Oracle 10g Reference

Oracle® Database
SQL Quick Reference
10g Release 1 (10.1)
Part No. B10758-01
December 2003

Oracle Database SQL Quick Reference, 10g Release 1 (10.1)
Part No. B10758-01
Copyright © 2003 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Contributors: Joan Gregoire, Diana Lorentz, Simon Watt
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iii
Contents
Send Us Your Comments ................................................................................................................... v
Preface........................................................................................................................................................... vii
Audience ................................................................................................................................................ vii
Organization.......................................................................................................................................... vii
Related Documentation ...................................................................................................................... viii
Conventions............................................................................................................................................ ix
Documentation Accessibility .............................................................................................................. xii
1 SQL Statements
Syntax for SQL Statements............................................................................................................... 1-1
2 SQL Functions
Syntax for SQL Functions ................................................................................................................. 2-1
3 SQL Expressions
Syntax for SQL Expression Types.................................................................................................... 3-1
4 SQL Conditions
Syntax for SQL Condition Types..................................................................................................... 4-1
5 Subclauses
Syntax for Subclauses........................................................................................................................ 5-1

iv
6 Datatypes
Datatypes.............................................................................................................................................. 6-1
Oracle Built-In Datatypes ............................................................................................................ 6-2
Converting to Oracle Datatypes ................................................................................................. 6-5
7 Format Models
Format Models..................................................................................................................................... 7-1
Number Format Models .............................................................................................................. 7-1
Number Format Elements.................................................................................................... 7-1
Datetime Format Models............................................................................................................. 7-4
Datetime Format Elements................................................................................................... 7-4
A SQL*Plus Commands
SQL*Plus Commands......................................................................................................................... A-1
Index

v
Send Us Your Comments
Oracle Database SQL Quick Reference, 10g Release 1 (10.1)
Part No. B10758-01
Oracle Corporation welcomes your comments and suggestions on the quality and usefulness of this
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vii
Preface
This quick reference contains a high-level description of the Structured Query
Language (SQL) used to manage information in an Oracle database. Oracle SQL is a
superset of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International
Standards Organization (ISO) SQL:2003 standard.
This preface contains these topics:
s Audience
s Organization
s Related Documentation
s Conventions
s Documentation Accessibility
Audience
Oracle Database SQL Quick Reference is intended for all users of Oracle SQL.
Organization
This quick reference is divided into the following parts:
Chapter 1, "SQL Statements"
This chapter presents the syntax for Oracle SQL statements.
Chapter 2, "SQL Functions"
This chapter presents the syntax for SQL functions.

viii
Chapter 3, "SQL Expressions"
This chapter presents the syntax for SQL expressions.
Chapter 4, "SQL Conditions"
This chapter presents the syntax for SQL conditions.
Chapter 5, "Subclauses"
This chapter presents the syntax for all subclauses found in Chapters 1 through 4.
Chapter 6, "Datatypes"
This chapter presents datatypes recognized by Oracle and available for use within
SQL.
Chapter 7, "Format Models"
This chapter presents the format models for datetime and number data stored in
character strings.
Appendix A, "SQL*Plus Commands"
This appendix presents the basic SQL*Plus commands.
Related Documentation
For more information, see these Oracle resources:
s Oracle Database SQL Reference
s PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference
s SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference
Printed documentation is available for sale in the Oracle Store at
http://oraclestore.oracle.com/
To download free release notes, installation documentation, white papers, or other
collateral, please visit the Oracle Technology Network (OTN). You must register
online before using OTN; registration is free and can be done at
http://otn.oracle.com/membership/
If you already have a username and password for OTN, then you can go directly to
the documentation section of the OTN Web site at

ix
http://otn.oracle.com/documentation/
Conventions
This section describes the conventions used in the text and code examples of this
documentation set. It describes:
s Conventions in Text
s Conventions in Code Examples
Conventions in Text
We use various conventions in text to help you more quickly identify special terms.
The following table describes those conventions and provides examples of their use.
Convention Meaning Example
Bold Bold typeface indicates terms that are
deﬁned in the text or terms that appear in
a glossary, or both.
When you specify this clause, you create an
index-organized table.
Italics Italic typeface indicates book titles or
emphasis.
Oracle Database Concepts
Ensure that the recovery catalog and target
database do not reside on the same disk.
UPPERCASE
monospace
(fixed-width)
font
Uppercase monospace typeface indicates
elements supplied by the system. Such
elements include parameters, privileges,
datatypes, RMAN keywords, SQL
keywords, SQL*Plus or utility commands,
packages and methods, as well as
system-supplied column names, database
objects and structures, usernames, and
roles.
You can specify this clause only for a NUMBER
column.
You can back up the database by using the
BACKUP command.
Query the TABLE_NAME column in the USER_
TABLES data dictionary view.
Use the DBMS_STATS.GENERATE_STATS
procedure.

x
Conventions in Code Examples
Code examples illustrate SQL, PL/SQL, SQL*Plus, or other command-line
statements. They are displayed in a monospace (fixed-width) font and separated
from normal text as shown in this example:
SELECT username FROM dba_users WHERE username = 'MIGRATE';
The following table describes typographic conventions used in code examples and
provides examples of their use.
lowercase
monospace
(fixed-width)
font
Lowercase monospace typeface indicates
executables, filenames, directory names,
and sample user-supplied elements. Such
elements include computer and database
names, net service names, and connect
identifiers, as well as user-supplied
database objects and structures, column
names, packages and classes, usernames
and roles, program units, and parameter
values.
Note: Some programmatic elements use a
mixture of UPPERCASE and lowercase.
Enter these elements as shown.
Enter sqlplus to open SQL*Plus.
The password is specified in the orapwd file.
Back up the datafiles and control files in the
/disk1/oracle/dbs directory.
The department_id, department_name,
and location_id columns are in the
hr.departments table.
Set the QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED
initialization parameter to true.
Connect as oe user.
The JRepUtil class implements these
methods.
lowercase
italic
monospace
(fixed-width)
font
Lowercase italic monospace font
represents placeholders or variables.
You can specify the parallel_clause.
Run Uold_release.SQL where old_
release refers to the release you installed
prior to upgrading.
[ ] Brackets enclose one or more optional
items. Do not enter the brackets.
DECIMAL (digits [ , precision ])
{ } Braces enclose two or more items, one of
which is required. Do not enter the
braces.
{ENABLE | DISABLE}
| A vertical bar represents a choice of two
or more options within brackets or braces.
Enter one of the options. Do not enter the
vertical bar.
{ENABLE | DISABLE}
[COMPRESS | NOCOMPRESS]

xi
... Horizontal ellipsis points indicate either:
s That we have omitted parts of the
code that are not directly related to
the example
s That you can repeat a portion of the
code
CREATE TABLE ... AS subquery;
SELECT col1, col2, ... , coln FROM
employees;
.
.
.
Vertical ellipsis points indicate that we
have omitted several lines of code not
directly related to the example.
SQL> SELECT NAME FROM V$DATAFILE;
NAME
------------------------------------
/fsl/dbs/tbs_01.dbf
/fs1/dbs/tbs_02.dbf
.
.
.
/fsl/dbs/tbs_09.dbf
9 rows selected.
Other notation You must enter symbols other than
brackets, braces, vertical bars, and ellipsis
points as shown.
acctbal NUMBER(11,2);
acct CONSTANT NUMBER(4) := 3;
Italics Italicized text indicates placeholders or
variables for which you must supply
particular values.
CONNECT SYSTEM/system_password
DB_NAME = database_name
UPPERCASE Uppercase typeface indicates elements
supplied by the system. We show these
terms in uppercase in order to distinguish
them from terms you deﬁne. Unless terms
appear in brackets, enter them in the
order and with the spelling shown.
However, because these terms are not
case sensitive, you can enter them in
lowercase.
SELECT last_name, employee_id FROM
employees;
SELECT * FROM USER_TABLES;
DROP TABLE hr.employees;
lowercase Lowercase typeface indicates
programmatic elements that you supply.
For example, lowercase indicates names
of tables, columns, or ﬁles.
Note: Some programmatic elements use a
mixture of UPPERCASE and lowercase.
Enter these elements as shown.
SELECT last_name, employee_id FROM
employees;
sqlplus hr/hr
CREATE USER mjones IDENTIFIED BY ty3MU9;

xii
Documentation Accessibility
Our goal is to make Oracle products, services, and supporting documentation
accessible, with good usability, to the disabled community. To that end, our
documentation includes features that make information available to users of
assistive technology. This documentation is available in HTML format, and contains
markup to facilitate access by the disabled community. Standards will continue to
evolve over time, and Oracle is actively engaged with other market-leading
technology vendors to address technical obstacles so that our documentation can be
accessible to all of our customers. For additional information, visit the Oracle
Accessibility Program Web site at
http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/

SQL Statements 1-1
1
SQL Statements
This chapter presents the syntax for Oracle SQL statements.
This chapter includes the following section:
s Syntax for SQL Statements
Syntax for SQL Statements
SQL statements are the means by which programs and users access data in an
Oracle database.
Table 1–1 shows each SQL statement and its related syntax. Refer to Chapter 5,
"Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses found in the following table.
See Also: Oracle Database SQL Reference for detailed information
about Oracle SQL

1-2 Oracle Database SQL Quick Reference
Table 1–1 Syntax for SQL Statements
SQL Statement Syntax
ALTER CLUSTER ALTER CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
{ physical_attributes_clause
| SIZE size_clause
| allocate_extent_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
| { CACHE | NOCACHE }
}
[ physical_attributes_clause
| SIZE size_clause
]...
[ parallel_clause ] ;
ALTER DATABASE ALTER DATABASE [ database ]
{ startup_clauses
| recovery_clauses
| database_file_clauses
| logfile_clauses
| controlfile_clauses
| standby_database_clauses
| default_settings_clauses
| redo_thread_clauses
| security_clause
} ;

