Operating practices

OPERATING PRACTICES
INDEX
-INTRODUCTION -PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE SLING AND THE LOAD
-DEFINITIONS -SLINGS AND EYE BOLTS
-STRENGTH & STABILITY -HOOKS – (SAFE USE)
-MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR MARKING OF LE -SHACKLES- (SAFE USE)
-FACTOR OF SAFETY -DUNNAGE-SLING PRACTICE
-EC, STATEMENT OF CONFORMITY AND TEST CERTIFICATE -STORAGE SLINGS
-REGULATIONS INSPECTIONS -PLAN YOUR SLINGING
-LIFTING SAFETY
-EXAMINATION
-RIGGING SAFETY
-ALTERATION OR REPAIR OF LIFITNG ACCESSORIES
-BEAUFORT WIND SCALE
-LOAD WEIGHT ESTIMATION
-YOUR SAFETY
-LOAD CONSIDERATIONS -CORRECT SLINGING
-UNITS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES -PRACTICE SLINGING
-WEIGHT ESTIMATION (IMPERIAL UNITS)
-CENTRE OF GRAVITY Loose bars, tubes, etc- Pipe tubes
-SLINGS CALCULATIONS Pre-fabricated reinforcement
-UNEQUAL SLING LEGS Wall/column shutters
-LOADS WITH AN OFFSET CG Tableforms
-MEASURES (FORCES)  Rigid sheet maaterials, scaffold boards or similar
-TRIANGLE OF FORCES Rubbish skips
-CALCULATING SLING CAPACITY Steelwork
-UNIFORM AND TRIGONOMETRIC METHOD Precast concrete
-RIGGERS’ GUIDE Site plant
-SLINGS ANGLES/SWL Portable buildings
-METHODS OF USING SLINGS Forklift lifting suspended loads
-HITCHING Multiple lifts
SINGLE LEG HITCH-STRAIGHT LIFT Chandelier lift
TWO LEGGED HITCH Tandem lifting
MULTIPLE LEGGED HITCH Specialised lifts-Glass stillage
CHOKER AND BASKET HITCHES Specialised lifts-Vacuum lifters
ENDLESS HITCH

INTRODUCTION
Learn the basic of lifting equipment and operating practices.
Characteristic of the load and how to use the different configuration of lifting
equipment.
How to choose the right lifting equipment for your needs, how to extend the
lifting equipment service. life, the importance inspection, and how to
properly store and handle lifting equipment.

DEFINITIONS
• Lifting Equipment (Crane)
– Work equipment for lifting or lowering loads and including its attachments used for anchoring, fixing
or supporting it. (includes suspension if a lifting operation is involved).
• Lifting Accessory (Lifting Gear)
– Work equipment used for attaching loads to machinery for lifting. E.g. a shackle.
• Proof or Test Load
– A load (mass or force) applied by the manufacturer or Competent Person for the purpose of a test.
This load appears on test certificates, typically 2 x WLL
• Minimum Breaking (or Failure) Load (MBL)
– The guaranteed strength (mass or force) below which the item of equipment does not fail
Mass Units are usually tonnes (t)/ Force units are usually Newtons (N)
• Working Load Limit (WLL)
– The maximum load (mass) that an item of lifting equipment is designed to raise, lower or suspend.
In some standards and documents the WLL is referred to as the 'maximum safe working load
or SWL’
• Factor of Safety
– The ratio between MBL and WLL identified on the test certificate as the Coefficient of Utilisation.
– E.G. For a Single Chain Sling - MBL = 4t, F.O.S. = 4:1,WLL = 1t
• Safe Working Load (SWL)
– The maximum load (mass), as assessed by a Competent Person, which an item of lifting equipment
may raise, lower or suspend under the particular service conditions. The SWL will normally be the
same as the working load limit or the maximum safe working load, where the term is used but it may
be less.
– The SWL appears in statutory records.

STRENGTH & STABILITY
LIFTING ACCESSORIES
Objective:- The candidate shall be able to identify the purpose & capacity of accessories in
general use for lifting including methods of safe use, handling & storage.

Must be of adequate strength and stability for each load having regard in particular to the
stress induced at its mounting or fixing point.
Every part of a load and anything attached to it must be of adequate strength.
Packing must be used to protect the sling from damage.
Every load must be securely suspended or supported to prevent it drifting, falling freely or
being released unintentionally.
Hooks should be fitted with a safety catch or be of such a shape to prevent the load slipping
off the hook.
Accessories should ride freely on the crane hook.
Crane hooks should not be overcrowded.
If more than one sling is to be used the upper ends must be attached by using a shackle or
link.
Slings should not be overloaded as a result of the angle between the legs.
Loads must not be lifted on slings with knots in them.
Chain slings must not be joined by nuts and bolts inserted into links.
Loads must not be left unattended whilst suspended.

MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR
MARKING OF LIFTING EQUIPMENT
 Safe Working Load (SWL/WLL), for use
in the VERTICAL

 Unique Identity Number/Reference

 Date of inspection or Colour code

 The marking of the SWL for multi leg
slings is given to take into account the
extra tension generated at angles (The
marking is normally the uniform load
method of marking 0 0 – 90 0.)
 Accessories marked with SWL including
marking for different configurations and
to show characteristics necessary for
safe use.(or clear instructions)
 If for lifting persons should be marked to
say so (and number of persons)

FACTOR OF SAFETY

MINIMUM BREAKING LOAD (MBL)
FACTOR OF SAFETY (FoS)=
SAFE WORKING LOAD

FoS= MBL ÷ SWL The safety factor consists of a safe working load
limit set below a given safety margin. The limit
ensures that no immediate danger will occur if the
CHAIN 4 maximum safety load is exceede. The safety
factor does not give the operator licence to exceed
the WLL, rather it provides a safety margin to
WIRE 5 compensate fo the weakening of the lifting
appliance during normal use due to wear and
SLING 7 ageing, jolting during lifting and inaccuracies in
load weight estimations

SAFE WORKING LOAD NEVER CAN BE
OVERRANGE/OVERLOADED

EC, STATEMENT OF CONFORMITY
AND TEST CERTIFICATE
EC DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY

– Declaration by the manufacturer or other responsible person that the equipment
described complies with the relevant European Directive(s).
– It is a legal document enabling an item to be placed on the market and taken into
service.
– The CE mark is a mark affixed to the accessory to signify that it complies with all
relevant European Directives.

STATEMENT OF CONFORMITY

– A Certificate issued by the manufacturer confirming that any necessary manufacturing
tests have been carried out and confirming the safe working load.
– Where equipment is unsuitable for proof load testing due to the nature of the materials
used, e.g. textile slings, a statement of conformity is issued.

TEST CERTIFICATE

– A certificate issued by the Competent Person giving details of tests, conducted on an
accessory.
– Valid for the life of the accessory.
– New test certificate required if the accessory has been repaired and strength has been
affected.

