine 394 The execution environment for processes 395 ■ Designing processes for a process engine 397 11.2 A process engine case study: booking a day of scuba diving 400 11.3 Diving into the messages and services 402 Designing the case study message definitions 403 ■ Serializing the case study messages to XML with JiBX 405 ■ Setting the stage for the case study implementation 406 11.4 Implementing a process engine with jBPM and jPDL 411 Orchestrating services with jPDL 411 ■ Implementing the case study with jBPM and Mule 415 11.5 Implementing a process engine with Apache ODE and WS-BPEL 426 Orchestrating services with WS-BPEL 426 ■ Implementing the case study with Apache ODE and ServiceMix 429 11.6 Summary 435 appendix A: ServiceMix 4.0 436 appendix B: Differences between Mule 1.4.x and Mule 2.0.x 441 appendix C: Graphical tool support 445 appendix D: Mule component overview 452 appendix E: ServiceMix component overview 469 appendix F: The Swing test client 477 appendix G: Overview of tools and libraries 481 index 484
- 19. xiii foreword Getting different applications to work together has never been fun. It’s not sexy, the rewards are limited, and there is no glory. Throughout my career, it seemed as if a stigma was associated with integration—that it was a dirty job, and you pulled the short straw if you were working in this area. Personally, I always enjoyed working in integration, and because enterprises never throw anything away, getting different applications to work together has become an increasingly essential element of IT. Things really became interesting when the enterprise service bus (ESB) made its debut. The concepts on which the ESB is founded have changed over time. Since IBM first released MQSeries, enterprises have been sold on the benefits of decoupling systems using point-to-point message queues. When TIBCO brought Rendezvous to the mar- ket, it expanded the horizons of messaging by introducing the publish-subscribe model. The Java Message Service (JMS)—born through Sun’s Java Community Process (JCP)—set out to unify the point-to-point and publish-subscribe messaging models. It wasn’t long before enterprises required more than just messaging; they also needed a way to orchestrate messages between systems and perform transformations. To address this need, major vendors such as IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft built enter- prise application integration (EAI) brokers that added message brokering and central- ized transformation engines on top of their existing messaging servers. The problem with the EAI approach was that it adopted a hub-and-spoke architecture where all data had to flow through the EAI broker. Although this worked for many applications, enterprises were soon pushing the boundaries of these systems; it became clear that something more flexible, scalable, and distributed was required. Enterprises needed
- 20. FOREWORD xiv connectivity, transaction management, security, and message routing, and they needed to host services that operated on data moving around their systems. The industry needed the ESB. With the advance of service-oriented architecture (SOA) in the last several years, we’ve seen confusion unfold about what SOA really is. One affirmation that has reso- nated well in the industry is that the ESB is the foundation of SOA. The term SOA cov- ers a much broader topic than just technology, but we need technologies like ESBs to realize the benefits of what service orientation has to offer. The ESB provides an anchor point for many enterprises that are braving the nebulous ocean of SOA mar- keting, vendor claims, and vaporware. The ESB bridges the gap between old and new. It acts as a mediator between application integration and service orientation, enabling enterprises to build new applications and processes from existing technology. The ESB has gained in popularity because there is a general understanding of what an ESB is; but if you’re still confused, this book will definitely provide clarity. The notion of an ESB involves a common messaging bus that is used to communicate between different systems within an enterprise. Typically, there is a shared messaging format on the bus, and adapters between the bus and back-end applications translate data from the proprietary data formats to the shared message bus format. The power of this model is that applications can share information while being totally decoupled from one another. Additionally, the ESB provides a common platform for handling security, transformations, message routing, transactions, and monitoring. This book does a great job of covering each of these topics and dives deep into the detail of how to apply these features in the real world. I