Operating System and Basic Networks

OPERATING SYSTEM &
BASIC NETWORKS
TENORIO, JHEROME S.
TYRONNE KYLE BELEN
WILSON DOLORES LABINAY
ANGHIE ROSARIO GANNABAN
LESTER NYELI ARIBBAY
DENNYLE CALUDUCAN
OSCAR
LEILA
OPERATING SYSTEMS & APPLICATIONS
APAYAO STATE COLLEGE
PREPARED BY:
• What is a System
• What is a Network
• Operating System
• Types of Operating Systems
• Network Operating System (NOS)
• Most Widely Used NOS
• Features
• Remote Login & Example
• Remote File Transfer & Example
• Anonymous FTP Method
CONTENTS:
• Network and Operating System Security
• Novell NetWare
• Novell NetWare Protocols
• Client
• Server
• Windows Serve
• Advantages of Using
Windows
• Linux Server
• Advantages of Using
• Down Side of Linux
Server
• Types of Network Operating System
• Peer-to-Peer NOS
• Client/Server NOS
• Domain
• Workgroup
• Difference between Operating System and
Network Operating System
• Summary
• Sources

What is a system?
a set of things working together as parts of a
mechanism or an interconnecting network
Multiple meaning:
 collection of organized things
 way of organizing or planning
 whole composed relationship among
the members
Characteristics:
 have a structure that is defined by its
parts & processes
 tend to function in the same way
(involves inputs and outputs of material)

What is a Network?
 is a communication path between two or more
systems
 vary by the protocols used, the distances between
nodes, and the transport media
 TCP/IP is the most common
network protocol

Operating System
 program that manages the computer hardware
 provides a basis for application programs and
acts as an intermediary between the user and
the hardware
 offers a reasonable way to solve the problem of
creating a usable computing system
Types of Operating Systems: Windows Vista
Linux and Unix
Microsoft Windows
Mac OS X

User 1 User 2 User 3 User n
System and Application Programs
Operating System
Computer Hardware
Compiler Assembler Text editor Databases
System
........
Figure: Abstract view of the components of a computer system

Network Operating System (NOS)
 provides an environment in which users,
who are aware of multiplicity of machines,
can access Remote resources either:
• logging in to the remote machine* or
• transferring data from the remote
machine to their own machines
 mostly used with local area networks (LAN) and
wide area networks (WAN)
*Remote machine:
refers to a computer connected to the network which a user is using

MOST WIDELY USED
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS
AVAILABLE TODAY
 Windows 2000 and
Windows Server 2003/2008
 Novell Netware
 UNIX
Fine Points:
Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003 were built off Windows
NT Technologies and are the successors to Windows NT.

Features of NOS
 Provides basic operating system features;
support for processors, protocols,
automatic hardware detection, support
multi-processing of applications
 Security features; authentication,
authorization, access control
 Provides names and directory services
 Provides files, print, web services,
back-up and replication services

Features of NOS
 Supports Internetworking such as routing
and WAN ports
 User management and support for login
and logoff, remote access, system
management
 *Clustering capabilities, fault tolerant and
high availability systems
*Cluster:
group of linked computers working together closely, connected
to LAN

Remote Login
 one important function of a NOS is to
allow users to log in remotely
 The internet provides the telnet facility for
this purpose
Remote Login Example:
a user at Apayao State College (ASC) Luna wishes to compute on
“cs.ascconner.edu,” a computer that is located at ASC Conner
 The user must have a valid account on that machine to log in
remotely the user issues the command: telnet cs.ascconner.edu
The command results in the formation of a socket connection
between the local machine at ASC Luna and the "cs.ascconner.edu"
computer.

 connection has been established
 transparent, bidirectional link that all
characters entered by the user are
sent to a process "cs.ascconner.edu"
 all the output from that process is sent back
to the user in ASC Luna
ASC
LUNA
USER
cs.ascconner.edu
TELNET cs.ascconner.edu
to establish connection
All the output is sent back to ASC Luna
Remote Login Example

Remote File Transfer
 Provide a mechanism for remote file transfer from
one machine to another
 Each computer maintains its own local file system
 User: “cs.ascluna.edu” wants to access a file located
on another computer “cs.ascconner.edu” file must
be copied from the computer at Conner Campus to
the PC at Luna Campus
 Internet provides the transfer with file transfer
protocol (FTP) program

Remote File Transfer Example:
 User on "cs.ascluna.edu" -> copy Java
program
Server.java that resides on "cs.ascconner.edu"
 Invoke FTP program ftp cs.ascconner.edu
 Login name and password
 Correct information has been received, user
must connect to the file Server.java and after
copy the file by executing get Server.java

Remote File Transfer Example:
 File location is not transparent to the user
 No real file sharing
 Remember: User at ASC Luna must have
login permission on “cs.ascconner.edu”
 FTP provides a way to allow a user to copy
files remotely
 Remote copying is accomplished through
“anonymous FTP” method