SQL Statements 1-3
ALTER DIMENSION ALTER DIMENSION [ schema. ]dimension
{ ADD
{ level_clause
| hierarchy_clause
| attribute_clause
| extended_attribute_clause
}
[ ADD
{ level_clause
| hierarchy_clause
| attribute_clause
}
]...
| DROP
{ LEVEL level
[ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
| HIERARCHY hierarchy
| ATTRIBUTE attribute
[ LEVEL level [ COLUMN column
[, COLUMN column ]... ]
}
[ DROP
{ LEVEL level
[ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
| HIERARCHY hierarchy
| ATTRIBUTE attribute
[ LEVEL level [ COLUMN column
[, COLUMN column ]... ]
}
]...
| COMPILE
} ;
ALTER DISKGROUP ALTER DISKGROUP
{ disk_clauses | diskgroup_clauses }
[ { disk_clauses | diskgroup_clauses } ]... ;
ALTER FUNCTION ALTER FUNCTION [ schema. ]function
COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
[ compiler_parameters_clause
[ compiler_parameters_clause ] ... ]
[ REUSE SETTINGS ] ;
Table 1–1 (Cont.) Syntax for SQL Statements

ALTER INDEX ALTER INDEX [ schema. ]index
{ { deallocate_unused_clause
| shrink_clause
| parallel_clause
| physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
}
[ deallocate_unused_clause
| shrink_clause
| parallel_clause
| logging_clause
]...
| rebuild_clause
| PARAMETERS ('ODCI_parameters')
| { ENABLE | DISABLE }
| UNUSABLE
| RENAME TO new_name
| COALESCE
| { MONITORING | NOMONITORING } USAGE
| UPDATE BLOCK REFERENCES
| alter_index_partitioning
} ;
ALTER INDEXTYPE ALTER INDEXTYPE [ schema. ]indextype
{ { ADD | DROP }
[ schema. ]operator (parameter_types)
[, { ADD | DROP }
[ schema. ]operator (parameter_types)
]...
[ using_type_clause ]
| COMPILE
} ;
ALTER JAVA ALTER JAVA
{ SOURCE | CLASS } [ schema. ]object_name
[ RESOLVER
( ( match_string [, ] { schema_name | - } )
[ ( match_string [, ] { schema_name | - } )
]...
)
]
{ { COMPILE | RESOLVE }
| invoker_rights_clause
} ;

SQL Statements 1-5
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
[ schema. ](materialized_view)
| table_compression
| LOB_storage_clause
[, LOB_storage_clause ]...
| modify_LOB_storage_clause
[, modify_LOB_storage_clause ]...
| alter_table_partitioning
| parallel_clause
| logging_clause
| shrink_clause
]
[ alter_iot_clauses ]
[ USING INDEX physical_attributes_clause ]
[ MODIFY scoped_table_ref_constraint
| alter_mv_refresh
]
[ { ENABLE | DISABLE } QUERY REWRITE
| COMPILE
| CONSIDER FRESH
] ;

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG [ FORCE ]
ON [ schema. ]table
| parallel_clause
| logging_clause
| shrink_clause
]
[ ADD
{ { OBJECT ID
| PRIMARY KEY
| ROWID
| SEQUENCE
}
[ (column [, column ]...) ]
| (column [, column ]... )
}
[, { { OBJECT ID
| PRIMARY KEY
| ROWID
| SEQUENCE
}
| (column [, column ]...)
}
]...
[ new_values_clause ]
] ;
ALTER OPERATOR ALTER OPERATOR [ schema. ]operator
{ add_binding_clause
| drop_binding_clause
| COMPILE
} ;

SQL Statements 1-7
ALTER OUTLINE ALTER OUTLINE
[ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] outline
{ REBUILD
| RENAME TO new_outline_name
| CHANGE CATEGORY TO new_category_name
}
[ REBUILD
| RENAME TO new_outline_name
| CHANGE CATEGORY TO new_category_name
]... ;
ALTER PACKAGE ALTER PACKAGE [ schema. ]package
COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
[ PACKAGE | SPECIFICATION | BODY ]
ALTER PROCEDURE ALTER PROCEDURE [ schema. ]procedure
COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
ALTER PROFILE ALTER PROFILE profile LIMIT
{ resource_parameters | password_parameters }
[ resource_parameters | password_parameters
]... ;
ALTER RESOURCE COST ALTER RESOURCE COST
{ CPU_PER_SESSION
| CONNECT_TIME
| LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION
| PRIVATE_SGA
}
integer
[ { CPU_PER_SESSION
| CONNECT_TIME
| PRIVATE_SGA
}
integer
] ... ;

ALTER ROLE ALTER ROLE role
{ NOT IDENTIFIED
| IDENTIFIED
{ BY password
| USING [ schema. ]package
| EXTERNALLY
| GLOBALLY
}
} ;
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
{ ONLINE
| OFFLINE
| storage_clause
| SHRINK [ TO integer [ K | M ] ]
};
ALTER SEQUENCE ALTER SEQUENCE [ schema. ]sequence
{ INCREMENT BY integer
| { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
| { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
| { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
| { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
| { ORDER | NOORDER }
}
[ INCREMENT BY integer
]... ;
ALTER SESSION ALTER SESSION
{ ADVISE { COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NOTHING }
| CLOSE DATABASE LINK dblink
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } COMMIT IN PROCEDURE
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } GUARD
| { ENABLE | DISABLE | FORCE } PARALLEL
{ DML | DDL | QUERY } [ PARALLEL integer ]
| { ENABLE RESUMABLE
[ TIMEOUT integer ] [ NAME string ]
| DISABLE RESUMABLE
}
| alter_session_set_clause
} ;

SQL Statements 1-9
ALTER SYSTEM ALTER SYSTEM
{ archive_log_clause
| checkpoint_clause
| check_datafiles_clause
| DUMP ACTIVE SESSION HISTORY [ MINUTES integer ]
| distributed_recov_clauses
| restricted_session_clauses
| FLUSH { SHARED_POOL | BUFFER_CACHE }
| end_session_clauses
| SWITCH LOGFILE
| { SUSPEND | RESUME }
| quiesce_clauses
| shutdown_dispatcher_clause
| REGISTER
| SET alter_system_set_clause
[ alter_system_set_clause ]...
| RESET alter_system_reset_clause
[ alter_system_reset_clause ]...
} ;
ALTER TABLE ALTER TABLE [ schema. ]table
[ alter_table_properties
| column_clauses
| constraint_clauses
| alter_external_table_clauses
| move_table_clause
]
[ enable_disable_clause
{ TABLE LOCK | ALL TRIGGERS }
[ enable_disable_clause
{ TABLE LOCK | ALL TRIGGERS }
]...
] ;

ALTER TABLESPACE ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace
{ DEFAULT
[ table_compression ] storage_clause
| MINIMUM EXTENT integer [ K | M ]
| RESIZE size_clause
| COALESCE
| RENAME TO new_tablespace_name
| { BEGIN | END } BACKUP
| datafile_tempfile_clauses
| tablespace_logging_clauses
| tablespace_group_clause
| tablespace_state_clauses
| autoextend_clause
| flashback_mode_clause
| tablespace_retention_clause
} ;
ALTER TRIGGER ALTER TRIGGER [ schema. ]trigger
{ ENABLE
| DISABLE
| RENAME TO new_name
| COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
[ REUSE SETTINGS ]
} ;
ALTER TYPE ALTER TYPE [ schema. ]type
{ compile_type_clause
| replace_type_clause
| { alter_method_spec
| alter_attribute_definition
| alter_collection_clauses
| [ NOT ] { INSTANTIABLE | FINAL }
}
[ dependent_handling_clause ]
} ;

SQL Statements 1-11
ALTER USER ALTER USER
{ user
{ IDENTIFIED
{ BY password [ REPLACE old_password ]
| EXTERNALLY
| GLOBALLY AS 'external_name'
}
| DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
{ tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
| QUOTA { integer [ K | M ]
| UNLIMITED
} ON tablespace
[ QUOTA { integer [ K | M ]
| UNLIMITED
} ON tablespace
]...
| PROFILE profile
| DEFAULT ROLE { role [, role ]...
| ALL [ EXCEPT
role [, role ]... ]
| NONE
}
| PASSWORD EXPIRE
| ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
}
continued

(cont.) ALTER USER [ { IDENTIFIED
{ BY password [ REPLACE old_password ]
| EXTERNALLY
}
| UNLIMITED
} ON tablespace
| UNLIMITED
} ON tablespace
]...
| PROFILE profile
| DEFAULT ROLE { role [, role ]...
| ALL [ EXCEPT
role [, role ]... ]
| NONE
}
| PASSWORD EXPIRE
}
]...
| user [, user ]... proxy_clause ;
ALTER VIEW ALTER VIEW [ schema. ]view
{ ADD out_of_line_constraint
| MODIFY CONSTRAINT constraint
{ RELY | NORELY }
| DROP { CONSTRAINT constraint
| PRIMARY KEY
| UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
}
| COMPILE
} ;

SQL Statements 1-13
ANALYZE ANALYZE
{ TABLE [ schema. ]table
[ PARTITION (partition)
| SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
]
| INDEX [ schema. ]index
]
| CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
}
{ validation_clauses
| LIST CHAINED ROWS [ into_clause ]
| DELETE [ SYSTEM ] STATISTICS
| compute_statistics_clause
| estimate_statistics_clause
} ;
ASSOCIATE STATISTICS ASSOCIATE STATISTICS WITH
{ column_association | function_association } ;
AUDIT AUDIT
{ sql_statement_clause | schema_object_clause }
[ BY { SESSION | ACCESS } ]
[ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ] ;
CALL CALL
{ routine_clause
| object_access_expression
}
[ INTO :host_variable
[ [ INDICATOR ] :indicator_variable ] ] ;
COMMENT COMMENT ON
{ TABLE [ schema. ]
{ table | view }
| COLUMN [ schema. ]
{ table. | view. | materialized_view. } column
| OPERATOR [ schema. ] operator
| INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype
| MATERIALIZED VIEW materialized_view
}
IS 'text' ;
COMMIT COMMIT [ WORK ]
[ COMMENT 'text'
| FORCE 'text' [, integer ]
] ;