founded the Mule project in 2003 because I was frustrated by the proprietary nature of products available for building ESB solutions. In 2001, I was working as an architect for a tier-1 investment bank. I was tasked with building a custom ESB-like solution to integrate hundreds of legacy and custom applications. Back then, the term enterprise service bus hadn’t been coined (although by 2002, Sonic Software, Fiorano, and SpiritSoft all staked claim to the term), but what we built was in fact an ESB. At the time, the technology choices were limited; you used either an application server or a heavyweight EAI solution that required a huge upfront investment in infrastructure, money, and human resources. We wanted something lightweight and easy to deploy and manage. Like many enterprises at the time, we built our own abstraction on top of JMS. We discovered early on that building our own was an extreme undertaking and a huge burden on our developers. After that experience, I realized that the industry needed an open source solution built on open standards. The open source model is the perfect choice for developing an ESB. More accu- rately, open source is perfect for integration. After all, ESBs are about surfacing, manipulating, and moving data between applications. Application integration is com- plex on many levels. The permutations of applications, protocols, message formats, environment restrictions, and nuances in the way an application (or even a standard) has been implemented cause system integrators an unholy amount of grief. No single
- 21. Exploring the Variety of Random Documents with Different Content
- 22. the pre-existence of a Phœnician or Egyptian colony here before the Roman times? 214. As a matter of fact, 12th century would be more exact; nearly all the chief problems of pointed arch construction in intersecting vaulting having been worked out before the close of that century. 215. [The domical construction of the vaults of the two great cisterns erected by Constantine, the Binbirderek, or thousand-and- one columns, and the Yeri Batan Seraï, both in Constantinople, suggests that there already existed in the East a method of vaulting entirely different from that which obtained in Rome, and which may have been a traditional method handed down even from Assyrian times.—Ed.] 216. ‘Syrie Centrale: Architecture civile et religieuse du Ier au VIIme Siècle. Par le Comte Melchior de Vogüé.’ 217. ‘Byzantine Architecture,’ by Texier and Pullan. Folio, London, 1864. 218. De Vogüé, ‘Églises de la Terre Sainte,’ p. 101. 219. For a careful analytical description of the church, see Professor Willis, ‘Architectural History of the Holy Sepulchre,’ London, 1849. 220. The particulars for these churches are taken from Texier and Pullan’s splendid work on Byzantine architecture published by Day, 1864. 221. Another very small church, that of Moudjeleia, though under 50 ft. square, seems to have adopted the same hypæthral arrangement.
- 23. 222. A great deal of very irrelevant matter has been written about these “giant cities of Bashan,” as if their age were a matter of doubt. There is nothing in the Hauran which can by any possibility date before the time of Roman supremacy in the country. The very earliest now existing are probably subsequent to the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. 223. The constructive dimensions of the porch at Chillambaram (p. 353. History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, 1876.) are very similar to those of this church: both have flat stone roofs, but in the Indian, though a much more modern example, there is no arch. 224. These are all given in colours in Texier and Pullan’s beautiful work on Byzantine architecture, from which all the particulars regarding this church are taken. 225. A wayside retreat or shelter. 226. A restoration of the church from Procopius’s description, ‘De Ædificiis,’ lib. i. ch. iv., will be found in Hübsch, ‘Altchristliche Baukunst,’ pls. xxxii. and xxxiii. 227. See vol. iii., in chapter on Indian Saracenic Architecture. 228. The Renaissance dome which fits best to the church on which it is placed is that of Sta. Maria at Florence; but, strange to say, it is neither the one originally designed for the place, nor probably at all like it. All the others were erected as designed by the architects who built the churches, and none fit so well. 229. [The apses on each side of central apse are said to be additions to the original structure. The triple apses in Greek churches are found, according to Dr. Freshfield (‘Archæologia,’ vol. 44), only in churches erected subsequent to Justin II. In St. Simeon Stylites and St. Sergius at Bosra the side apses have been added afterwards.— Ed.]