EC, STATEMENT OFCONFORMITY
AND TEST CERTIFICATE

REGULATIONS INSPECTIONS
LOLER(1998) AND FACTORIES ACT (1961) LIFTING OPERATION REGULATION ALL LIFTING
APPLICANCES MUST BE TESTED AND EXAMINED BEFORE SERVICE

All lifting equipment deteriorates in use and, therefore, a thorough examination must be carried
out by a competent person and colour code. Thorough examination intervals:
 Every 6 months if the equipment is used for lifting persons.
 Every 6 months for lifting accessories (slings, shackles, eyebolts, etc).
 Every 12 months for all other lifting equipment (chain hoists, lever hoists etc).

COLOUR CODE
(CHANGE EVERY 6 MONTHS)

YEAR 2013
JANUARY- JUNE JULY-DECEMBER

YEAR 2013
JANUARY- JUNE JULY-DECEMBER

The inspection should include visual checks and function tests and be carried out by persons
competent to do so.
Inspection by competent person who is sufficiently independent and impartial.

ALTERATION OR REPAIR OF LIFTING
ACCESSORIES

No lifting accesories which has been alterated or repaired by welding
shall be used in raising or lowering or as a means of suspension until such
alteration or repair has been tested and throughly examined by a
competent person and a certificate has been obtained of such test and
examination on the prescribed form signed by the person carrying out the
test and thorough examintaion

LOAD-WEIGHT ESTIMATION

• It is the responsibility of the slinger to check the established weight of the load to
be lifted, or if it has not been established, to evaluate it himself.

• It is on the basis of this estimate that the appropriate tackle is chosen.
• Guidance as follows:-
– Look to see if the weight is marked on the load. If it is, check to ensure that it
is the weight of all parts of the load.
– Check the weight stated on any documentation.
– If the load is still on a trailer or truck, weigh it.
– Estimate the weight of the load using a table of weights.
– When dealing with a hollow body, check whether it contains anything.
– Charts are available which give the weights of various materials by metres or
cubic metres.

WEIGHT =Volumen x ----Volumes of common shapes
density

WEIGHT =Volumen x ----Volumes of common shapes
density

3.14 x 1.5²= 7.1

Solid cylinder = Лr²xL Thick walled pipe = Л(r1²-r2²)xL

WEIGHT =Volumen x
density
Weight per unit volume for a range of materials:
Weight in Kilograms Weight in pounds
Material per cubic metre per cubic foot

Aluminium 2700 170

Brass 8500 530

Brick 2100 130

Coal 1450 90
Copper 8800 550
Concrete 2400 150

Earth 1600 100

Iron-Steel 7700 480

Lead 11200 700

Magnesium 1750 110

Oil 800 50

Hardwood 1120 70

Water 1000 62

LOAD CONSIDERATIONS
• Will the sling damage the load?
• Will the load damage the sling?
• If so packing required – a legal requirement.
• Is it hazardous?
• Does the load have lifting points?
• Is the load loose material, hollow, solid, can it absorb water?
• Are there chemicals about?
• Do you need adjustment?
• How will the sling be attached?
• What is the size of the load?
• Will a tag line be needed?
• What is the weight of the load?

UNITS OF WEIGHT AND MEASURES

1 Ton = 2240 lbs. (1016 Kgs.) 1kN= 0.102 Tonne
1 Tonne = 1000 Kgs. 1 kg = 10 N
1 American Ton = 2000 lbs. (907 Kg) 1 Tn= 10 kN
1 ft³ of steel = 480 lbs. (218 Kgs.) 1 in = 25.4 mm
1 m³ of Steel = 8.07 Tonnes 1 ft=0.3048 m
1 ft ³of Water = 62.5 Lbs. (28.4 Kgs) 1 yard= 0.9144 m
1 Litre of water = 1 Kg. 1 mile= 1.609 Km
1 Gallon of water = 10 Lbs. (4.54 in² = 6.4516 m²
Kg.) ft²=0.0929 m²
1 N = 1/9.807 kg = 0.102 kg

WEIGHT ESTIMATION (IMPERIAL UNITS)
The formula for estimating the weight of solid steel is :
Volumen=Length x Breadth x Height 2 Ft.
V= 4 x 3 x 2=24 ft³
Density=1 ft³ of steel weighs 480 lbs
WEIGHT =Volumen x density 3 Ft.
W= 24 ft³ x 480 lbs/ ft³ =11.520 lbs

The formula for estimating the weight of solid steel is
4 Ft.
(All measurements in millimetres)
Length x Breadth x Height = Tonnes
12500
• The formula for estimating the weight of solid steel is : Length x Breadth x Height
– 1 M3 of steel weighs 7.7t.
2M

4 x 2 x 3 = 24 m3 3M
24 m3 x 7.7 t/ m3 = 184.8t total weight of load
4M

WEIGHT ESTIMATION
• Objects which appear solid but are not, such as a Centre Lathe - Milling Machines etc. the
same formula will give the overall weight but, because a lot of space is taken up by air, it is
necessary to guess this air space and subtract to reach its true weight.
• 1/2 to 2/3 deduction of gross load weight for the air space in machines will give a reasonably
accurate indication of total machine weight.

Example 1 : Centre Lathe 6 ft. long x 4 ft high x 3 ft wide

6x4x3
= 18 Tons minus 2/3 air 4 ft
4
Depth 3ft
18
= 6 tons Weight of the lathe is approximately 6 Tons
3
6 ft
Example 2: 1 M3 of steel weighs 7.7t.
Dimensions of lathe 2 x 1 x 1.5 M = 3 M3
3 M3 x 7.7 t/ M3 = 23.1t
Height 1.5M
Minus 2/3 for air space = 15.4t
Width 1M
Weight of lathe 23.1t minus 15.4t = 7.7t

2M Long

CENTRE OF GRAVITY
Centres of Gravity for each part

A
B

C

Centre of Gravity for the whole load
The CG is a point which, if the load could be suspended from it, the load
would be in perfect balance
The crane hook needs to be directly over the CG for the load to be stable.

The load is not stable. The hooks are under the CG, and the CG is above
the hooks. The loads is stable/The hook is right over the load’s CG

Lifting a load with the CG offset will cause the load to shift until a balance is
restored/The load will shift until the CG is under the hook.
The hook is NOT over the CG
CAUTION - when lifting loads with an offset CG one leg of the slings will
have more of the weight of the load than the other sling leg. Offset
C/G
Select the SWL of the slings on the basis that all the weight of the load will
be on one leg of the sling.
Be aware the load could also kick in an unexpected manner.
Lift carefully. Once a load with an offset CG has been lifted the CG will CG

position itself directly below the crane hook.
Unequal distribution of load.
This leg has most of the load weight

SLINGS CALCUTATIONS
Pythagoras’ Theorem

x²+y²=h² y=4 hypotenus=5
3²+4²=9+16=25=h² h= =5
25
hypotenus=6
x=3
To find the Sling Hook angle we now use:
α
Sine α= x/hypotenyse cosine α= y/hypotenus tangent α=y/x
x=3
Sine α = 3/6=0.5, α=30 º
hypotenus=6
Y = 5.2 α
SAFE WORKING LOAD FOR SLING LO AD 10 TN x=3

SWL = (True sling length x Total weight)/(number of sling x Load to hook height)

SWL = (6 x 10 )/ (2 X5.2)=5.77 TN MINIMUN SWL PER LING LEG

SLINGS CALCULTIONS
Calculations (NO DEGREES AND ANGLES) This formula is:

T= Tension per leg in kg
W= weight in kg
N= number of legs H
L= sling length in metres
H= vertical height in metres

Example: W=5000 kg, N= 2, V= 2metres, L = 3.5 metres
T = (5000 x 3.5 ) / (2 x 2) = 4.375 kg per leg
You would need a two-legged sling rated at 5000 kg WLL capacity per leg

INCREASING TENSION
Lifting Weight [LW] x the Tension Factor [TF] = Minimum Sling Rating for the type of hitch that will be used.
TF = L/H

Example:
Load = 1,000 lbs.
Lifting Weight (LW) per sling = 500 lbs.
L = 10 ft.
H = 5 ft.
TF = 10 (L) 5 (H) = 2.0
Minimum Vertical Rated Capacity required for this lift = 500 (LW) x 2.0 (TF) = 1,000 lbs. per sling

SLINGS CALCULTIONS
KNOW THE EFFECT OF REEVING ON SLINGS-
CHOKING=NIPPING
Reeving is the practice of wrapping s sling around an object, and
either doubling it back on the hook, or passing one eye of the
sling through the other and then to the hook
This practice is perfectly safe when done properly, BUT you
MUST realise that the act of reeving create an “included angle”
withing the sling which reduces the permissible load on that sling
This will work for any reeved sling with an included angle
LESS that 120º, which must be the absolute maximum angle.
Use the following formula.
EXAMPLE
Load= 2 tonnes
L= 675 mm
R= 300 m
T= (0.5x2000kgx0.675)/0.3= 2.25 tonnes
Select sling for 2x2.25 = 4.5 tonnes

UNEQUAL SLING LEGS
When the CG is closer to one sling
attachment point than the otherm in order 4=y
to position the hook over the CG, the sling y
legs must be of unequal length which mean 8= x
x
that their angles and loads will also be 4
unequal.
5 2
The sling that attaches ti the point closest to
D1
10t D2
the CG will see the most stress.

STRESS X=Load x D2 x S1 / (Hx
(D1+D2)

X = 10 x 2 x 8 / (4 x (5+2) )= 5.7 Tn

Y = 10 x 5 x 4 /( 4 x (5+2) ) = 7.14 Tn

MEASURES
Measures
• Scalar-MODULE- is the measurement of a medium strictly in magnitude.
Singular measures of a characteristic against arbitrary scale: weigth and length
• Vector- MODULE+DIRECTION+SENSE- is a measurement that refers to both
the magnitude of the medium as well as the direction of the movement the
medium has taken.

FORCES-(Vector)
The vertical component of force +
the horizontal component would
have exactly the same effect as the
applied force.

Vertical component The parallelogram of forces
Resultant
R
Force 1
Applied
Force Engine thrust

Horizontal component Force 2
Wind force Wind force
The resultant 'R' could replace forces 1 & 2
and have the same effect
27

MEASURES-FORCES
FORCES
Single leg sling
• Understanding the forces in slings is all about knowing the 10 Units

magnitude & direction of those forces J
• Design and use of lifting slings is all about knowing what forces
are acting and in what directions
• A force has two components
– A magnitude (size) exerted by the weight of the load.
– A direction generated by the angle of the sling(s). 10 t

RESOLUTION OF FORCES 1
1t
• The force shown above might represent the force in one leg of a 0.7t
two legged sling tension in
VERTICAL each leg
COMPONENT FORCE
90o
? ß Angle
o
45
Included
Angle

1 tonne

HORIZONTAL COMPONENT

TRIANGLE OF FORCES
• The Triangle of Forces
• Can be used to consider three forces in equilibrium (balancing each other)
• The same results can be achieved without drawing to scale by using trigonometry
The Magic Triangle
Example Bow’s Notation
2t b
b

J A B c
o b
90 C
b
LOAD =2 tonnes FORCE DIAGRAM a
VECTOR DIAGRAM
FORCE FORCE bc = 20
b
DIAGRAM 10 N FORCE ac = 17.2
60 o
10
A
90 o B
90 o 30 o ac = bc = 1.4t
120 o a c

VECTOR
C DIAGRAM

CALCULATING SLING CAPACITY
Examples: b
35o
55o
ab bc ac
= =
sin 90o sin 55o sin 35o
A
35o ab x sin 55o 10 x 0.82
B bc = = = 8.2t
sin 90o 1
10 Tonnes (ab = 10)
C ab x sin 35o 10 x 0.57
55o ac = o
= = 5.7t
sin 90 1
c
C of G
a

The force on each hoist ring is not just the total weight divided by the number of hoist rings. The
force will be greater at lower lift angles. Make sure load is evenly distributed.
Eq. 1: Calculating Hoist Ring Force
F = W/ N(sin A)
Where:
F = Force on each hoist ring
W = Total weight = 4000 lbs.
N = Number of hoist rings = 4
A = Lifting angle

Safe Unsafe
A = 65 : A = 14
F= 4000/4(sin 65º)=1103 lbs F =4000/4(sin14)= 4134 lbs

UNIFORM AND TRIGONOMETRIC METHOD
UNIFORM METHOD- Slings are rated for a range of angles. Calculations are done for the “Worst Case”

TRIGONOMETRIC METHOD-Slings are rated for a Specific Angle. They are then only used at that
angle

UNIFORM LOAD METHOD
• Sling rated for a range of angles
• Calculations are for worst case
– Sling rated for use at 0-90o by uniform load method will have the same rating as a sling rated
for use at 90o by the Trig. Method
– Sling rated for use at 90-120o by uniform load method will have the same rating as a sling
rated for use at 120o by the Trig. method
• N.B. The master link will not be strong enough to permit re-rating by the Trig. method

Do not mix the two methods
Methods of Rating Lifting Slings-Uniform Load Method

Single leg sling = 1.0 x WLL of a single leg
2 leg sling (0 - 90o) = 1.4 x WLL of a single leg
3 & 4 leg sling (0 - 90o) = 2.1 x WLL of a single leg*

* In current British Standards covering textile slings,this factor is given as 2.0.