CREATE CLUSTER CREATE CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
(column datatype [ SORT ]
[, column datatype [ SORT ] ]...
)
[ { physical_attributes_clause
| SIZE size_clause
| TABLESPACE tablespace
| { INDEX
| [ SINGLE TABLE ]
HASHKEYS integer [ HASH IS expr ]
}
}
| SIZE size_clause
| { INDEX
| [ SINGLE TABLE ]
HASHKEYS integer [ HASH IS expr ]
}
]...
]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ NOROWDEPENDENCIES | ROWDEPENDENCIES ]
[ CACHE | NOCACHE ] ;
CREATE CONTEXT CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] CONTEXT namespace
USING [ schema. ] package
[ INITIALIZED { EXTERNALLY | GLOBALLY }
| ACCESSED GLOBALLY
] ;

SQL Statements 1-15
CREATE CONTROLFILE CREATE CONTROLFILE
[ REUSE ]
[ SET ]
DATABASE database
[ logfile_clause ]
{ RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS }
[ DATAFILE file_specification
[, file_specification ]... ]
[ { MAXLOGFILES integer
| MAXLOGMEMBERS integer
| MAXLOGHISTORY integer
| MAXDATAFILES integer
| MAXINSTANCES integer
| { ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG }
| FORCE LOGGING
}
[ MAXLOGFILES integer
| FORCE LOGGING
]...
]
[ character_set_clause ] ;
CREATE DATABASE CREATE DATABASE [ database ]
{ USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY password
| USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY password
| CONTROLFILE REUSE
| CHARACTER SET charset
| NATIONAL CHARACTER SET charset
| SET DEFAULT
{ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE } TABLESPACE
| database_logging_clauses
| tablespace_clauses
| set_time_zone_clause
}... ;

CREATE DATABASE LINK CREATE [ SHARED ] [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK dblink
[ CONNECT TO
{ CURRENT_USER
| user IDENTIFIED BY password
[ dblink_authentication ]
}
| dblink_authentication
]
[ USING 'connect_string' ] ;
CREATE DIMENSION CREATE DIMENSION [ schema. ]dimension
level_clause
[ level_clause ]...
{ hierarchy_clause
| attribute_clause
}
[ hierarchy_clause
| attribute_clause
]... ;
CREATE DIRECTORY CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] DIRECTORY directory
AS 'path_name' ;
CREATE DISKGROUP CREATE DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
[ { HIGH | NORMAL | EXTERNAL } REDUNDANCY ]
[ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
DISK qualified_disk_clause
[, qualified_disk_clause ]...
[ [ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
]... ;

SQL Statements 1-17
CREATE FUNCTION CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION [ schema. ]function
[ (argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
[ NOCOPY ] datatype
[, argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
[ NOCOPY ] datatype
]...
)
]
RETURN datatype
[ { invoker_rights_clause
| DETERMINISTIC
| parallel_enable_clause
}
[ invoker_rights_clause
| DETERMINISTIC
| parallel_enable_clause
]...
]
{ { AGGREGATE | PIPELINED }
USING [ schema. ]implementation_type
| [ PIPELINED ]
{ IS | AS }
{ pl/sql_function_body | call_spec }
} ;
CREATE INDEX CREATE [ UNIQUE | BITMAP ] INDEX [ schema. ]index
ON { cluster_index_clause
| table_index_clause
| bitmap_join_index_clause
} ;
CREATE INDEXTYPE CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] INDEXTYPE
[ schema. ]indextype FOR
[ schema. ]operator (paramater_type
[, paramater_type ]...)
[, [ schema. ]operator (paramater_type
[, paramater_type ]...)
]...
using_type_clause ;

CREATE JAVA CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ AND { RESOLVE | COMPILE } ]
[ NOFORCE ]
JAVA { { SOURCE | RESOURCE }
NAMED [ schema. ]primary_name
| CLASS [ SCHEMA schema ]
}
[ invoker_rights_clause ]
[ RESOLVER
((match_string [,] { schema_name | - })
[ (match_string [,] { schema_name | - }) ]...
)
]
{ USING { BFILE (directory_object_name ,
server_file_name)
| { CLOB | BLOB | BFILE }
subquery
| 'key_for_BLOB'
}
| AS source_text
} ;
CREATE LIBRARY CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] LIBRARY [ schema. ]libname
{ IS | AS } 'filename' [ AGENT 'agent_dblink' ] ;

SQL Statements 1-19
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
[ schema. ]materialized_view
[ OF [ schema. ]object_type ]
[ (scoped_table_ref_constraint) ]
{ ON PREBUILT TABLE
[ { WITH | WITHOUT } REDUCED PRECISION ]
| physical_properties materialized_view_props
}
[ USING INDEX
]
]...
| USING NO INDEX
]
[ create_mv_refresh ]
[ FOR UPDATE ]
[ { DISABLE | ENABLE }
QUERY REWRITE
]
AS subquery ;

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
LOG
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
ON [ schema. ] table
| logging_clause
| logging_clause
]...
]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ table_partitioning_clauses ]
[ WITH { OBJECT ID
| PRIMARY KEY
| ROWID
| SEQUENCE
}
[, { OBJECT ID
| PRIMARY KEY
| ROWID
| SEQUENCE
}
]...
[ new_values_clause ]
] ;
CREATE OPERATOR CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] OPERATOR
[ schema. ] operator binding_clause ;
CREATE OUTLINE CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] OUTLINE [ outline ]
[ FROM [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] source_outline ]
[ FOR CATEGORY category ]
[ ON statement ] ;
CREATE PACKAGE CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PACKAGE [ schema. ]package
{ IS | AS } pl/sql_package_spec ;
CREATE PACKAGE BODY CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PACKAGE BODY
[ schema. ]package
{ IS | AS } pl/sql_package_body ;

SQL Statements 1-21
CREATE PFILE CREATE PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ]
FROM SPFILE [= 'spfile_name'] ;
CREATE PROCEDURE CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PROCEDURE [ schema. ]procedure
[ (argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
[ NOCOPY ]
datatype
[, argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
[ NOCOPY ]
datatype
]...
)
]
{ IS | AS }
{ pl/sql_subprogram_body | call_spec } ;
CREATE PROFILE CREATE PROFILE profile
LIMIT { resource_parameters
| password_parameters
}
[ resource_parameters
| password_parameters
]... ;
CREATE ROLE CREATE ROLE role
[ NOT IDENTIFIED
| IDENTIFIED { BY password
| USING [ schema. ] package
| EXTERNALLY
| GLOBALLY
}
] ;
CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT CREATE [ PUBLIC ] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
[ { TABLESPACE tablespace | storage_clause }
[ TABLESPACE tablespace | storage_clause ]...
];
CREATE SCHEMA CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION schema
{ create_table_statement
| create_view_statement
| grant_statement
}
[ create_table_statement
| create_view_statement
| grant_statement
]... ;

CREATE SEQUENCE CREATE SEQUENCE [ schema. ]sequence
[ { INCREMENT BY | START WITH } integer
]
[ { INCREMENT BY | START WITH } integer
]... ;
CREATE SPFILE CREATE SPFILE [= 'spfile_name' ]
FROM PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ] ;
CREATE SYNONYM CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM
[ schema. ]synonym
FOR [ schema. ]object [ @ dblink ] ;
CREATE TABLE { relational_table | object_table | XMLType_table }
CREATE TABLESPACE CREATE
[ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
{ permanent_tablespace_clause
| temporary_tablespace_clause
| undo_tablespace_clause
} ;
CREATE TRIGGER CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TRIGGER [ schema. ]trigger
{ BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }
{ dml_event_clause
| { ddl_event [ OR ddl_event ]...
| database_event [ OR database_event ]...
}
ON { [ schema. ]SCHEMA
| DATABASE
}
}
[ WHEN (condition) ]
{ pl/sql_block | call_procedure_statement } ;

SQL Statements 1-23
CREATE TYPE { create_incomplete_type
| create_object_type
| create_varray_type
| create_nested_table_type
}
CREATE TYPE BODY CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TYPE BODY [ schema. ]type_name
{ IS | AS }
{ subprogram_declaration
| map_order_func_declaration
}
[, { subprogram_declaration
| map_order_func_declaration
}
]...
END ;

CREATE USER CREATE USER user
IDENTIFIED { BY password
| EXTERNALLY
}
[ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| UNLIMITED
}
ON tablespace
| UNLIMITED
}
ON tablespace
]...
| PROFILE profile
| PASSWORD EXPIRE
[ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| UNLIMITED
}
ON tablespace
| UNLIMITED
}
ON tablespace
]...
| PROFILE profile
| PASSWORD EXPIRE
]...
] ;

SQL Statements 1-25
CREATE VIEW CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ [ NO ] FORCE ] VIEW
[ schema. ]view
[ (alias [ inline_constraint
[ inline_constraint ]... ]
| out_of_line_constraint
[, alias [ inline_constraint
]...
)
| object_view_clause
| XMLType_view_clause
]
AS subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ] ;
DELETE DELETE [ hint ]
[ FROM ]
{ dml_table_expression_clause
| ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
}
[ t_alias ]
[ where_clause ]
[ returning_clause ] ;
DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS FROM
{ COLUMNS [ schema. ]table.column
[, [ schema. ]table.column ]...
| FUNCTIONS [ schema. ]function
[, [ schema. ]function ]...
| PACKAGES [ schema. ]package
[, [ schema. ]package ]...
| TYPES [ schema. ]type
[, [ schema. ]type ]...
| INDEXES [ schema. ]index
[, [ schema. ]index ]...
| INDEXTYPES [ schema. ]indextype
[, [ schema. ]indextype ]...
}
[ FORCE ] ;
DROP CLUSTER DROP CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
[ INCLUDING TABLES [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ] ;
DROP CONTEXT DROP CONTEXT namespace ;
DROP DATABASE DROP DATABASE ;
DROP DATABASE LINK DROP [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK dblink ;