- 24. 230. Strictly speaking, circular with flattened sides, for the pendentive has a longer radius than half the diagonal of the square. 231. The two eastern cupolas have been raised in Arab times, and a cylindrical drum inserted with windows pierced in them to give more light to the interior. 232. There are numerous examples of this class of structure in North Syria, but whether they are memorials or tombs is not known. See ‘Reisen Kleinasien und Nord Syria’ by Karl Humann and Otto Puchstein. 233. [This rule cannot be made a hard and fast one. Procopius states that in the central dome of the Church of the Apostles, Constantinople, “the circular building standing above the arches is pierced with windows, and the spherical dome which over-arches it seems to be suspended in the air.” In the church of St. Sergius at Constantinople the walls of the octagon, which are pierced with windows, are carried up to the vault, and in the church of Sta. Sophia at Thessalonica the windows are pierced in an upright dome cylindrical internally. In all these cases, however, there is a marked distinction between these examples and those of the lofty cylindrical drums which were employed in the Neo-Byzantine churches. Mr. Fergusson’s rule, therefore, with these exceptions, may be taken as absolute.—Ed.] 234. They are found in the Mustaphapacha mosque at Constantinople dating from 430 A.D., but rebuilt in the 13th century. 235. [It is now considered that the Church of the Holy Apostles was the original model. This church, rebuilt by Justinian, was pulled down in 1464 A.D. by Mohammad II. to furnish a site for his mosque. —Ed.] 236. [This work has lately been undertaken by Messrs. Barnsley and Schultz, who are preparing their drawings for publication, and
- 25. hope to follow up the task with a survey of the more important churches in Mount Athos.—Ed.] 237. ‘Die Kunst in den Athos Kirchen,’ Leipzig, 1890. 238. ‘Athos; or, the Mountain of the Monks,’ by Athelstan Riley, M.A., 1887. 239. See the photogravure of the interior of the Catholicon at Dochiariu. 240. ‘Églises Byzantines en Grèce.’ 241. ‘Expédition scientifique de la Morée.’ 242. There would seem however to have been a revival in the 11th century, possibly a reflex of that which was taking place in West Europe. And it was during this period that the churches of St. Luke in Phoeis, the church at Daphné and the churches of St. Nicodemus and St. Theodore in Athens were erected. 243. C. Texier, ‘Arménie et la Perse.’ 2 vols. folio. Paris. 244. Dubois de Montpereux, ‘Voyage autour du Caucase.’ 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1839, 1841. 245. Brosset, ‘Voyage Archéologique dans la Georgie et l’Arménie.’ St. Pétersbourg, 1849. 246. D. Grimm, ‘Monuments d’Architecture en Georgie et Arménie.’ St. Pétersbourg, 1864. 247. Texier gives three dates to this church. In the ‘Byzantine Architecture,’ p. 174, it is said to be of the 7th, and at p. 4, of the 9th century. In the ‘L’Arménie et la Perse,’ at p. 120, the date is given as 1243. My conviction is that the first is correct. 248. Flandin and Coste, ‘Voyage en Perse,’ pls. 214, 215.