TRIGONOMETRIC METHOD
Sling rated at a fixed angle to the vertical.
• Trigonometrically rated slings can be re-rated at smaller angles by using the cosine of the
angle to be employed (included angle)
Single leg sling = 1 x WLL of a single leg
Two leg sling = 2 x WLL of a single leg x cos. b
Three leg sling = 3 x WLL of a single leg x cos. b
Four leg sling = 4 x WLL of a single leg x cos. b
Normally tables are available with the calculation already done
Divide sling height [H] by sling length [L].=REDUCTION FACTOR= H/L
Divided sling length [L] by sling height [H]= TENSION FACTOR = L/H

SWL EACH SLING = (LOAD/NUMBER OF LEG SLING)/ REDUCTION FACTOR
SWL EACH SLING = (LOAD/NUMBER OF LEG SLING)x TENSION FACTOR
REDUCED CAPACITY
Each sling = 6,000 lbs. L = 6 ft. H = 4 ft. RF = 4 (H) 6 (L) =0.667
SWL EACH SLING=0 .667 (RF) x 6,000 lbs. = 4,000 lbs. of lifting capacity per sling

RIGGERS’ GUIDE
Using Riggers’ Guide

As an example:

1.Each leg of a two-leg has a WLL of 100 kg. The
included angle between the legs of the sling is not
more than 60º
Safe working load= (100/0.58)= 172 kg
2. Should the included angle between legs be
increased to 120º
SWL = 100/1 = 100 kg
3. The load is 100kg and the included angle is 30º
Sling load = 100 kg x 0.52 = 52 kg per leg
4. SWL =4500 kg, WLL of each sling = 3200 kg
Load in each sling leg will be the actual load x 0.7
(90º)
SWL= WLL of ONE sling leg divided by 0.7

SLING LOAD = WEIGHT LOAD x FACTOR OF
ANGLE

WEIGHT LOAD = SLING LOAD /FACTOR OF

RIGGERS’ GUIDE
THREE- LEG SLINGS
Special consideration, because rarely do all three legs take an equal share of the load. It is best
to assume that only TWO legs are sharing the load, with third leg only acting as a “balance”

SLING LOAD = WEIGHT LOAD x FACTOR OF ANGLE
WEIGHT LOAD = SLING LOAD /FACTOR OF ANGLE
Example:
Sling legs are 3 m long
Pitch diameter of the sling attachments is 3m.
Included angle is 60º (30º from vertical) = 0.58
Using the approximation method, we assume the load is taken on two legs only.
Therefore, from our Riggers Chart, SLING LOAD = 100 kg x 0.58 = 58 kg
Assuming the load is equally distributed between the three legs, SLING LOAD= 100 kg x 0.58x
(2legs/3legs) = 39 kg

RIGGERS’ GUIDE
SWL- FOUR LEG SLINGS
You will have noticed that the rigger charts treats 2,3 and 4 legs sling as having
the same SWL for various configurations.
Wit a 4-legs sling, unless a load-sharing device exists in the system, the load will
ALWAYS be taken by TWO slings only. The other two will only serve to balance
the load.
If the load is flexible, some sharing of the load will take place as the load twists.
The degree os sharing is dependent on the stiffness of the load. If the effect of
this stiffness is unknow, we MUST assume it to be perfectly stiff, and NO load
sharing takes place.
Sling calculations are therefore the same as for two-leg sling.
EXAMPLE: Precast slung from four points, is the capacity of the pin anchors.
Load10 tons – 4 x 2.5 tonnes pins = 10 tonnes. 10 mm chains (=3.15 tons each)
OH, REALLY? Sling angle =90º(0.7) Sling load must be 7.0 tonnes (=10 x 0.7)
Therefore, 4 x 10 tonne pins are required, and 16 mm chains (=8tons each).
Some difference!

SLINGS ANGLES/SWL

6 M long sling
1200

10.5 M distance between
lifting points
If the distance between lifting points is
1.75 times the leg length the included
angle will be 1200 (600 beta)

ANGLES AT HOOK
30 Degrees
Distance between lift points
Half sling leg length.

60 Degrees
Equal to sling leg length.

90 Degrees
1.5 X sling leg length.

HITCHING

All slings beyods the basic three
SLING ANGLE NOT MORE THAN 90 DEGREE

1. MULTIPLE LEGS:
2 - LEGS
3 - LEGS
4 - LEGS

2.BASKET:
DOUBLE WRAP
DOUBLE LEG

3.CHOKERS;
DOUBLE WRAP
DOUBLE LEG

HITCHING

MODE FACTORS
Maximum load to be lifted = mode factor x SWL marked on the sling
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Single leg Endless
Single leg Single leg Single leg Single leg Endless in Endless
Material back basket
in line choked basket halshed line choked
hooked 0-90o

Chain 1 0.8 1.4 1 NP NP 1 NP
Wire Rope 1 1 1.4 1 2 NP 1 1.4
Webbing 1 0.8 1.4 NA NP 1 0.8 1.4
Fibre Rope 1 0.8 1.4 1 1.6 1 0.8 1.4
Roundsling NA NA NA NA NA 1 0.8 1.4

SINGLE LEG HITCH-STRAIGHT LIFT

1. The total weight of the load is supported
by a single leg.  Spreader beams are used to support long
and hard-to-handle loads.
2. The SWL of the sling MUST EXCEED the  Reduces the tendency for the load to tip or
load weight. bend.
3. This hitch should not be used for:  Both single leg slings will support the load.
Lifting loose materials If load is even, each will carry half the load.
Long loads
Any load that can tip  These slings provide good load control.
THE SPREADER BEAM MUST BE
4. A Single leg vertical hitch does not: CERTIFIED.
Provide good control over the load.
The load can rotate and tip.

2t chain will lift 2t vertical

TWO LEGGED HITCH

1.4 x WLL of 1 leg = total
combined WLL

Leg Loadings

• Weight exerted on any leg of a sling or chain will increase the greater the angle

• Angle between 2 chains or webbing slings must NEVER exceed 90
TWO SINGLE LEGS– 1.4 x WLL

E.g. two single 2t each sling 1.4 x 2t = 2.8t

MULTIPLE LEGGED HITCH
TWO SETS OF TWO SLING- 1.5 x WLL
When using two sets of two leg sling assemblies to make 1.5 x WLL of 1 set = total combined WLL
up a four point lift another angle is generated between
opposite master link. In order to prevent overloading of
Third included angle
the master links a mode factor of 1.5 x WLL of one set
should be used.

E.g. Two sets of 30t chains can lift 1.5 x 30t = 45t

THREE OR FOUR SLING
• Rate a four leg sling the same as a three leg sling.
• Why the same rating for 3 and 4 legs?
– Why does a photographer use a tripod?
– Why does a milking stool have 3 legs?
– Why do beer mats get shoved under table legs ?
• Because with a four legged structure, one leg is:-
REDUNDANT-It assumes that in a four legged sling
one leg is redundant
• Hence 3 and 4 legged slings made from the same
materials will have the same W.L.L.

THREE SINGLE SLING- WLL x 2.1 (0-90º) /WLL x 1.5 (90-120º) 2.1 x WLL of 1 leg = total
combined WLL
With three single vertically rated slings being used at
angles the mode factor of 2.1 x WLL of a single leg will give 450 ß

the maximum load to be lifted.

E.g. if each single sling has a WLL of 1t the total load that
can be lifted is 1 x 2.1 = 2.1t.
5t
0
E.g. If load is 15 t –Load in each leg= 7t at 45 to vertical o
45

15 t
FOUR SINGLE SLING-WLL x 2.1 (0-90º) /WLL x 1.5 (90-120º) Load in each leg = 7.07t
With four single vertically rated slings being used at angles
The mode factor of 2.1 x WLL of a single leg will give the
Maximum load to be lifted. 900
90o

E.g. if each single sling has a WLL of 2t the total load that
10 t
can be lifted is 2 x 2.1 = 4.2t.
15t
E.g. A four legged sling lifting 15 tonnes.
Force in each leg 7 tonnes. 2.1 x WLL of 1 leg = total
combined WLL

MULTIPLE LEGS: 2 – LEGS/3 - LEGS/4 - 450 ß
(beta)
LEGS angle
THE INCLUDED ANGLE SHOULD NOT EXCEED 90 0. 90O
450ß MAX
All hooks face outwards. max
900α
max
The individual legs are not twisted.
The legs are not crossed over.
All the legs are taking their share of the load.