DROP DIMENSION DROP DIMENSION [ schema. ]dimension ;
DROP DIRECTORY DROP DIRECTORY directory_name ;
DROP DISKGROUP DROP DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
[ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING }
CONTENTS
] ;
DROP FUNCTION DROP FUNCTION [ schema. ]function_name ;
DROP INDEX DROP INDEX [ schema. ]index [ FORCE ] ;
DROP INDEXTYPE DROP INDEXTYPE [ schema. ]indextype [ FORCE ] ;
DROP JAVA DROP JAVA
{ SOURCE | CLASS | RESOURCE }
[ schema. ]object_name ;
DROP LIBRARY DROP LIBRARY library_name ;
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
[ schema. ]materialized_view
[ PRESERVE TABLE ] ;
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
ON [ schema. ]table ;
DROP OPERATOR DROP OPERATOR [ schema. ]operator [ FORCE ] ;
DROP OUTLINE DROP OUTLINE outline ;
DROP PACKAGE DROP PACKAGE [ BODY ] [ schema. ]package ;
DROP PROCEDURE DROP PROCEDURE [ schema. ]procedure ;
DROP PROFILE DROP PROFILE profile [ CASCADE ] ;
DROP ROLE DROP ROLE role ;
DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment ;
DROP SEQUENCE DROP SEQUENCE [ schema. ]sequence_name ;
DROP SYNONYM DROP [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM [ schema. ]synonym
[ FORCE ] ;
DROP TABLE DROP TABLE [ schema. ]table
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ]
[ PURGE ] ;

SQL Statements 1-27
DROP TABLESPACE DROP TABLESPACE tablespace
[ INCLUDING CONTENTS [ AND DATAFILES ]
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ]
] ;
DROP TRIGGER DROP TRIGGER [ schema. ]trigger ;
DROP TYPE DROP TYPE [ schema. ]type_name
[ FORCE | VALIDATE ] ;
DROP TYPE BODY DROP TYPE BODY [ schema. ]type_name ;
DROP USER DROP USER user [ CASCADE ] ;
DROP VIEW DROP VIEW [ schema. ] view
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ;
EXPLAIN PLAN EXPLAIN PLAN
[ SET STATEMENT_ID = 'text' ]
[ INTO [ schema. ]table [ @ dblink ] ]
FOR statement ;
FLASHBACK DATABASE FLASHBACK [ STANDBY ] DATABASE [ database ]
{ TO { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
| TO BEFORE { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
};
FLASHBACK TABLE FLASHBACK TABLE
[ schema. ]table
[, [ schema. ]table ]...
TO { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
[ { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGERS ]
| BEFORE DROP [ RENAME TO table ]
} ;
GRANT GRANT { grant_system_privileges
| grant_object_privileges
} ;
INSERT INSERT [ hint ]
{ single_table_insert | multi_table_insert } ;

LOCK TABLE LOCK TABLE
[ schema. ] { table | view }
[ { PARTITION (partition)
}
| @ dblink
]
[, [ schema. ] { table | view }
}
| @ dblink
]
]...
IN lockmode MODE
[ NOWAIT ] ;
MERGE MERGE [ hint ]
INTO [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
USING [ schema. ] { table | view | subquery }
[ t_alias ]
ON ( condition )
[ merge_update_clause ]
[ merge_insert_clause ] ;
NOAUDIT NOAUDIT
{ sql_statement_clause
[, sql_statement_clause ]...
| schema_object_clause
[, schema_object_clause ]...
}
[ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ] ;
PURGE PURGE
{ { TABLE table
| INDEX index
}
| { RECYCLEBIN | DBA_RECYCLEBIN }
[ USER user ]
} ;
RENAME RENAME old_name
TO new_name ;
REVOKE REVOKE { revoke_system_privileges
| revoke_object_privileges
} ;

SQL Statements 1-29
ROLLBACK ROLLBACK [ WORK ]
[ TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint
| FORCE 'text'
] ;
SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT savepoint ;
SELECT subquery [ for_update_clause ] ;
SET CONSTRAINT[S] SET { CONSTRAINT | CONSTRAINTS }
{ constraint [, constraint ]...
| ALL
}
{ IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ;
SET ROLE SET ROLE
{ role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
[, role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ] ]...
| ALL [ EXCEPT role [, role ]... ]
| NONE
} ;
SET TRANSACTION SET TRANSACTION
{ { READ { ONLY | WRITE }
| ISOLATION LEVEL
{ SERIALIZABLE | READ COMMITTED }
| USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
}
[ NAME 'text' ]
| NAME 'text'
} ;
TRUNCATE TRUNCATE
{ TABLE [ schema. ]table
[ { PRESERVE | PURGE } MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ]
| CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
}
[ { DROP | REUSE } STORAGE ] ;
UPDATE UPDATE [ hint ]
{ dml_table_expression_clause
| ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
}
[ t_alias ]
update_set_clause
[ where_clause ]
[ returning_clause ] ;

SQL Functions 2-1
2
SQL Functions
This chapter presents the syntax for SQL functions.
s Syntax for SQL Functions
Syntax for SQL Functions
A function is a command that manipulates data items and returns a single value.
Table 2–1 shows each SQL function and its related syntax. Refer to Chapter 5,
"Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses found in the following table.
See Also: Functions in Oracle Database SQL Reference for detailed
information about SQL functions
Table 2–1 Syntax for SQL Functions
SQL Function Syntax
ABS ABS(n)
ACOS ACOS(n)
ADD_MONTHS ADD_MONTHS(date, integer)
analytic_function analytic_function([ arguments ])
OVER (analytic_clause)
ASCII ASCII(char)
ASCIISTR ASCIISTR('char')
ASIN ASIN(n)
ATAN ATAN(n)

ATAN2 ATAN2(n { , | / } m)
AVG AVG([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
[ OVER(analytic_clause) ]
BFILENAME BFILENAME('directory', 'filename')
BIN_TO_NUM BIN_TO_NUM(expr [, expr ]... )
BITAND BITAND(expr1, expr2)
CARDINALITY CARDINALITY(nested_table)
CAST CAST({ expr | MULTISET (subquery) } AS type_name)
CEIL CEIL(n)
CHARTOROWID CHARTOROWID(char)
CHR CHR(n [ USING NCHAR_CS ])
COALESCE COALESCE(expr [, expr ]...)
COLLECT COLLECT (column)
COMPOSE COMPOSE('char')
CONCAT CONCAT(char1, char2)
CONVERT CONVERT(char, dest_char_set[, source_char_set ])
CORR CORR(expr1, expr2)
[ OVER (analytic_clause) ]
CORR_K
CORR_S
{ CORR_K | CORR_S }
(expr1, expr2
[, { COEFFICIENT
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)
COS COS(n)
COSH COSH(n)
COUNT COUNT({ * | [ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr })
COVAR_POP COVAR_POP(expr1, expr2)
Table 2–1 (Cont.) Syntax for SQL Functions
SQL Function Syntax

SQL Functions 2-3
COVAR_SAMP COVAR_SAMP(expr1, expr2)
CUME_DIST (aggregate) CUME_DIST(expr[,expr ]...)
WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
[, expr [ DESC | ASC ]
]...
)
CUME_DIST (analytic) CUME_DIST( )
OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)
CURRENT_DATE CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [ (precision) ]
CV CV([ dimension_column ])
DBTIMEZONE DBTIMEZONE
DECODE DECODE(expr, search, result
[, search, result ]...
[, default ]
)
DECOMPOSE DECOMPOSE('string' [ CANONICAL | COMPATIBILITY ])
DENSE_RANK (aggregate) DENSE_RANK(expr [, expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[,expr [ DESC | ASC ]
]...
)
DENSE_RANK (analytic) DENSE_RANK( )
OVER([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)
DEPTH DEPTH(correlation_integer)
DEREF DEREF(expr)
DUMP DUMP(expr[, return_fmt
[, start_position [, length ] ]
]
)
SQL Function Syntax

EMPTY_BLOB
EMPTY_CLOB
{ EMPTY_BLOB | EMPTY_CLOB }( )
EXISTSNODE EXISTSNODE
(XMLType_instance, XPath_string
[, namespace_string ]
)
EXP EXP(n)
EXTRACT (datetime) EXTRACT( { { YEAR
| MONTH
| DAY
| HOUR
| MINUTE
| SECOND
}
| { TIMEZONE_HOUR
| TIMEZONE_MINUTE
}
| { TIMEZONE_REGION
| TIMEZONE_ABBR
}
}
FROM { datetime_value_expression
| interval_value_expression
}
)
EXTRACT (XML) EXTRACT(XMLType_instance, XPath_string
)
EXTRACTVALUE EXTRACTVALUE
(XMLType_instance, XPath_string
[, namespace_string
)
FIRST aggregate_function
KEEP
(DENSE_RANK FIRST ORDER BY
expr [ DESC | ASC ]
]...
)
[ OVER query_partition_clause ]
SQL Function Syntax

SQL Functions 2-5
FIRST_VALUE FIRST_VALUE (expr [ IGNORE NULLS ])
FLOOR FLOOR(n)
FROM_TZ FROM_TZ (timestamp_value, time_zone_value)
GREATEST GREATEST(expr [, expr ]...)
GROUP_ID GROUP_ID( )
GROUPING GROUPING(expr)
GROUPING_ID GROUPING_ID(expr [, expr ]...)
HEXTORAW HEXTORAW(char)
INITCAP INITCAP(char)
INSTR { INSTR
| INSTRB
| INSTRC
| INSTR2
| INSTR4
}
(string , substring [, position [, occurrence ] ])
ITERATION_NUMBER ITERATION_NUMBER
LAG LAG(value_expr [, offset ] [, default ])
LAST aggregate_function KEEP
(DENSE_RANK LAST ORDER BY
expr [ DESC | ASC ]
]...
)
[ OVER query_partition_clause ]
LAST_DAY LAST_DAY(date)
LAST_VALUE LAST_VALUE(expr [ IGNORE NULLS ])
LEAD LEAD(value_expr [, offset ] [, default ])
LEAST LEAST(expr [, expr ]...)
SQL Function Syntax

