Operating system
- 1. A.SANGEETHA M.SC(INFO THECH) DEPARTMENT OF CS&IT NADAR SARASWATHI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE Operating system
- 2. DEFINITION: A particular application, that network is ready to be trained. To start this process the initial weights are chosen randomly. There are two approaches to training •supervised • unsupervised
- 3. Supervised Training: Supervised training involves a mechanism of providing the network with the desired output either by manually "grading" the network's performance or by providing the desired outputs with the inputs. In supervised training, both the inputs and the outputs are provided. The network then processes the inputs and compares its resulting outputs against the desired outputs.
- 4. This process occurs over and over as the weights are continually tweaked. The set of data which enables the training is called the "training set." During the training of a network the same set of data is processed many times as the connection weights are ever refined. The current commercial network development packages provide tools to monitor how well an artificial neural network is converging on the ability to predict the right answer.
- 5. This could be because the input data does not contain the specific information from which the desired output is derived. Networks also don't converge if there is not enough data to enable complete learning. Ideally, there should be enough data so that part of the data can be held back as a test. Many layered networks with multiple nodes are capable of memorizing data. To monitor the network to determine if the system is simply memorizing its data in some non significant way, supervised training needs to hold back a set of data to be used to test the system after it has undergone its training.
- 6. The designer then has to review the input and outputs, the number of layers, the number of elements per layer, the connections between the layers, the summation, transfer, and training functions, and even the initial weights themselves. Those changes required to create a successful network constitute a process wherein the "art" of neural networking occurs. There are many laws (algorithms) used to implement the adaptive feedback required to adjust the weights during training. The most common technique is backward-error propagation, more commonly known as back- propagation. These various learning techniques are explored in greater depth later in this report.
- 7. It involves a "feel," and conscious analysis, to insure that the network is not overtrained. Initially, an artificial neural network configures itself with the general statistical trends of the data. Later, it continues to "learn" about other aspects of the data which may be spurious from a general viewpoint. The system has been correctly trained, and no further learning is needed, the weights can, if desired, be "frozen." In some systems this finalized network is then turned into hardware so that it can be fast. Other systems don't lock themselves in but continue to learn while in production use.
- 8. UNSUPERVISED TRAINING In unsupervised training, the network is provided with inputs but not with desired outputs. The system itself must then decide what features it will use to group the input data. This is often referred to as self- organization or adaption. unsupervised learning is not well understood. This adaption to the environment is the promise which would enable science fiction types of robots to continually learn on their own as they encounter new situations and new environments.
- 9. . Some of these situations involve military action where new combat techniques and new weapons might be encountered. Because of this unexpected aspect to life and the human desire to be prepared, there continues to be research into, and hope for, this field. Yet, at the present time, the vast bulk of neural network work is in systems with supervised learning. Supervised learning is achieving results.
- 10. Topology is a branch of mathematics that studies how to map from one space to another without changing the geometric configuration. The three-dimensional groupings often found in mammalian brains are an example of topological ordering.
- 11. Neural systems do exact their own demands. They do require their implementer to meet a number of conditions. These conditions include: A data set which includes the information which can characterize the problem. An adequately sized data set to both train and test the network.
- 12. an understanding of the basic nature of the problem to be solved so that basic first-cut decision on creating the network can be made. These decisions include the activization and transfer functions, and the learning methods. an understanding of the development tools. adequate processing power (some applications demand real-time processing that exceeds what is available in the standard, sequential processing hardware. The development of hardware is the key to the future of neural networks).