A multi – leg chain sling is a permanent joining of two or
more chain legs.
A multi – leg set used in straight lift have a WLL as marked Note hook
for use at angles, never exceed the SWL direction
E.g. WLL 4.25t @ 450ß or SWL 4.25t @ 900 included(α
angle)

THREE LEG AND FOUR LEG slings in straight hitch are
rated
with the same WLL.
The reference for the largest included angle on a three leg
sling is the largest angle between any two legs.
The reference point for the largest included angle on a four
leg sling are diagonal opposite legs.

CHOKER AND BASKET HITCHES
1. Load Control
The ability of the sling to control the movement
of the load.
2 Capacity
The load capacity of the sling and type of hitch
used.
3 Type of sling
Wire rope - chain
4 Centre of gravity
The location of the centre of the load’s weight.

When in choked lifting mode, the capacity is reduced !
Can be 50%, or lower if you beat down the sling eye to an angle
less than 120

For large loads a 4-leg bridle sling can be made into a double
basket sling by adding 2 single leg slings. These single leg slings
can be made of larger diameter rope to better withstand load
conditions. And they are less expensive to replace than the entire
4-leg sling.
Depending on the load a simple basket hitch may not provide the
best load stability. Danger of the load slipping out of the sling

CHOKE HITCH
Standard choker hitches provide better load controls This 
as long as the loads are short. When lifting longer
bundled loads there is the danger that some of the A choke hitch has only
70% to 80% the capacity of
bundle content may slide out of the sling. As can be
seen, a standard choker hitch compresses the load
from three sides only.
900 α (included)
A better way to do the same lift. Use a double wrap angle

choker hitch and for long loads use 2 slings. The
double wrap compresses the load on all 4 sides and
provides far better load control. Double wrap choke
hitch is used to grip loose material loads

Observe the choker hitch reduction factors.
MAXIMUM INCLUDED ANGLE IS 900

CHOKERS:
DOUBLE WRAP
DOUBLE LEG

CHOKE HITCH
CHOKE HITCH- SINGLE CHAIN----------------------WLL x 0.8 2t chain SWL 1.6t
WLL is reduced by 20% for choke hitch.
E.g. A 2t chain will lift 2t x 0.8 WLL = 1.6t

TWO SINGLE SLING IN DOUBLE WRAP CHOKE--- WLL x 0.8
Note the use of packing on this load.
Double wrap choke hitch must have the WLL reduced by 20%.
E.g. a 4t set of chains can lift 4t x 0.8 = 3.2t 2 x 2t chains WLL – 4 x 0.8 = 3.2t

TWO SLINGLE SLING IN CHOKE HITCH-------WLL x 0.8 x 1.4
Then when being used at angles of up to 900 a mode factor of
1.4 x SWL of a single leg will give the combined capacity of the
two slings.
2t chains WLL-2 x0.8 x1.4 = 2.24t
E.g. if each sling has WLL of 2t-total load is 2x0.8x 1.4 = 2.24t Total 2.24+2.24 =4.48t

TWO SINGLE –(single or double wrap)CHOKE HITCH Slings led in
 Hooks must face outwards and both slings led in from the same side of
load
same side of the load.
 Slings led in correctly from the same side of the load - not
opposed.
Hooks face
outwards

BASKET HITCH
When using a basket (or double wrap) hitch you must take
A basket is 1 or 1.4 the capacity of
The sling angle into accout. Make sure the load is properly
padded to prevent sling damage. 1.0 X WLL = TOTAL WLL
Good load control and the capacity of the sling depends on: This 
the vertical sling angle the angle formed in the basket
1.4 x WLL = total SWL
DOUBLE BASKET
The two hitches must be placed carefully to ensure that the
load is correctly balanced.
The legs must be kept far enough apart to balance the load but
not too far to cause slippage. 900 max α
NEVER USE A VERTICAL ANGLE OF GREATER THAN 60 ! angle
THE INCLUDED ANGLE SHOULD NOT EXCEED 90 0. this
should
be taken from diagonal opposites.

DOUBLE WRAP BASKET
A double wrap basket is a basket hitch that is wrapped round
the load. A single hitch does not control slippage of the load.
Requires adjustment of legs as load is applied, to equalise load
in each leg.
Good for handling loose materials and smooth loads because BASKET:
of a full 360 wrap without battening down the eye. DOUBLE
Good load control when two hitches are used at a horizontal WRAP
sling angle of 45 or smaller (Dependent on load length)

BASKET HITCH
BASKET HITCH (HOOKED BACK)-------- 1 x WLL Note hook on
Note both links
A single chain being used in basket hitch with the hook hooked master link.
on the hook.
back to The master link has a WLL marked on the sling. 2t chain WLL 2t 2t chain WLL 2.8t
E.g. a 2t chain will be able to lift 1 x 2t = 2t.

BASKET HITCH (REEVABLE COLLAR)------1.4 x WLL
A reevable collar sling in basket hitch will have a WLL of 1.4 x
WLL
with both links on the hook. Angle must not exceed 90 0 4.25t chain WLL 4.25t
2 x 2t chains WLL 2.8t
E.g. a 2t reevable sling will be able to lift 1.4 x 2t= 2.8t

A TWO LEG SET IN BASKET HITCH- 1 x WLL
the WLL is as marked on the sling. E.g. a 4.25t set will lift 4.25t.

TWO SINGLE LEG USED IN BASKET --1.4 x WLL
hitch hooked back have a WLL based on a mode of 1.4 x WLL of a
single leg. E.g. two single 2t chains can lift 1.4 x 2t = 2.8t 2.1 x WLL of 1 leg = total combined WLL

TWO SINGLE LEGS IN BASKET HITCH- 2.1 x WLL
The same mode factor is used here when using 2/3 or 4 single
Slings together in basket hitch.
E.g. if each wire has a SWL of 3t the total load that can be lifted is
3t x 2.1 = 6.3t

CHOKER AND BASKET HITCHES
BAD RIGGING PRACTICES GOOD SLINGING PRACTISE

Double

Padding on
sharp edges

RIGHT

WRONG

SECURE THOSE LEGS
They can get stuck under another piece of
equipment causing severe overload of the
crane or hoist, or someone may trip over
them. Do not lift when loose equipment is
not secured. 60º

ENDLESS HITCH
Endless chains used in choke hitch can be used at the marked WLL with no reduction in WLL.
E.g. a 2t endless chain will lift 2t.

TURNING THE LOAD

Turning the load with a double choker (that is a loop & loop sling used inverted) gives good load
control. To rig place both sling eyes on top the load, pointing in the opposite direction of the
turn. The body of the sling is then passed under the load and through both eyes.

When using a two leg sling with only one leg in use rate the sling at half the marked WLL – if
used with a direct hitch like this.