LENGTH { LENGTH
| LENGTHB
| LENGTHC
| LENGTH2
| LENGTH4
}
(char)
LN LN(n)
LNNVL LNNVL(condition)
LOCALTIMESTAMP LOCALTIMESTAMP [ (timestamp_precision) ]
LOG LOG(m, n)
LOWER LOWER(char)
LPAD LPAD(expr1, n [, expr2 ])
LTRIM LTRIM(char [, set ])
MAKE_REF MAKE_REF({ table | view } , key [, key ]...)
MAX MAX([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
MEDIAN MEDIAN(expr) [ OVER (query_partition_clause) ]
MIN MIN([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
MOD MOD(m, n)
MONTHS_BETWEEN MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1, date2)
NANVL NANVL(m, n)
NCHR NCHR(number)
NEW_TIME NEW_TIME(date, timezone1, timezone2)
NEXT_DAY NEXT_DAY(date, char)
NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN(byte_count, char_set_id)
NLS_CHARSET_ID NLS_CHARSET_ID(text)
NLS_CHARSET_NAME NLS_CHARSET_NAME(number)
NLS_INITCAP NLS_INITCAP(char [, 'nlsparam' ])
NLS_LOWER NLS_LOWER(char [, 'nlsparam' ])
NLS_UPPER NLS_UPPER(char [, 'nlsparam' ])
SQL Function Syntax

SQL Functions 2-7
NLSSORT NLSSORT(char [, 'nlsparam' ])
NTILE NTILE(expr)
NULLIF NULLIF(expr1, expr2)
NUMTODSINTERVAL NUMTODSINTERVAL(n, 'interval_unit')
NUMTOYMINTERVAL NUMTOYMINTERVAL(n, 'interval_unit')
NVL NVL(expr1, expr2)
NVL2 NVL2(expr1, expr2, expr3)
ORA_HASH ORA_HASH (expr [, max_bucket [, seed_value ] ])
PATH PATH (correlation_integer)
PERCENT_RANK (aggregate) PERCENT_RANK(expr [, expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY
expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
[NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
]...
)
PERCENT_RANK (analytic) PERCENT_RANK( )
PERCENTILE_CONT PERCENTILE_CONT(expr) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ])
[ OVER (query_partition_clause) ]
PERCENTILE_DISC PERCENTILE_DISC(expr) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ])
[ OVER (query_partition_clause) ]
POWER POWER(m, n)
POWERMULTISET POWERMULTISET(expr)
POWERMULTISET_BY_
CARDINALITY
POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY(expr, cardinality)
PRESENTNNV PRESENTNNV(cell_reference, expr1, expr2)
PRESENTV PRESENTV(cell_reference, expr1, expr2)
PREVIOUS PREVIOUS(cell_reference)
SQL Function Syntax

RANK (aggregate) RANK(expr [, expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY
expr [ DESC | ASC ]
]...
)
RANK (analytic) RANK( )
RATIO_TO_REPORT RATIO_TO_REPORT(expr)
OVER ([ query_partition_clause ])
RAWTOHEX RAWTOHEX(raw)
RAWTONHEX RAWTONHEX(raw)
REF REF (correlation_variable)
REFTOHEX REFTOHEX (expr)
REGEXP_INSTR REGEXP_INSTR (source_string, pattern
[, position
[, occurrence
[, return_option
[, match_parameter ]
]
]
]
)
REGEXP_REPLACE REGEXP_REPLACE(source_string, pattern
[, replace_string
[, position
[, occurrence
]
]
]
)
SQL Function Syntax

SQL Functions 2-9
REGEXP_SUBSTR REGEXP_SUBSTR(source_string, pattern
[, position
[, occurrence
]
]
)
REGR_AVGX
REGR_AVGY
REGR_COUNT
REGR_INTERCEPT
REGR_R2
REGR_SLOPE
REGR_SXX
REGR_SXY
REGR_SYY
{ REGR_SLOPE
| REGR_INTERCEPT
| REGR_COUNT
| REGR_R2
| REGR_AVGX
| REGR_AVGY
| REGR_SXX
| REGR_SYY
| REGR_SXY
}
(expr1 , expr2)
REMAINDER REMAINDER(m, n)
REPLACE REPLACE(char, search_string
[, replacement_string ]
)
ROUND (date) ROUND(date [, fmt ])
ROUND (number) ROUND(n [, integer ])
ROW_NUMBER ROW_NUMBER( )
ROWIDTOCHAR ROWIDTOCHAR(rowid)
ROWIDTONCHAR ROWIDTONCHAR(rowid)
RPAD RPAD(expr1 , n [, expr2 ])
RTRIM RTRIM(char [, set ])
SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP(number)
SESSIONTIMEZONE SESSIONTIMEZONE
SET SET (nested_table)
SIGN SIGN(n)
SIN SIN(n)
SQL Function Syntax

SINH SINH(n)
SOUNDEX SOUNDEX(char)
SQRT SQRT(n)
STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST(expr1, expr2, p
[, { TWO_SIDED_PROB
| EXACT_PROB
| ONE_SIDED_PROB_OR_MORE
| ONE_SIDED_PROB_OR_LESS
}
]
)
STATS_CROSSTAB STATS_CROSSTAB(expr1, expr2
[, { CHISQ_OBS
| CHISQ_SIG
| CHISQ_DF
| PHI_COEFFICIENT
| CRAMERS_V
| CONT_COEFFICIENT
| COHENS_K
}
]
)
STATS_F_TEST STATS_F_TEST(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC
| DF_NUM
| DF_DEN
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)
STATS_KS_TEST STATS_KS_TEST(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC | SIG } ]
)
STATS_MODE STATS_MODE(expr)
SQL Function Syntax

SQL Functions 2-11
STATS_MW_TEST STATS_MW_TEST(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC
| U_STATISTIC
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)
STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA(expr1, expr2
[, { SUM_SQUARES_BETWEEN
| SUM_SQUARES_WITHIN
| DF_BETWEEN
| DF_WITHIN
| MEAN_SQUARES_BETWEEN
| MEAN_SQUARES_WITHIN
| F_RATIO
| SIG
}
]
)
STATS_T_TEST_INDEP
STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU
STATS_T_TEST_ONE
STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED
{ STATS_T_TEST_INDEP
| STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU
| STATS_T_TEST_ONE
| STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED
}
(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC
| DF
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)
STATS_WSR_TEST STATS_WSR_TEST(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)
STDDEV STDDEV([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
SQL Function Syntax

STDDEV_POP STDDEV_POP(expr)
STDDEV_SAMP STDDEV_SAMP(expr)
SUBSTR { SUBSTR
| SUBSTRB
| SUBSTRC
| SUBSTR2
| SUBSTR4
}
(string, position [, substring_length ])
SUM SUM([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(column, char)
SYS_CONTEXT SYS_CONTEXT('namespace', 'parameter' [, length ])
SYS_DBURIGEN SYS_DBURIGEN({ column | attribute }
[ rowid ]
[, { column | attribute }
[ rowid ]
]...
[, 'text ( )' ]
)
SYS_EXTRACT_UTC SYS_EXTRACT_UTC(datetime_with_timezone)
SYS_GUID SYS_GUID( )
SYS_TYPEID SYS_TYPEID(object_type_value)
SYS_XMLAGG SYS_XMLAGG(expr [, fmt ])
SYS_XMLGEN SYS_XMLGEN(expr [, fmt ])
SYSDATE SYSDATE
SYSTIMESTAMP SYSTIMESTAMP
TAN TAN(n)
TANH TANH(n)
TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN(timestamp)
TO_BINARY_DOUBLE TO_BINARY_DOUBLE(expr [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])
TO_BINARY_FLOAT TO_BINARY_FLOAT(expr [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])
SQL Function Syntax

SQL Functions 2-13
TO_CHAR (character) TO_CHAR(nchar | clob | nclob)
TO_CHAR (datetime) TO_CHAR({ datetime | interval } [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])
TO_CHAR (number) TO_CHAR(n [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])
TO_CLOB TO_CLOB(lob_column | char)
TO_DATE TO_DATE(char [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])
TO_DSINTERVAL TO_DSINTERVAL(char [ 'nlsparam' ])
TO_LOB TO_LOB(long_column)
TO_MULTI_BYTE TO_MULTI_BYTE(char)
TO_NCHAR (character) TO_NCHAR({char | clob | nclob}
[, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ]
)
TO_NCHAR (datetime) TO_NCHAR({ datetime | interval }
[, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ]
)
TO_NCHAR (number) TO_NCHAR(n [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])
TO_NCLOB TO_NCLOB(lob_column | char)
TO_NUMBER TO_NUMBER(expr [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])
TO_SINGLE_BYTE TO_SINGLE_BYTE(char)
TO_TIMESTAMP TO_TIMESTAMP(char [, fmt [ 'nlsparam' ] ])
TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ(char [, fmt [ 'nlsparam' ] ])
TO_YMINTERVAL TO_YMINTERVAL(char)
TRANSLATE TRANSLATE(expr, 'from_string', 'to_string')
TRANSLATE ... USING TRANSLATE(text USING { CHAR_CS | NCHAR_CS })
TREAT TREAT(expr AS [ REF ] [ schema. ]type)
TRIM TRIM([ { { LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH }
[ trim_character ]
| trim_character
}
FROM
]
trim_source
)
TRUNC (date) TRUNC(date [, fmt ])
SQL Function Syntax