Anonymous FTP Method
File to be copied (Server.java) must be
placed in a subdirectory (ftp) with the
protection set to allow the public to read the
file
User uses ftp command
Login name – “anonymous” and password
(anything)
Anonymous login is accomplished
User is allowed to access only those files that
are in the directory tree of user “anonymous”

www.trainsignaltraining.com/.../ftp_iis7_10.png

 FTP mechanism is implemented (similar to
telnet implementation)
 Daemon on remote site watches for
connection requests to system‘s FTP port
 Login authentication is accomplished ->user
can execute commands remotely
 telnet daemon executes any command for
user
 FTP daemon responds to a predefined set
of file-related commands
*Daemon:
The daemon program forwards the requests to other programs
(or processes) as appropriate.

Get: transfer a file from the remote machine
to the local machine
Put: transfer from the local machine to the
remote machine
Ls or dir: list files in the current directory on
the remote machine
Cd: change the current directory on the remote
machine

RUNAWAY
A process that enters an infinite loop & spawns new
processes. This can cause an overflow in the proc table
that causes other processes to fail with the “No more
processes:” error message.
It can cause an error that locks up the keyboard,
preventing anything that the user types from reaching the
system. Because of this, a runaway process cannot be
stopped from the invoking terminal.
Network and Operating System Security
 OS system must protect itself
 Runaway process could constitute an accidental
denial-of-service (DoS) attack

DoS Attack
A cyber-attack in which the perpetrator seeks to
make a machine or network resource unavailable to its
intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting
services of a host connected to the network. DoS is
typically accomplished by flooding the targeted machine
or resource w/ superfluous requests in an attempt to
overload systems & prevent some or all legitimate
requests from being fulfilled.
 Query to service could reveal passwords
Collection of data from subscribed users including confidential
entities such as passwords

 Stack overflow could allow the launching of an
unauthorized process
Stack
• Is a programming implementation suck as arrays and link lists
• Figuratively like a stack of plates and operates in LIFE (Last in First Out)
procedure.
Two Operations in a Stack
• Push – pushes data on the stack
• Pop – Removes an item from the top
• A stack may be implemented to have a bounded capacity. If the stack
is full and does not contain enough space to accept an entity to be
pushed, the stack is then considered to be in an overflow state.The
pop operation removes an item from the top of the stack.

List of possible breaches is almost endless
Travels over private leased lines, shared lines
like the internet, wireless connections, or dial-up
lines
Intercepting these data could be harmful as
breaking into a computer
Interruption of communications could constitute
a remote denial-of-service attack, diminishing
user‘s use of & trust in the system

 Is a NOS
 Used cooperative multitasking to run several services
on a PC
 File sharing instead of disk sharing
 NDS (Novell Directory Services)
 a distributed network directory service for managing
network resources such as users, servers, & peripherals
 NDS was originally called NetWare Directory Services
Novell NetWare
Server administration
Desktop Management
Software distribution
Integrated cache - provides in-memory storage on the
NetScaler appliance and servesWeb content to users without
requiring a round trip to an origin server.
Enhanced security

Novell NetWare Protocols
Are widely used for PC LANs
Windows XP Nwlink protocol NWLink packages
data to be compatible with client/server services
on NetWare Networks
In combination with a redirector this protocol
enables a Windows XP client to connect to a
NetWare server
Some NOSs for DOS & Windows system
include Novell NetWare: Windows NT and
2000 OS/2 etc.

Client
A piece of computer hardware or software that
accesses a service made available by a
server. The server is often (but not always) on
another computer system, in which case the
client accesses the service by way of a
network.
The requesting program or user in a
client/server relationship.

Server
It is a computer or computer program that
manages access to a centralized resource or
service in a network.
In computer networking, a server is a computer
designed to process requests and deliver data
to other (client) computers over a local network
or the Internet.

Server
Many types of servers exist, including web
servers, mail servers, and file servers. Each
type runs software specific to the purpose of
the server.
For example, a Web server may run Apache
HTTP Server or Microsoft IIS, which both
provide access to websites over the Internet.

Windows Server
 Windows Server is a group of operating systems designed
by Microsoft that supports enterprise-level management, data
storage, applications, and communications.
 A series of server operating systems developed by Microsoft
Corporation.
 Windows servers are more powerful versions of their desktop
operating system counterparts and are designed to more
efficiently handle corporate networking, Internet/intranet
hosting, databases, enterprise-scale messaging and similar
functions.

Windows Server
 Previous versions of Windows Server have focused on
stability, security, networking, and various improvements to
the file system.
 Other improvements also have included improvements to
deployment technologies, as well as increased hardware
support. Microsoft has also created specialized SKUs (Stock
keeping unit) of Windows Server that focus on the home and
small business markets.
 Windows Server 2012 R2 is the latest release of Windows
Server, and focuses on cloud computing.