• E.g. WLL 7.5t 2 = 3.75t

• If the leg was used in choke hitch the leg would require a further down rating of 20%

2t chain WLL 2t

PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE SLING AND THE LOAD

USE SUITABLE PACKING-Proper coner protection. Severe
bending
Do not place the splice sleeves, rope thimbles, or sling
hooks around corners.
A sleeve failure under these condition will result in the
failure of the sling and you will drop the load.
Check the sleeves regularly for nicks and cracks.
A sharp steel edge will cut through any wire rope sling, at
least it will permanently damage the sling.
Sliced steel pipes have proven to an affective corner
protector.
For square and round objects proper wooden padding will
be sufficient.
MAKE THE LOAD MONOLITHIC (make loading elements
interdependent, with a metalic or plastic strapping)

Before making the final lift do a trial lift and check, if the padding is strong enough and does not crack
under the load weight

PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE SLING AND THE LOAD

THE OBJECTS TO PACKING ARE:
-To provide an adequate radius around which
a sling may pass without unacceptable loss of
load carrying capacity
-To assist the sling in gripping the load
-To prevent damage to the load itself

SHARP EDGEDS AND EDGE PROTECTION
Contact of the lifting sling with sharp edges during the lifting
operations dramatically reduces the sling’s strength.
Burn, load imbalance, stop/start jolting during lifting or worn
slings further increase the damaging effect of sharp edges.
A sharp edge with a corner radius of 1-7 mm reduces the load-
bearing capacity of lifting belts and round sling by 50%. With
lifting belts a 13 mm corner radius is required to maintain a
load-bearing capacity close to that of straight lifting.
Edge protection must be used whenever the corner radius is
below 7 mm.

A wide range of edge protection types and materials are
available for specific applications. Timber blocks, rubber,
sectios of old vehicles tyres, conveyor belts)

SLINGS AND EYE BOLTS
Only collared eyebolts are used for lifting.Make sure that eyebolts are
NO
securely screwed into the ferrule or nut before use.
Eye bolts are marked with their thread size. Not with their rated
capacities.
Only Swivel Hoist Rings are marked with their rated capacities.
You can NOT assume that a stardard eye bolts has the same Swivel hoist rings
angularity strength loss factor as your sling.
NOT RECOMEMMEND use eye bolts down to a 45 (30)º horizontal
angle (loss approaches 75% of vertical rated capacity)
The VERTICAL SLING CAPACITY MATCHES THE VERTICAL EYE
BOLTS CAPACITY.
Never rig a sling through eye bolts. You severely increase the stress
on the eye bolts and the bolt can break

It is BEST to use SWIVEL hoist rings for every angled lift. They
adjust to any sling angle by rotating around the bolt and the hoisting
eye pivots 180º

Do not hammer an eyebolt to tighten. Use a podger bar.
Use two slings attached to the eyebolts with shackles
Do not attach slings to eyebolts with hooks because the hook is
usually too small

After slings have been properly attached to the hoist ring apply force
slowly. Make sure the bail is parallel to the direction of the load.
Watch the load and be prepared to stop applying force if the load
starts bucking
Sling should not be reeved from one bail to another.

HOOKS
•Slings should never be superimposed in the hook
•All hooks shall be installed with safety latches to
prevente the accidental unhooking
•Hooks can be installed with swivels to allow the load
to revolve.
•Select hooks of the right size
•Do not tie or remove the safety latches.
•Maintain the hook in a vertical position. If the hook is
eccentrically loaded, the SWL will be reduced.
•To avoid the breaking of the sewing wire the opening
angle of the loop must be 20º maximum

DO NOT FORCE THE EYE OF A SLING TO OPEN MORE
THAN 20o AS THIS WILL PLACE UNDUE TENSION ON THE
FERRULE

SAFE USE OF SLINGS- HOOK
DO NOT WRAP A WIRE ROPE ROUND A HOOK. IT WILL KINK THE WIRE AND RUIN THE
SLING

Shackles must always be used on lifting hooks if more than one sling is to be connected to it,
and if the hook would be overcrowded by the ends of the same sling. The angles between sling
legs on a hook must never exceed 90º.

SLINGS WITH HOOK

SHACKLES
Shackles must always be used on lifting hooks if more than one sling is to be
connected to it, and if the hook would be overcrowded by the ends of the same sling.
The angle between sling legs on a hook must never exceed 90º

UNSAFE CONDITIONS SHACKLES AND HOOKS

Unsafe Condition --Welded Pad eye, Shackle Use

DUNNAGE-SLING PRACTICE
KNOW HOW TO USE DUNNAGE PROPERLY:

Always use dunnage to allow the slings to be removed after lowering the load in to place.
Use the “fifth-point” rule as shown.
The common materials for dunnage are timber offcuts.
NEVER use hollow light-wall tubes or pipes which could collapse under the load weight, and
NEVER use material which is to be used on the job- the load could damage them beyond use.

STORAGE SLINGS
Store all sling in a clean dry storage cabinet or area and hang them or coil them neatly.

PLAN YOUR SLINGING
FOUR STEPS TO SAFE RIGGING
1. Identify the load and determine the weight (and CG).
2. Determine slinging arrangements and select appropriate lifting gear.
3. Check that the route the load is to travel is clear and contains no hazards.. The lifted item
must be kept balanced and under the control of the lifting appliance operator throughout the
lifting operation
4. Prepare the load landing area.
If necessary, perform a test lift to verify the secure fastening of the load
PLANNING THE LIFT WITH SLINGS
1. Know (determine) the weight of the load.
2. Decide the slinging arrangement.- Choose a lifting accessory that is compatible with the
load, the lifting appliance and the operating environment:
Load control
Load type (Determinate how the weight is to be divided between the sling legs)
Means of attachment (Use edge protection as necessary)
3. Sling length
Available headroom
Leg angle

Ensure the lifting accessories are inspected and necessary user guidance is provided.

PLAN YOUR SLINGING
LOAD STABILITY
Good slingers develop the habit of assessing unusual loads and estimating their CoG.
They will attach slings so that the C of G is below the lifting points, or well within them.
If there is the slightest doubt as to the stability of the load it must be lifted VERY slowly, just clear of the
ground. If the load tilts it must be lowered and re-slung in a more stable mode.
To ensure a balanced lift, the weight, shape, lifting position and CG of the load must be determined.

SAFE RIGGING
Is the movement of a mass (Load) by mechanical appliances, ie Lifting Gear and Slings. (Lifting Appliance
and Lifting Accessories)
Also, it is determining where and how lifting appliances and slings shall be fitted.
Slings and attachments must be fitted to control the load - NEVER VICE VERSA

LANDING THE LOAD
Before the load is lifted, a place should have been prepared where it is to be landed.
The nature of the load will determine the type of preparation for landing, but most loads should be
lowered onto timber battens.
The slings can then be easily withdrawn (they can be removed both safely and without damage)

A LOAD MUST NEVER BE LANDED DIRECTLY ON THE SLINGS.