- 26. 249. Texier and Pullan, ‘Byzantine Architecture,’ pp. lix., lx. 250. I am a little doubtful regarding the scales of these two buildings. They are correctly reduced from M. Brosset’s plates. But are these to be depended upon? 251. Even if it should be asserted that this is no proof that the inhabitants of these countries were Buddhists in those days, it seems tolerably certain that they were tree-worshippers, which is very nearly the same thing. Procopius tells us that “even in his day these barbarians worshipped forests and groves, and in their barbarous simplicity placed the trees among their gods.” (‘De Bello Gotico,’ Bonn, 1833, ii. 471.) 252. The principal part of the information regarding these excavations is to be found in the work of Dubois de Montpereux, passim. 253. [See paper by Mr. Wm. Simpson in R. I. B. A. Transactions, vol. vii., 1891.—Ed.] 254. All the plans and information regarding the churches at Kief are obtained from a Russian work devoted to the subject, procured for me on the spot by Mr. Vignoles, C.E. 255. The first bay, as shown on plan (Woodcut No. 382), is the narthex; the five domes come beyond it. 256. The particulars and illustrations of this church are taken from a paper by Heinrich Keissenberger, in the ‘Jahrbuch der K. K. Commission für Enthaltung der Baudenkmale,’ 1860. A model of it, full size, was exhibited at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. 257. [It has been assumed that the Roman basilicas were taken possession of by the early Christians for their own religious services, but as Mr. G. G. Scott points out in his ‘Essay on the History of English Church Architecture,’ “there is no well-authenticated instance
- 27. of the conversion of any Pagan basilica into a Christian church, whilst there are abundant examples of Pagan temples converted into Christian sanctuaries” (see Texier and Pullan’s ‘Byzantine Architecture,’ pp. 75, 103). Indeed, it is, as Mr. Scott observes, “on the face of it improbable, if we reflect that the conversion of the government to Christianity had no tendency to render the existing basilicas less necessary for legal business, after the peace of the church, than they had been before that event. Christianity, unfortunately, could not abolish the litigious instincts of our nature, and after fifteen centuries of the gospel the legal profession still flourishes.” The buildings which were rendered useless by the official recognition of the new faith were not the basilicas but the temples, the fact being that the class of building known as a basilica (a term never used by either the writers or architects of Byzantine times), with its wide central nave and aisles with galleries over them lighted by clerestory or side windows, and covered with a timber roof, constituted the simplest and most economical building of large size which could be constructed to hold a vast assembly of worshippers; especially as the only features which can be looked upon as having any architectural pretensions, viz., the columns and their capitals, could be taken wholesale from temples and other Roman buildings. The semicircular apse, which alone in the Roman basilica served as a court of law, became the tribune for the bishop and presbyters. Mr. Scott is even inclined to assign an earlier and more independent origin for the basilican form. According to his theory the germ of the Christian basilica was a simple oblong aisleless room divided by a cross arch, beyond which lay an altar detached from the wall. This germ was developed by the addition of side aisles, and sometimes an aisle returned across the entrance, and over these upper aisles were next constructed and transepts added, together with the oratories or chapels in various parts of the building. Mr. Butler, in his work on ‘The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt,’ accepts this theory, as the churches of Egypt are rich in evidence that favours it. At the same time, the first great basilica erected by Constantine, viz., the Vatican (St. Peter’s), and the Lateran, (St. John