TRUNC (number) TRUNC(n [, m ])
TZ_OFFSET TZ_OFFSET({ 'time_zone_name'
| '{ + | - } hh : mi'
| SESSIONTIMEZONE
| DBTMEZONE
}
)
UID UID
UNISTR UNISTR('string')
UPDATEXML UPDATEXML(XMLType_instance,
XPath_string, value_expr
[, XPath_string, value_expr ] ...
)
UPPER UPPER(char)
USER USER
user-defined function [ schema. ]
{ [ package. ]function | user_defined_operator }
[ @ dblink. ]
[ ([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr [, expr ]...) ]
USERENV USERENV('parameter')
VALUE VALUE(correlation_variable)
VAR_POP VAR_POP(expr) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]
VAR_SAMP VAR_SAMP(expr) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]
VARIANCE VARIANCE([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
VSIZE VSIZE(expr)
WIDTH_BUCKET WIDTH_BUCKET
(expr, min_value, max_value, num_buckets)
XMLAGG XMLAGG(XMLType_instance [ order_by_clause ])
XMLCOLATTVAL XMLCOLATTVAL(value_expr [ AS c_alias ]
[, value_expr [ AS c_alias ]...
)
XMLCONCAT XMLCONCAT(XMLType_instance [, XMLType_instance ]...)
SQL Function Syntax

SQL Functions 2-15
XMLELEMENT XMLELEMENT ( [ NAME ] identifier
[, XML_attributes_clause ]
[, value_expr [, value_expr ]... ]
)
XMLFOREST XMLFOREST(value_expr [ AS c_alias ]
[, value_expr [ AS c_alias ]... ]
)
XMLSEQUENCE XMLSEQUENCE( XMLType_instance
| sys_refcursor_instance [, fmt ]
)
XMLTRANSFORM XMLTRANSFORM(XMLType_instance, XMLType_instance)
SQL Function Syntax

SQL Expressions 3-1
3
SQL Expressions
This chapter presents the syntax for combining values, operators, and functions into
expressions.
s Syntax for SQL Expression Types
Syntax for SQL Expression Types
An expression is a combination of one or more values, operators, and SQL functions
that evaluate to a value. An expression generally assumes the datatype of its
components.
Expressions have several forms. Table 3–1 shows the syntax for each form of
expression. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses found
in the following table.
See Also: Expressions in Oracle Database SQL Reference for
detailed information about SQL expressions
Table 3–1 Syntax for SQL Expression Types
SQL Expression Type Syntax
CASE expression CASE { simple_case_expression
| searched_case_expression
}
[ else_clause ]
END

Compound expression { (expr)
| { + | - | PRIOR } expr
| expr { * | / | + | - | || } expr
}
Note: The double vertical bars are part of the syntax
(indicating concatenation) rather than BNF
notation.
CURSOR expression CURSOR (subquery)
DATETIME expression datetime_value_expr AT
{ LOCAL
| TIME ZONE { ' [ + | - ] hh:mm'
| DBTIMEZONE
| 'time_zone_name'
| expr
}
}
Function expression any built-in SQL function or user-defined function can be
used as an expression
INTERVAL expression interval_value_expr
{ DAY [ (leading_field_precision) ] TO
SECOND [ (fractional_second_precision) ]
| YEAR [ (leading_field_precision) ] TO
MONTH
}
Model expression { measure_column | aggregate_funtion }
[ { condition | expr }
[ , { condition | expr } ]...
]
Note: The outside square brackets are part of the syntax.
In this case, they do not represent optionality.
Object access expression { table_alias.column.
| object_table_alias.
| (expr).
}
{ attribute [.attribute ]...
[.method ([ argument [, argument ]... ]) ]
| method ([ argument [, argument ]... ])
}
Scalar subquery expression a subquery that returns exactly one column value from one
row can be used as an expression
Table 3–1 (Cont.) Syntax for SQL Expression Types

SQL Expressions 3-3
Simple expression { [ query_name.
| [schema.]
{ table. | view. | materialized view. }
] { column | ROWID }
| ROWNUM
| text
| number
| sequence. { CURRVAL | NEXTVAL }
| NULL
}
Type constructor expression [ NEW ] [ schema. ]type_name
([ expr [, expr ]... ])
Variable expression :host_variable
[ [ INDICATOR ]
:indicator_variable
]
Table 3–1 (Cont.) Syntax for SQL Expression Types

SQL Conditions 4-1
4
SQL Conditions
This chapter presents the syntax for combining one or more expressions and logical
(Boolean) operators to specify a condition.
s Syntax for SQL Condition Types
Syntax for SQL Condition Types
A condition speciﬁes a combination of one or more expressions and logical
(Boolean) operators and returns a value of TRUE, FALSE, or unknown.
Conditions have several forms. Table 4–1 shows the syntax for each form of
condition. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses found in
the following table.
See Also: Conditions in Oracle Database SQL Reference for detailed
information about SQL conditions
Table 4–1 Syntax for SQL Condition Types
SQL Condition Type Syntax
Compound conditions { (condition)
| NOT condition
| condition { AND | OR } condition
}
EQUALS_PATH condition EQUALS_PATH
(column, path_string [, correlation_integer ])
EXISTS condition EXISTS (subquery)

Floating-point conditions expr IS [ NOT ] { NAN | INFINITE }
Group comparison
condition
{ expr
{ = | != | ^= | <> | > | < | >= | <= }
{ ANY | SOME | ALL }
({ expression_list | subquery })
| expr [, expr ]...
{ = | != | ^= | <> }
{ ANY | SOME | ALL }
({ expression_list [, expression_list ]...
| subquery
}
)
}
where !=, ^=, and <> test for inequality
IN conditions { expr [ NOT ] IN ({ expression_list | subquery })
| ( expr
[, expr ]...
[ NOT ] IN ({ expression_list
[, expression_list ]...
| subquery
}
)
)
}
IS A SET conditions nested_table IS [ NOT ] A SET
IS ANY condition [ dimension_column IS ] ANY
IS EMPTY conditions nested_table IS [ NOT ] EMPTY
IS OF TYPE conditions expr IS [ NOT ] OF [ TYPE ]
([ ONLY ] [ schema. ] type
[, [ ONLY ] [ schema. ] type ]...
)
IS PRESENT condition cell_reference IS PRESENT
LIKE condition char1 [ NOT ] ( LIKE | LIKEC | LIKE2 | LIKE4 )
char2 [ ESCAPE esc_char ]
Logical conditions { NOT | AND | OR }
MEMBER condition expr [ NOT ] MEMBER [ OF ] nested_table
NULL conditions expr IS [ NOT ] NULL
Table 4–1 (Cont.) Syntax for SQL Condition Types

SQL Conditions 4-3
Range conditions expr [ NOT ] BETWEEN expr AND expr
REGEXP_LIKE condition REGEXP_LIKE(source_string, pattern
)
Simple comparison
condition
{ expr
{ = | != | ^= | <> | > | < | >= | <= }
expr
| (expr [, expr ]...)
{ = | != | ^= | <> }
(subquery)
}
where !=, ^=, and <> test for inequality
SUBMULTISET conditions nested_table1
[ NOT ] SUBMULTISET [ OF ]
nested_table2
UNDER_PATH condition UNDER_PATH (column [, levels ], path_string
[, correlation_integer ]
)
Table 4–1 (Cont.) Syntax for SQL Condition Types

Subclauses 5-1
5
Subclauses
This chapter presents the syntax for the subclauses found in the syntax for SQL
statements, functions, expressions and conditions.
s Syntax for Subclauses
Syntax for Subclauses
Table 5–1 shows the syntax for each subclause found in:
s Chapter 1, "SQL Statements"
s Chapter 2, "SQL Functions"
s Chapter 3, "SQL Expressions"
s Chapter 4, "SQL Conditions"
See Also: Oracle Database SQL Reference for detailed information
about Oracle SQL
Table 5–1 Syntax for Subclauses
Subclause Syntax
activate_standby_db_clause ACTIVATE
[ PHYSICAL | LOGICAL ]
STANDBY DATABASE
[ SKIP [ STANDBY LOGFILE ] ]

add_binding_clause ADD BINDING
(parameter_type
[, parameter_type ]...)
RETURN (return_type)
[ implementation_clause ]
using_function_clause
add_column_clause ADD
( column datatype
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ { inline_constraint
[ inline_constraint ]...
| inline_ref_constraint
}
]
[, column datatype
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ { inline_constraint
}
]
]...
)
[ column_properties ]
add_disk_clause ADD
[ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
[ [ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
]...
add_hash_index_partition ADD PARTITION
[ partition_name ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace_name ]
[ parallel_clause ]
add_hash_partition_clause ADD PARTITION [ partition ]
partitioning_storage_clause
[ update_index_clauses ]
[ parallel_clause ]
add_hash_subpartition ADD subpartition_spec
[ parallel_clause ]
Table 5–1 (Cont.) Syntax for Subclauses
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-3
add_list_partition_clause ADD PARTITION [ partition ]
list_values_clause
[ table_partition_description ]
add_list_subpartition ADD subpartition_spec
add_logfile_clauses ADD [ STANDBY ] LOGFILE
{ [ INSTANCE 'instance_name' | THREAD integer ]
[ GROUP integer ] redo_log_file_spec
[, [ GROUP integer ] redo_log_file_spec ]...
| MEMBER 'filename' [ REUSE ]
[, 'filename' [ REUSE ] ]...
TO logfile_descriptor
[, logfile_descriptor ]...
}
add_overflow_clause ADD OVERFLOW [ segment_attributes_clause ]
[ (PARTITION [ segment_attributes_clause ]
[, PARTITION [ segment_attributes_clause ] ]...
)
]
add_range_partition_clause ADD PARTITION [ partition ]
range_values_clause
add_table_partition { add_range_partition_clause
| add_hash_partition_clause
| add_list_partition_clause
}
alias_file_name +diskgroup_name [ (template_name) ] /alias_name
allocate_extent_clause ALLOCATE EXTENT
[ ( { SIZE size_clause
| DATAFILE 'filename'
| INSTANCE integer
}
[ SIZE size_clause
| DATAFILE 'filename'
| INSTANCE integer
]...
)
]
Subclause Syntax