Advantages of Windows Server
 Microsoft products are regarded as the standard option for
most businesses.
 Most IT admins are comfortable using either Windows Server
2008 and 2012.
 According to Microsoft's website, 2008's mainstream support
will end in 2015, with extended support ending in 2020.
 Cost is also an important factor; license fees are expensive.
The more employees you have, the more expensive it will
become.

Linux Server
 A Linux server is a high-powered variant of the Linux open
source operating system that's designed to handle the more
demanding needs of business applications such as network
and system administration, database management and
Web services.
 Linux servers are frequently selected over other server
operating systems for their stability, security and flexibility
advantages. Leading Linux server operating systems include
CentOS, Debian, Ubuntu Server, Slackware and Gentoo.

Advantages of Linux Server
 You can download, modify it and re-distribute it without
spending any money.
 Linux itself is not a complete operating system (it is just a
kernel) and requires an additional set of software to be
bundled with it.
 SUSE (Developer of Linux Server) is popular with the
enterprise market
 Linux is installed on over 95% of the world's best
supercomputers demonstrating that it is the fastest performing
OS with the smallest resource footprint.

Advantages of Linux Server
 Linux distributions also offer alternatives to popular Microsoft
products such as Microsoft Exchange
 If you already use Microsoft and are looking to migrate to Linux
in stages, SUSE (for example) is compatible with Active
Directory, Exchange, SharePoint and Novell GroupWise.
 Recently, SUSE partnered with Microsoft to enable Hyper-V
node management using SUSE Cloud, allowing you to run a
mixed environment where required.
 No OS is perfect; one of the major downsides of Linux is that
as it is a lesser known platform you will find it harder to
administrators with the skills to configure and support the
system in-house.
Down Side of Linux Server

Types of Network Operating System
Peer-to-peer network operating system
 users are allowed to share resources and files located on
their computers and access shared resources from others.
This system is not based with having a file server or
centralized management source. A peer-to-peer network sets
all connected computers equal; they all share the same
abilities to use resources available on the network.
Advantages
 Ease of setup
 Less hardware needed, no server needs to be purchased.
Disadvantages
 No central location for storage.
 Lack of security that a client/server type offers

Types of Network Operating System
Client/Server Network Operating Systems
 can be based on a client/server architecture in which a
server enables multiple clients to share resources.
Client/server network operating systems allow the network to
centralize functions and applications in one or more
dedicated file servers. The server is the center of the system,
allowing access to resources and instituting security.
Advantages
 Centralized servers are more stable.
 Security is provided through the server.
 New technology and hardware can be easily integrated into
the system.
 Servers are able to be accessed remotely from different
locations and types of systems.

Domain
It is a group of computers and devices on a
network that are administered as a unit with
common rules and procedures. Within the
Internet, domains are defined by the IP
address. All devices sharing a common
part of the IP address are said to be in the
same domain.

Workgroup
In computer networking, a workgroup is a
collection of computers on a local area
network (LAN) that share common
resources and responsibilities. Workgroups
provide easy sharing of files, printers and
other network resources.
The Microsoft Windows family of operating
systems supports assigning of computers to
named workgroups.

Difference between Operating System and
Network Operating System
 OS runs the computer itself
Example: Windows
 Network OS run on a server
and can be accessed
through client machines
connected on the network
Example:
Novell Netware and
Linux run on a server and can
be used as NOS, even there
are Windows server OS‘s
which can be used by clients
connected on the network

Summary
 NOS provides features such as file sharing across the network
 Includes communication scheme
 Allows different processes on different computers to exchange
messages
 Computer running a NOS acts autonomously from all other
computers on the network
 It is aware of the network – able to communicate with other
networked computers

Sources
BOOK
 Operating System Concepts
 Basic Networking Concepts
WEB
 www.wikipedia.com
 whatis.techtarget.com/definition/anonymous-FTP-File-Transfer-Protocol
 www.trainsignaltraining.com/.../ftp_iis7_10.png
 www.answers.com/topic/network-operating-system
 http://osr507doc.xinuos.com/en/HANDBOOK/runaway_proc.html
 docs.citrix.com/en-us/netscaler/12/optimization/integrated-caching.html
 searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definitio n/network-operating-system
 www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/network_o perating_system_NOS.html
 http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Windows _Server.html
 msdn.microsoft.com/enus/library/windows/desktop/dn636873%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
 http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/linux_serve r.html
 http://www.techradar.com/news/software/opera ting-systems/windows-vs-linux-which-os
-is-bestfor-your-business—1265775
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_ Windows_versions
 http://www.serverwatch.com/columns/article.ph p/3900711/The-Top-10-Linux-
ServerDistributions.htm
 http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/domain.html
 http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/design/ g/bldef_workgroup.htm

JHEROME S.TENORIO
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so don’t waste it living
Someone else’s life.
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