- 28. Lateran), are of too great importance to warrant the suggestion that their origin should be sought for in the very small though possibly earlier examples in Egypt or the East.—Ed.] 258. This probably refers to its foundation, for M. Cattaneo, in his work ‘L’architecture en Italie, 1890,’ judging by its ornamental detail, places the church in the second half of the seventh century. 259. ‘Antiquités,’ vol. i. pl. 97. 260. Eodem, vol. iv. pl. 67. 261. Mr. Alfred J. Butler’s work, already referred to, has thrown considerable light on the subject, though, as he was unable to visit any of the Coptic churches up the Nile, we are still left in doubt as to the age of the convent near Siout and other buildings. From comparison of the plans and descriptions given in Denon, Curzon and Pococke of these buildings, with those in Cairo and Old Cairo, Mr. Butler ascribes them to the fourth century, that which in fact is claimed for them as having been founded by Sta. Helena. On this subject he says, p. 365: “Were there no more of evidence besides to determine the truth of this tradition, the plan of the Haikal (the central of the three chapels in a Coptic church) would decide it beyond question. The persistence with which certain churches are ascribed to Sta. Helena by a people utterly ignorant of history and architecture is in itself remarkable, and it is still more remarkable to find that these churches are always marked by a particular form of Haikal. Indeed, so regular is the coincidence, that a deep apsidal haikal with recesses all round it and columns close against the wall may be almost infallibly dated from the age of Sta. Helena.” 262. The older church has been so altered and ruined by the subsequent rebuildings that it is extremely difficult to make out its history. It seems, however, to have been built originally above the site of an old Mithraic temple, which has recently been cleared out, and probably before the time of Gregory the Great. It was
- 29. apparently rebuilt, or nearly so, by Adrian I., 772, and burnt by Robert Guiscard, 1084. The upper church seems to have been erected by Paschal, 1099-1118. The question is, to what age do the frescoes found on the walls of the older church belong? Some of the heads and single figures may, I fancy, be anterior even to the time of Adrian; but the bulk of the paintings seem certainly to have been added between his age and 1084, and nearer the latter than the former date. If it had not been entirely ruined in 1084 Paschal would not have so completely obliterated it a century afterwards. A considerable quantity of the materials of the old church were used in the new, which tends further to confuse the chronology. 263. Gutensohn and Knapp, ‘Die Basiliken des Christlichen Roms.’ 264. Cicero de Legg., ii. 24; Festus, s. v.; Smith’s ‘Dictionary of Classical Antiquities.’ 265. The dates here given generally refer to the building now existing or known, and not always to the original foundation. [Mr. G. G. Scott, in his work before referred to (p. 506), after giving a full quotation from Eusebius of Constantine’s basilica at Jerusalem, in which he points out that the orientation of primitive times is the reverse of that which has become general in later times, continues his enquiry into the evidence afforded by the numerous early basilicas in Rome itself. Of about fifty churches of early date, in forty of them the sanctuary is placed at the western end, and of the remaining ten (one of which is the great church of St. Paolo fuori le Mura), there are only seven which appear to have retained their original form, and which have an eastward sanctuary. The exact orientation of the sanctuary in each case has been added to the list.—Ed.] 266. ‘Il Vaticano discritto da Pistolesi,’ vol. ii. pls. xxiv. xxv. 267. The new church which superseded this one is described in the History of the Modern Styles of Architecture, vol. i., page 111,
- 30. woodcut 45. 268. It should be observed that the dosseret is first found in Italy in the Church of St. Stefano Rotondo, built 468-482, and is there of similar design to examples in Thessalonica. 269. ‘L’architecture en Italie du vie au xie siècle.’ Venice, 1891. 270. ‘Altchristlichen Kirchen nach Baudenkmalen und alteren Beschreibungen,’ von D. Hubsch. Carlsruhe, 1862. 271. These piers were built in the 12th century, taking the place of the columns of the original Basilican church of the 9th century, and the arches date from the same period (Cattaneo). 272. It is now called S. Martino in Cielo d’Oro, from its having been decided in the twelfth century that the other church in Classe possessed the true body of the saint to which both churches were dedicated. 273. A. F. von Quast, ‘Die Altchristlichen Bauwerke von Ravenna.’ 274. The basilica Pudenziana at Rome has similar arcades externally. 275. The twenty-four marble columns are said to have been brought over from Constantinople, but they were probably obtained from Greek quarries. 276. [The narthex as shown in Woodcut No. 409 is of much later date than the church, and has been partially rebuilt on two or three occasions. It is now (1892) being taken down, and the removal of the central portion has uncovered the triple window which originally lighted the nave.—Ed.] 277. “La basilica di San Marco in Venezia,” by Cattaneo, continued by Boito. Venezia, 1890.