alter_attribute_definition { { ADD | MODIFY } ATTRIBUTE
{ attribute [ datatype ]
| ( attribute datatype
[, attribute datatype ]...
)
}
| DROP ATTRIBUTE
{ attribute
| ( attribute [, attribute ]... )
}
}
alter_collection_clauses MODIFY { LIMIT integer
| ELEMENT TYPE datatype
}
alter_datafile_clause DATAFILE
{ 'filename' | filenumber }
[, 'filename' | filenumber ]...
}
{ ONLINE
| OFFLINE [ FOR DROP ]
| RESIZE size_clause
| autoextend_clause
| END BACKUP
}
alter_external_table_
clauses
{ add_column_clause
| modify_column_clauses
| drop_column_clause
| parallel_clause
| external_data_properties
| REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED }
| PROJECT COLUMN { ALL | REFERENCED }
}
[ add_column_clause
| modify_column_clauses
| parallel_clause
| external_data_properties
| REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED }
| PROJECT COLUMN { ALL | REFERENCED }
]...
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-5
alter_index_partitioning { modify_index_default_attrs
| add_hash_index_partition
| modify_index_partition
| rename_index_partition
| drop_index_partition
| split_index_partition
| coalesce_index_partition
| modify_index_subpartition
}
alter_iot_clauses { index_org_table_clause
| alter_overflow_clause
| alter_mapping_table_clauses
| COALESCE
}
alter_mapping_table_clauses MAPPING TABLE
{ allocate_extent_clause
}
alter_method_spec { ADD | DROP }
{ map_order_function_spec
| subprogram_spec
}
[ { ADD | DROP }
{ map_order_function_spec
| subprogram_spec
}
]...
alter_mv_refresh REFRESH
{ { FAST | COMPLETE | FORCE }
| ON { DEMAND | COMMIT }
| { START WITH | NEXT } date
| WITH PRIMARY KEY
| USING
{ DEFAULT MASTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
| MASTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
}
| USING { ENFORCED | TRUSTED } CONSTRAINTS
}
Subclause Syntax

alter_overflow_clause { OVERFLOW
{ allocate_extent_clause
}
[ allocate_extent_clause
]...
| add_overflow_clause
}
alter_session_set_clause SET parameter_name = parameter_value
[ parameter_name = parameter_value ]...
alter_system_reset_clause parameter_name
[ SCOPE = { MEMORY | SPFILE | BOTH } ]
SID = 'sid'
alter_system_set_clause parameter_name =
parameter_value [, parameter_value ]...
[ COMMENT 'text' ]
[ DEFERRED ]
[ SCOPE = { MEMORY | SPFILE | BOTH } ]
[ SID = { 'sid' | * } ]
alter_table_partitioning { modify_table_default_attrs
| set_subpartition_template
| modify_table_partition
| modify_table_subpartition
| move_table_partition
| move_table_subpartition
| add_table_partition
| coalesce_table_partition
| drop_table_partition
| drop_table_subpartition
| rename_partition_subpart
| truncate_partition_subpart
| split_table_partition
| split_table_subpartition
| merge_table_partitions
| merge_table_subpartitions
| exchange_partition_subpart
}
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-7
alter_table_properties { { physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
| table_compression
| supplemental_table_logging
| shrink_clause
| upgrade_table_clause
| records_per_block_clause
| parallel_clause
| row_movement_clause
}
| logging_clause
| table_compression
| supplemental_table_logging
| shrink_clause
| upgrade_table_clause
| records_per_block_clause
| parallel_clause
| row_movement_clause
]...
| RENAME TO new_table_name
}
[ alter_iot_clauses ]
alter_tempfile_clause TEMPFILE
{ 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
| filenumber [, filenumber ]...
}
{ RESIZE size_clause
| autoextend_clause
| DROP [ INCLUDING DATAFILES ]
| ONLINE
| OFFLINE
}
alter_varray_col_properties MODIFY VARRAY varray_item
( modify_LOB_parameters )
analytic_clause [ query_partition_clause ]
[ order_by_clause [ windowing_clause ] ]
Subclause Syntax

archive_log_clause ARCHIVE LOG
[ INSTANCE 'instance_name' | THREAD integer ]
{ { SEQUENCE integer
| CHANGE integer
| CURRENT [ NOSWITCH ]
| GROUP integer
| LOGFILE 'filename'
[ USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE ]
| NEXT
| ALL
| START
}
[ TO 'location' ]
| STOP
}
array_DML_clause [ WITH | WITHOUT ]
ARRAY DML
[ ([ schema. ]type
[, [ schema. ]varray_type ])
[, ([ schema. ]type
[, [ schema. ]varray_type ])...
]
ASM_filename { fully_qualified_file_name
| numeric_file_name
| incomplete_file_name
| alias_file_name
}
attribute_clause ATTRIBUTE level DETERMINES
{ dependent_column
| ( dependent_column
[, dependent_column ]... )
}
auditing_by_clause BY { proxy [, proxy ]...
| user [, user ]...
}
auditing_on_clause ON { [ schema. ]object
| DIRECTORY directory_name
| DEFAULT
}
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-9
autoextend_clause AUTOEXTEND
{ OFF
| ON [ NEXT size_clause ]
[ maxsize_clause ]
}
binding_clause BINDING
(parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
RETURN return_type
[, (parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
RETURN return_type
]...
bitmap_join_index_clause [ schema.]table
( [ [ schema. ]table. | t_alias. ]column
[ ASC | DESC ]
[, [ [ schema. ]table. | t_alias. ]column
[ ASC | DESC ]
]...
)
FROM [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
[, [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
]...
WHERE condition
[ local_partitioned_index ] index_attributes
build_clause BUILD { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED }
C_declaration C [ NAME name ]
LIBRARY lib_name
[ AGENT IN (argument[, argument ]...) ]
[ WITH CONTEXT ]
[ PARAMETERS (parameter[, parameter ]...) ]
call_spec LANGUAGE { Java_declaration | C_declaration }
cancel_clause CANCEL [ IMMEDIATE ] [ WAIT | NOWAIT ]
Subclause Syntax

cell_assignment measure_column [ { { condition
| expr
| single_column_for_loop
}
[, { condition
| expr
| single_column_for_loop
}
]...
| multi_column_for_loop
}
]
Note: The outer square brackets are part of the syntax.
In this case, they do not indicate optionality.
cell_reference_options [ { IGNORE | KEEP } NAV ]
[ UNIQUE { DIMENSION | SINGLE REFERENCE } ]
character_set_clause CHARACTER SET character_set
check_datafiles_clause CHECK DATAFILES [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ]
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-11
check_diskgroup_clauses CHECK
{ ALL
| DISK
disk_name
[, disk_name ]...
| DISKS IN FAILGROUP
failgroup_name
[, failgroup_name ]...
| FILE
filename
[, filename ]...
}
[ CHECK
{ ALL
| DISK
disk_name
[, disk_name ]...
failgroup_name
[, failgroup_name ]...
| FILE
filename
[, filename ]...
}
]...
[ REPAIR | NOREPAIR ]
checkpoint_clause CHECKPOINT [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ]
cluster_index_clause CLUSTER [ schema. ] cluster index_attributes
coalesce_index_partition COALESCE PARTITION
[ parallel_clause ]
coalesce_table_partition COALESCE PARTITION
[ parallel_clause ]
column_association COLUMNS [ schema. ]table.column
[, [ schema. ]table.column ]...
using_statistics_type
Subclause Syntax

column_clauses { { add_column_clause
| modify_column_clause
}
[ add_column_clause
| modify_column_clause
]...
| rename_column_clause
| modify_collection_retrieval
[ modify_collection_retrieval ]...
| modify_LOB_storage_clause
| alter_varray_col_properties
}
column_properties { object_type_col_properties
| nested_table_col_properties
| { varray_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause }
[ (LOB_partition_storage
[, LOB_partition_storage ]...
)
]
| XMLType_column_properties
}
[ { object_type_col_properties
| nested_table_col_properties
| { varray_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause }
[ (LOB_partition_storage
[, LOB_partition_storage ]...
)
]
| XMLType_column_properties
}
]...
commit_switchover_clause { PREPARE | COMMIT } TO SWITCHOVER
[ TO { { PHYSICAL | LOGICAL } PRIMARY
| [ PHYSICAL ] STANDBY
[ { WITH | WITHOUT } SESSION SHUTDOWN
{ WAIT | NOWAIT }
]
| LOGICAL STANDBY
}
| CANCEL
]
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-13
compile_type_clause COMPILE
[ DEBUG ]
[ SPECIFICATION | BODY ]
[ REUSE SETTINGS ]
compiler_parameters_clause parameter_name = parameter_value
composite_partitioning PARTITION BY RANGE ( column_list )
[ subpartition_by_list | subpartition_by_hash ]
( PARTITION [ partition ]
range_values_clause
table_partition_description
[, PARTITION [ partition ]
range_values_clause
table_partition_description ] ...
)
compute_statistics_clause COMPUTE [ SYSTEM ] STATISTICS [ for_clause ]
conditional_insert_clause [ ALL | FIRST ]
WHEN condition
THEN insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
[ error_logging_clause ]
[ insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
]...
[ WHEN condition
THEN insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
[ values_clause ]
]...
]...
[ ELSE insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
[ values_clause ]
]...
]
Subclause Syntax

constraint { inline_constraint
| out_of_line_ref_constraint
}
constraint_clauses { ADD { out_of_line_constraint
[ out_of_line_constraint ]...
| out_of_line_REF_constraint
}
| MODIFY { CONSTRAINT constraint
| PRIMARY KEY
}
constraint_state
| RENAME CONSTRAINT old_name TO new_name
| drop_constraint_clause
}
constraint_state [ [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
[ INITIALLY { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ]
| [ INITIALLY { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ]
[ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
]
[ RELY | NORELY ]
[ using_index_clause ]
[ ENABLE | DISABLE ]
[ VALIDATE | NOVALIDATE ]
[ exceptions_clause ]
constructor_declaration [ FINAL ]
[ INSTANTIABLE ]
CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION datatype
[ [ SELF IN OUT datatype, ]
parameter datatype
[, parameter datatype ]...
]
RETURN SELF AS RESULT
{ IS | AS } { pl/sql_block | call_spec }
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-15
constructor_spec [ FINAL ]
[ INSTANTIABLE ]
CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION datatype
[ ([ SELF IN OUT datatype, ]
parameter datatype
[, parameter datatype ]...
)
]
RETURN SELF AS RESULT
[ { IS | AS } call_spec ]
context_clause [ WITH INDEX CONTEXT,
SCAN CONTEXT implementation_type
[ COMPUTE ANCILLARY DATA ]
]
[ WITH COLUMN CONTEXT ]
controlfile_clauses { CREATE [ LOGICAL | PHYSICAL ]
STANDBY CONTROLFILE AS
'filename' [ REUSE ]
| BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO
{ 'filename' [ REUSE ]
| trace_file_clause
}
}
create_datafile_clause CREATE DATAFILE
{ 'filename' | filenumber }
}
[ AS { file_specification
[, file_specification ]...
| NEW
}
]
create_incomplete_type CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
TYPE [ schema. ]type_name ;
Subclause Syntax