LIFTING SAFETY
HOW TO PREVENT LIFTING ACCIDENT

1. ENSURE COMPETENT PEOPLE ARE INVOLVED
2. PLAN THE JOB - WORK THE PLAN
3. PRE-USE INSPECTION OF EQUIPMENT
4. CORRECT USE OF EQUIPMENT
5. ONLY USE CERTIFIED LIFTING EQUIPEMENT AND LIFTING
POINTS

A LIFT PLAN MUST BE DONE FOR EVERY LIFT

HAZARD
The POTENTIAL to cause harm to the
• People
• Environment
• Asset
• Reputation
BEWARE OF
SWINGING
HOOKS !!!
NEVER STAND UNDER A LOAD !!

RIGGING SAFETY
 Sling centered in bowl of hook.
 Each leg supports it’s part of the load so that load is under control.
 Slings are long enough to insure rated load angle is adequate.
 Multiple slings selected for specific angles, do not allow a load in each leg greater than
that permitted.
 When using individual slings in a multi-leg lift, always remember the loading factors;
 Ensure the load will not collapse or change shape/form when subject to jerks, bumps, etc
 Keep clear of sling, load and hook; stand clear of suspended load.
 Be alert for possible snagging.
 Do not drag slings on the floor or over other abrasive surfaces.
 Do not pull sling from under load.
 Basket hitches, in choker hitches, must be balanced to prevent slippage.
 The load should not exceed the rated load of the sling and/or components.
 Load should be within rated load of sling, avoid shock loading.
 Avoid twisting and kinking.
 Do not use damaged slings.
 After use carefully inspect and store slings.

SLINGS
EXECUTING THE LIFT WITH SLINGS

 Protect load and sling from damage at sharp corners.
Pad the corners.
 Block as needed.

THE LOAD MUST NOT BE DAMAGED BY THE
SLINGS

 Examine sling before every lift.
 Use safe operating practices.

BEAUFORT WIND SCALE
Wind Description of Velocity Velocity Velocity
Wind Effect Locally
Force No. Wind mph m/sec kph

The effect of wind on Load on 0 Calm Smoke rises vertically 0-1 - 1.6
the hook- strong winds may
Direction of wind shown by smoke
swing suspended loads out of 1 Light Air drift, but not by wind or weather 1-3 1-2 2-5
balance and radius, making the vanes

crane unstable. 2 Light Breeze
Wind felt on face. Leaves rustle.
4-7 2-3 6-11
Wind or weather vanes move

Anemometer-windspeed indicator Leaves and small twigs in constant
3 Gentle Breeze motion. Wind extends light fag
8-12 3-5 13-19

Generally limit for safe crane Moderate Wind raises dust and loose paper.
4 Breeze Small branches move
13-18 5-8 21-29
operation refer to specific crane
manual Small trees in leaf beginning to
5 Fresh Breeze sway. Little wavelets from on 19-24 8-11 31-39
inland waters

Velocity is measured approx 6 Large branches in motion whistling
6 Strong Breeze heard in power wives
25-31 11-14 40-50
metres (20 ft) above groun level.
Moderate Whole trees in motion. Becoming
7 Gale difficult to walk against wind
32-38 14-17 52-61

Twigs/branches break of trees.
8 Gale Progress is generally impeded.
39-49 17-21 63-74

Chimney pots, slates and tiles may
9 Strong Gale be blown off. Other slight 47-54 21-24 76-87
structural damage may be caused.

YOUR SAFETY

Is this an accident or an Incident?

WALL/COLUMN SHUTTERS

Lifting Shutters
Unacceptable…..

Extract from
RC Code

Use of tested
lifting cleats as
previous slide is a
better option than
wrapping chains
around dividags

CORRECT SLINGING
WHAT ARE THE HAZARDS ? INCORRECT SLINGING CAUSE “ACCIDENT”

CYLINDERS SLIPPING OFF

PALLET BASKET CHAIN PALLET SLING or PALLET BAR LEGGED SLING WITH PLATE CLAMP
4
WOODEN PALLET

PRACTICE SLINGING

Loose bars, tubes, etc- Pipe tubes Site plant
Pre-fabricated reinforcement Portable buildings
Wall/column shutters Forklift lifting suspended loads
Tableforms Multiple lifts
Rigid sheet maaterials, scaffold Chandelier lift
boards or similar Tandem lifting
Rubbish skips Specialised lifts-Glass stillage
Steelwork Specialised lifts-Vacuum lifters
Precast concrete

LOOSE BARS, TUBES, ETC
Scaffold tubes Loose re-bar
Method:
• Two leg webbing slings
• Double wrap to avoid slippage
Precautions:
• Where choked, the SWL is reduced Excessive deformation

(20% or more)
• Position of slings to be determined to
limit sag in centre of bundle or at either
end
• Consider requirement for Tag lines to
land load

Use chain clutches to level load…

Loose scaffold tube Slings wrapped in opposite directions

PIPE TUBES
Is this safe?

WHAT ARE THE HAZARDS ?
ENTRAPMENT Slings not secured to the load

NO SAFE ESCAPE ROUTE

PRE-FABRICATED REINFORCEMENT
General notes: Re-bar lifting beam – (columns) Re-bar – (column)

• Fabricated items should be
designed and constructed to
allow crane lifting and have
such lifting points identified
• Each cage to have been
inspected prior to lifting and
approved for lift
• Slinging points to be a Re-bar lifting beam – (walls) Wall re-bar - unacceptable
minimum of 3 links down
from the top
• On initial lift, check balance
point is correct and that
deflection is acceptable
• Stop and consult Appointed
Person if excess deflection.

WALL/COLUMN SHUTTERS
Method:
• Lift by the designed lifting points only Acceptable…..
• Use the manufacturers supplied & certified
lifting eyes/accessories only

Precautions:
• Avoid lifting over others wherever possible
• Tag lines are to be used for all lifts wherever
practicable
• Shutters are to be visually inspected before
any lift System column shutters
• Loose materials are to be removed from all
shutters

TABLEFORMS
Method: Tableforms Tableform lifting hook

• Tables are to be lifted at the designed
lifting points only
• Properly designed, tested lifting
equipment to be used
• Method statement/risk assessment to
be rigidly adhered to when lifting these
shutters
Precautions:
• Exclusion zones to be established
below all areas where these shutters
are being removed from the building
Table form Lifting
• Additional training may be required for
slinger/signallers

When not using lifting forks attach chains
from behind guardrail not from top of table.
Use boat hook and or slings wrapped
around lifting points before table is pushed
out so chains can be attached.

RIGID SHEET MATERIALS / SCAFFOLD BOARDS OR SIMILAR

Acceptable…..
Method:
• Typical load, rigid sheets such as
Plywood, scaffold boards
• Double wrapped with webbing slings
or chains unless banded

Precautions:
• Webbing slings to be less than 6
months from 1st issue
Unacceptable…..
• Webbing slings must be protected
from sharp edges, not be worn, have
cuts or any damage
• The load must be level for uniform
loading
• Sleeves or secure packing should be
used at corners to avoid damaging
materials or slings.

RIGID SHEET MATERIALS / SCAFFOLD BOARDS OR SIMILAR

WHAT WRONG HERE?

STANDING UNDER SUSPENDED LOAD

NO TAG LINES

ONE PERSON ON JOB

WRONG SLINGING TECHNIQUE

NO SAFETY LATCH ON THE CRANE BLOCK

NO PADDING ON SHARP EDGE
Both on same load…..