- 31. 278. Probably owing to its having been utilized to receive the relics of St. Mark, which were temporarily hidden there. 279. This church, built by Justinian, no longer exists, having been pulled down in 1464 by Mohammed II. to make way for his mosque. From the description of it, however, given by Procopius, the plan was similar to that adopted in St. Mark, being that of a Greek Cross with central and four other domes. Procopius speaks of the church being surrounded within by columns placed both above and below, probably referring to galleries similar to those in St. Sophia of Constantinople. In St. Mark’s the columns exist in one storey only, and the main wall is carried up at the back of the aisles to give increased size inside. 280. Originally, according to M. Cattaneo, his was the vestibule to the atrium from the south, but it is now blocked up by an altar. 281. [They are shown in the mosaic of the doorway of St. Alipe, executed at the end of the 13th century, as also the filling in of the great west window.—Ed.] 282. ‘Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria,’ by T. G. Jackson, M.A. Oxford, 1887. 283. In support of this statement he points out that twice during Christian times it had been found necessary to raise the floor of the church. The nave floor, which in 1857 was two steps below that of the aisles, was raised in 1881 to the same level; but two feet nine inches below the nave floor before it was raised there existed, according to Prof. Eitelberger, another mosaic pavement, which must have been the floor of the first basilica erected, and which was pulled down by Bishop Euphrasius in 543. This lower pavement extended also under the three chapels of the confessio, which suggests that these are part of the first basilica. 284. The same polygonal form is found in the apses of St. Agatha, St. Apollinare in Classe, St. Apollinare in Nuovo, St. Spirito, and St.
- 32. Vitale, all in Ravenna, and St. Fosca, Torcello. 285. The apses of two churches, of the 4th and 6th century respectively, in the island of Paros, are similarly fitted with marble seats: in the 6th century church there are eight rows, so that the apse looks like a small amphitheatre. 286. That is on the supposition that the word kirk is derived from the Latin word “circus,” “circular,” as the French term it, “cirque.” My own conviction is that this is certainly the case. The word is only used by the Barbarians as applied to a form of buildings they derived from the Romans. Why the Germans should employ κυρίου οἶκος, when neither the Greeks nor the Latins used that name, is a mystery which those who insist on these very improbable names have as yet failed to explain. 287. The Tholos at Epidaurus seems to be an exception to this rule. 288. Isabelle, ‘Édifices Circulaires,’ plates 26 and 27. 289. M. Cattaneo states that it was built by Pope St. Simplice, 468-482. 290. Above the capitals are impost blocks or dosserets, the earliest known examples of that feature in Italy. 291. [The Vaults over the outer aisle of St. Stefano Rotondo were built with hollow pots, the remains of which can still be traced in the outer walls of the 2nd aisle. Prof. Middleton points out also the existence of rings of earthen pots in the vault of the tomb of Sta. Helena (Woodcut No. 227), and also in the vaults of the Circus of Maxentius, on the Via Appia.—Ed.] 292. In this building they now show a sarcophagus of ancient date, said to be that of Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius. She, however, was certainly buried at Ravenna; but it may be of her time,
- 33. and in these ages it is impossible to distinguish between baptisteries and tombs. 293. Frederick Von Osten, ‘Bauwerke in der Lombardei.’ Darmstadt, 1852. 294. By an oversight of the engraver, the vault of the nave, which ought to be made hexapartite, is drawn as quadripartite. [The nave was so completely restored in the 14th century as to render doubtful the original existence of a vault.—Ed.] 295. Étude de l’Architecture Lombarde,’ par F. de Dartein. Paris, 1878. 296. These are incorrectly shown on woodcut. The central pier is nearly 4 feet wide and carried a transverse rib of the same size and of two orders. 297. Ferrario, ‘Monumenti Sacri e Profani dell’ I. R. Basilica di S. Ambrogio,’ Milan, 1824. 298. “Quid dicamus columnarum junceam proceritatem? Moles illas sublimissimas quasi quibusdam erectis hastilibus contineri substantiæ qualitate concavis canalibus excavatas vel magis ipsas æstimes esse transfusas. Ceris judices factum quod metallis durissimis videas expolitum. Marmorum juncturas venas dicas esse genitales, ubi dum falluntur oculi laus probatur crevisse miraculis.” In the above, metallum does not seem to mean metal as we now use the word, but any hard substance dug out of the ground. (Cassiodorus, Variorum, lib. vii. ch. 15.) 299. See vol. i. p. 372. 300. ‘The Land of Moab,’ by Dr. Tristram (Murray, 1873), pp. 376 et seqq. [The small triangular marble panels referred to in Murano are of a very elementary character in their carving, and have scarcely the importance attached to them by Mr. Fergusson. Besides,
- 34. the same wall decoration in brickwork is found in the apse of St. Fosca, Torcello (c. 1008), where, however, the triangular recesses are simply covered with stucco and painted; being closer to the eye in Murano, they filled the spaces with incised marble slabs: in other words, it seems more probable that the slabs were made for the triangular panels than the converse, which is suggested by Mr. Fergusson.—Ed.] 301. The typical example of this class is the San Giorgio at Venice, though it is not by any means the one most like St. Pietro; many attempts were made before it became so essentially classical as this (see Woodcut No. 39, Vol. I. in the ‘History of Modern Architecture’). 302. From the boldness of the construction, M. Cattaneo is induced to place the erection of the building at the end of the 11th or beginning of the 12th century. 303. The four square towers of San Lorenzo, Milan, and the circular campanile by the side of the cathedral of Ravenna, are the earliest examples known, the latter dating from the commencement of the 5th century. 304. [The tower of St. Satiro at Milan (879 A.D.), is considered by Cattaneo to be the most ancient campanile known in which the wall surface is broken up with flat pilasters or vertical bands in relief, and divided into storeys by horizontal string courses, with ranges of small blind arches below, carried on corbels, and may be regarded as the prototype of the most characteristic Lombard towers.—Ed.] 305. ‘History of Medieval Art,’ by Dr. F. M. Reber, translated by J. T. Clarke. New York, 1887. 306. ‘Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria,’ by T. G. Jackson, A.R.A. Oxford, 1887. 307. Schultz, ‘Denkmäler der Kunst der Mittelalters in Unter- Italien.’ Folio, 1860.
- 35. 308. The polygonal form given to the apse externally shows the direct influence of Byzantine art. 309. The cornice projects 1 ft. 10 in., and consequently overhangs the base by 13 ft. 310. The present cathedral is only a portion, viz. the transept of a much vaster edifice which was never completed; but the beautiful unfinished south front and portions of the gigantic nave and aisles still exist on the western side of the present cathedral, and the drawings of it are preserved in the archives of the Duomo. 311. [Since this was written the façade has been completed to harmonize with the rest, but not in accordance with the original design, if we may judge by the painting in Sta. Maria Novella, which shows side gablets similar to those of the cathedral of Siena.—Ed.] 312. If we may trust Wiebeking, the first two bays of the nave from the front were vaulted in 1588, but the work was suspended till 1647, and completed only in 1659. Yet no difference can be perceived in the details of the design. 313. The plan and section being taken from two different writers, there is a slight discrepancy between the scales. I believe the plan to be the more correct of the two, though I have no means of being quite certain on the point. 314. ‘Dispareri d’Architettura.’ 315. Within the last few years a façade has been added to Sta. Croce, but about which the less said the better. It is wretched in design.
- 36. Transcriber’s Notes This book often uses inconsistent spelling, particularly with respect to accents. These were left as printed unless the author showed a clear preference for one form. Some presumed printer’s errors have been corrected, including normalizing punctuation. Page number references in the Table of Contents were corrected where errors were found. Further corrections are listed below with the original text (top) and the corrected text (bottom).
- 37. every pains has been taken every pain has been taken p. xxii progres progress p. 48 cotemporary contemporary p. 50 formula formulæ p. 77 Sedinag Sedinga Illustration 27. longed ceased long ceased p. 219 Nor is is Nor is it p. 247 ines lines p. 372 Roumeia Roumeïa p. 372 Nimes Nîmes p. 385 Vogüe Vogüé p. 423 neo-Byzantine Neo-Byzantine p. 455 iconicon icon p. 460
- 38. orginally originally p. 538 turned the turned to the p. 558 100 ft. to 100 ft. to 1 in. Illustration 451. 467. Illustration 467 (missing number added) next next to p. 596
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