LOOSE TIMBER
• Timber to be double wrapped
• Slings or chains may be used
• Beware of damage to timber if using chains
• Bulky loads may require a combination of slings & chains
Four point lifting – use sling and chain combination

PALLETISED LOADS
Palletised lift

• Ensure that slings or chains are
passed below or through the pallet

• Loads to be double wrapped
wherever practicable – check with
coordinator if in doubt

Unacceptable…..

STILLAGE BINS
Acceptable
Method:
• Chains or slings double wrapped &
choked
• or Lifting forks with debris netting
Precautions:
• Ensure stillage is loaded within capacity
• Check stillage for impact damage
• Beware of rusted bases
Unacceptable….

OPEN STILLAGES
Acceptable………
Method:
• Where possible, lift load
and stillage separately
• Where lifting together, two
leg chains or slings double
wrapped around both load
& stillage
Unacceptable…..
Precautions:
• Ensure bite to avoid risk of
tube slippage
• Avoid risk of compression
to structure of stillage
• Essential that load is level

PALLET / BRICK FORKS & NET
Method: Brick forks/nets
• Pallet Forks (netted) are frequently
used for palletised or banded
materials e.g. bricks, blocks

Precautions:
• Check the load is within the capacity
of the forks
• The SWL of the forks is sufficient for
the load
• Ensure the net is secured and mesh
size is smaller than the smallest item
to be lifted

CONCRETE OR MUCK SKIP
Method: Concrete skip & drop chain Muck-skip & drop chain

• Use only single leg drop chain of
correct capacity
Precautions:
• Skips approved for lifting &
identified in Lifting Plan
• Never lift directly with the crane
hook
• Beware of overloaded skips - If in
doubt, don’t lift
Tremmie pipe & pin location
• Beware of rusted floors or loosely
fitting traps
• Tremmie pipe with chain attached to
skip frame to avoid fall
• Tremmie pipe to have discharge
end secured to upper edge of skip
• Tremmie pipe connecting pin must
be locked in place before concrete
skip is moved/loaded.

RUBBISH SKIPS
Method: Rubbish skip with lifting cradle
• Skips must be marked as tested &
certified for lifting
• Otherwise use skip cradle for all skips
EXCEPT as noted above & with specific
agreement with the EHS department
• Use appropriately rated & sized 4 leg
chain slings attached to tested lifting lugs
Precautions:
• Never lift waste skips which are not
approved for lifting Designated lifting skip

• Skips that can be lifted are identified in
Lifting Plan & uniquely coloured
• Beware of overloaded skips - If in doubt,
don’t lift
• Skips should be netted or lids closed
during lift
• Beware of rusted floors - If in doubt,
don’t lift.

STEELWORK
Lifting Connections
Dawson Shackle
• Generally all beams and columns will
be lifted using positive lifting points, i.e.
Dawson shackles, LBG shackles and or
bolted on lifting plates etc.
• Wrapped chains may be used where
there is no possibility of them slipping
even if the loads is suddenly relieved,
due to a clash with the structure etc. In
Steelwork Positive Lifting
practice this probably mean that only
where chains are wrapped through an Chains wrapped through holes Lifting Shackles / Plates
element, ie where chains are wrapped
through holes in Metsec beams, will
this technique be acceptable.
• In certain exceptional circumstances
traditional lifting techniques may be
required, but these will be planed out
where possible, and must be agreed in
writing by the EHS department before
any lift takes place.

PRECAST CONCRETE
Method:
• Lift using ALL manufacturers cast-in
lifting points provided
• Use correct Lifting Accessories (check if
provided by manufacturer)
Precautions:
• Ensure lifting eyes fully inserted & lifted
at correct angle
• Ensure multiple legs slings are evenly
loaded
• Consider required angle of unit to allow
safe positioning
• Consider supplier constraints such as
limitations on orientation or intermediate
support requirements etc

SITE PLANT
Method:
• Only lift using integral lifting points (or refer to manufacturer instructions)
Precautions:
• Only lift from manufacturer’s approved & rated lifting points (Some lugs are for
transportation restraint only)
• Secure any loose equipment, including jockey/dolly wheels
• Check correct lifting shackles are used
• Visually check condition of item to be lifted. Does it look well maintained?
Address any concerns to the Crane Supervisor
• Check loads & centre gravity – are fuel/oil/water tanks filled?
• Do not lift MEWPS with boom/scissor elevated.

PORTABLE BUILDINGS
Method:
• 4 leg chain slings attached to designated
lifting points with D Shackles or safety hooks
• Chains to be minimum 45 degrees to
horizontal
Precautions:
• Remove all heavy items or hazards inside,
before lifting
• Only lift high enough to place on trailer and
under no circumstances to lift over anything
or anybody
• Do not walk the roof to remove chains. Use
ladders safely to access chains or shackles

• Connect fall prevention lanyard to crane
hook via inertia reel if necessary

FORKLIFT LIFTING SUSPENDED
LOADS
Forklifts used in this manner are
regarded as Cranes
Method:
• An approved certificated Lifting
Attachment must be
used, centred between the forks
• Assess accessories for Ensure attachment is properly secured
individual requirements
• Safe working load is as marked
Precautions:
• Forklifts lifting suspended loads
must be controlled by a Slinger /
Signaller

MULTIPLE LIFTS
Other lifts-Multiple / chandelier / special lifts

Method:
• Multiple items can be slung & lifted
together provided there is no risk of loss
of load (or part load), both are level with
one another, & there is a safe method
of removing the lifting gear once
landed
• Both must be treated as individual loads Acceptable…
& slung accordingly

Precautions:
• Multiple lifts are to be agreed with the
Lifting Coordinator
• Beware when removing slings / chains
etc – load may shift

CHANDELIER LIFT
Where 2 or more loads are lifted
simultaneously, one being slung directly above the
other, on a common hook

Method:
• Each load is to be treated as an
individual load & slung accordingly

Precautions:
• Where loads are of unequal lengths,
the longer load must be slung as the
LOWEST load, & the lengths reduced
progressively upwards
• Tag lines are essential
• There is a safe method of removing the
lifting gear once landed Unacceptable…..why?

TANDEM LIFTING

• Tandem lifts are NOT to be carried out by
Tower Cranes

• Any tandem lift is to be the subject of a
separate Method Statement & full Risk
Assessment process

SPECIALISED LIFTS – GLASS
STILLAGE

• Stillages should be used
when lifting glass
• Glass to be secured to the
stillage
• Stillage should be
thoroughly examined &
tested
• Plate showing SWL on glass
stillage and date of thorough
examination
• Lifts should be planned by a
competent person

SPECIALISED LIFTS - VACUUM
LIFTERS
• Subject to thorough examination Battery power must be at least 25%
SWL is shown, lifter is checked
• Trained and competent operators only to daily prior to use for serviceability
use
• Secondary means of support required
• A secondary mechanical device must be
used when using vacuum lifters
• These may need removal for FINAL
locating

Each pad has a non-return valve
The SWL of this machine is 8 to maintain vacuum, giving a
tonnes, with each of the vacuum
maximum stated time of 20
pads rated at 2t.
minutes to lower the load safely

Operating practices

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Operating practices