create_mv_refresh { REFRESH
{ { FAST | COMPLETE | FORCE }
| WITH { PRIMARY KEY | ROWID }
| USING
{ DEFAULT [ MASTER | LOCAL ]
ROLLBACK SEGMENT
| [ MASTER | LOCAL ]
ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
}
[ DEFAULT [ MASTER | LOCAL ]
ROLLBACK SEGMENT
]...
| USING
{ ENFORCED | TRUSTED }
CONSTRAINTS
}
[ { FAST | COMPLETE | FORCE }
| WITH { PRIMARY KEY | ROWID }
| USING
{ DEFAULT [ MASTER | LOCAL ]
ROLLBACK SEGMENT
}
[ DEFAULT [ MASTER | LOCAL ]
ROLLBACK SEGMENT
]...
| USING
{ ENFORCED | TRUSTED }
CONSTRAINTS
]...
| NEVER REFRESH
}
create_nested_table_type CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
TYPE [ schema. ]type_name
[ OID 'object_identifier' ]
{ IS | AS } TABLE OF datatype ;
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-17
create_object_type CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
{ { IS | AS } OBJECT
| UNDER [schema.]supertype
}
[ sqlj_object_type ]
[ ( attribute datatype
[ sqlj_object_type_attr ]
[, attribute datatype
[ sqlj_object_type_attr ]...
[, element_spec
[, element_spec ]...
]
)
]
[ [ NOT ] FINAL ]
[ [ NOT ] INSTANTIABLE ] ;
create_varray_type CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
{ IS | AS } { VARRAY | VARYING ARRAY }
(limit) OF datatype ;
database_file_clauses { RENAME FILE
'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
TO 'filename'
| create_datafile_clause
| alter_datafile_clause
| alter_tempfile_clause
}
database_logging_clauses { LOGFILE
[ GROUP integer ] file_specification
[, [ GROUP integer ] file_specification ]...
| MAXLOGFILES integer
| FORCE LOGGING
}
Subclause Syntax

datafile_tempfile_clauses { ADD { DATAFILE | TEMPFILE }
[ file_specification
]
| RENAME DATAFILE 'filename' [, 'filename' ]... TO
'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
| { DATAFILE | TEMPFILE } { ONLINE | OFFLINE }
}
datafile_tempfile_spec [ 'filename' | 'ASM_filename' ]
[ SIZE size_clause ]
[ REUSE ]
[ autoextend_clause ]
dblink database[.domain [.domain ]... ]
[ @ connect_descriptor ]
dblink_authentication AUTHENTICATED BY user
IDENTIFIED BY password
deallocate_unused_clause DEALLOCATE UNUSED
[ KEEP size_clause ]
default_cost_clause DEFAULT COST (cpu_cost, io_cost, network_cost)
default_selectivity_clause DEFAULT SELECTIVITY default_selectivity
default_tablespace DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
[ DATAFILE datafile_tempfile_spec ]
extent_management_clause
default_settings_clauses { SET DEFAULT
{ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE } TABLESPACE
| DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
| RENAME GLOBAL_NAME TO
database.domain [.domain ]...
| { ENABLE BLOCK CHANGE TRACKING
[ USING FILE 'filename' [ REUSE ] ]
| DISABLE BLOCK CHANGE TRACKING
}
| set_time_zone_clause
}
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-19
default_temp_tablespace [ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace
[ TEMPFILE file_specification
]
extent_management_clause
dependent_handling_clause { INVALIDATE
| CASCADE [ { [ NOT ] INCLUDING TABLE DATA
| CONVERT TO SUBSTITUTABLE
}
]
[ [FORCE ] exceptions_clause ]
}
dimension_join_clause JOIN KEY
{ child_key_column
| (child_key_column [, child_key_column ]...)
}
REFERENCES parent_level
[ JOIN KEY
{ child_key_column
| (child_key_column [, child_key_column ]...)
}
REFERENCES parent_level
]...
disk_clauses { diskgroup_name
{ add_disk_clause
| drop_disk_clauses
| resize_disk_clauses
}
| { diskgroup_name | ALL }
undrop_disk_clause
}
diskgroup_alias_clauses { ADD ALIAS
'alias_name' FOR 'filename'
[, 'alias_name' FOR 'filename' ]...
| DROP ALIAS
'alias_name'
[, 'alias_name' ]...
| RENAME ALIAS
'old_alias_name' TO 'new_alias_name'
[, 'old_alias_name' TO 'new_alias_name' ]...
}
Subclause Syntax

diskgroup_availability { MOUNT
| DISMOUNT [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
}
diskgroup_clauses { diskgroup_name
{ rebalance_diskgroup_clause
| check_diskgroup_clauses
| diskgroup_template_clauses
| diskgroup_directory_clauses
| diskgroup_alias_clauses
| drop_diskgroup_file_clause
}
| { diskgroup_name | ALL }
diskgroup_availability
}
diskgroup_directory_clauses { ADD DIRECTORY
'filename'
[, 'filename' ]...
| DROP DIRECTORY
'filename' [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
[, 'filename' [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
| RENAME DIRECTORY
'old_dir_name' TO 'new_dir_name'
[, 'old_dir_name' TO 'new_dir_name' ]...
}
diskgroup_template_clauses { { ADD | ALTER } TEMPLATE
qualified_template_clause
[, qualified_template_clause ]...
| DROP TEMPLATE
template_name
[, template_name ]...
}
distributed_recov_clauses { ENABLE | DISABLE } DISTRIBUTED RECOVERY
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-21
dml_event_clause { DELETE | INSERT | UPDATE
[ OF column [, column ]... ]
}
[ OR { DELETE | INSERT | UPDATE
[ OF column [, column]... ]
}
]...
ON { [ schema. ]table
| [ NESTED TABLE nested_table_column OF ]
[ schema. ] view
}
[ referencing_clause ]
[ FOR EACH ROW ]
dml_table_expression_clause { [ schema. ]
{ table
}
| @ dblink
]
| { view | materialized view } [ @ dblink ]
}
| ( subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ] )
| table_collection_expression
}
domain_index_clause INDEXTYPE IS indextype
[ parallel_clause ]
[ PARAMETERS ('ODCI_parameters') ]
drop_binding_clause DROP BINDING
(parameter_type
[ FORCE ]
Subclause Syntax

drop_column_clause { SET UNUSED { COLUMN column
}
[ { CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | INVALIDATE }
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | INVALIDATE ]...
]
| DROP { COLUMN column
}
[ { CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | INVALIDATE }
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | INVALIDATE ]...
]
[ CHECKPOINT integer ]
| DROP { UNUSED COLUMNS
| COLUMNS CONTINUE
}
[ CHECKPOINT integer ]
}
drop_constraint_clause DROP
{ { PRIMARY KEY
}
[ CASCADE ]
[ { KEEP | DROP } INDEX ]
| CONSTRAINT constraint
[ CASCADE ]
}
drop_disk_clauses DROP
{ DISK
disk_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
[, disk_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
failgroup_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
[, failgroup_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
}
drop_diskgroup_file_clause DROP FILE
'filename'
[, 'filename' ]...
drop_index_partition DROP PARTITION partition_name
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-23
drop_logfile_clauses DROP [ STANDBY ] LOGFILE
{ logfile_descriptor
| MEMBER 'filename'
[, 'filename' ]...
}
drop_table_partition DROP PARTITION partition
[ update_index_clauses [ parallel_clause ] ]
drop_table_subpartition DROP SUBPARTITION subpartition
element_spec [ inheritance_clauses ]
{ subprogram_spec
| constructor_spec
| map_order_function_spec
}
[ subprogram_clause
| constructor_spec
| map_order_function_spec
]...
[, pragma_clause ]
else_clause ELSE else_expr
enable_disable_clause { ENABLE | DISABLE }
[ VALIDATE | NOVALIDATE ]
{ UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
| PRIMARY KEY
| CONSTRAINT constraint
}
[ using_index_clause ]
[ CASCADE ]
[ { KEEP | DROP } INDEX ]
end_session_clauses { DISCONNECT SESSION 'integer1, integer2'
[ POST_TRANSACTION ]
| KILL SESSION 'integer1, integer2'
}
[ IMMEDIATE ]
estimate_statistics_clause ESTIMATE [ SYSTEM ] STATISTICS [ for_clause ]
[ SAMPLE integer { ROWS | PERCENT } ]
exceptions_clause EXCEPTIONS INTO [ schema. ]table
Subclause Syntax

exchange_partition_subpart EXCHANGE { PARTITION partition
| SUBPARTITION subpartition
}
WITH TABLE table
[ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } INDEXES ]
[ { WITH | WITHOUT } VALIDATION ]
expr { simple_expression
| compound_expression
| case_expression
| cursor_expression
| datetime_expression
| function_expression
| interval_expression
| object_access_expression
| scalar_subquery_expression
| model_expression
| type_constructor_expression
| variable_expression
}
expression_list { expr [, expr ]...
| (expr [, expr ]...)
}
extended_attribute_clause ATTRIBUTE attribute
LEVEL level
DETERMINES { dependent_column
| (dependent_column
[, dependent_column ]...
)
[ LEVEL level
DETERMINES { dependent_column
| (dependent_column
[, dependent_column ]...
)
]...
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-25
extent_management_clause EXTENT MANAGEMENT
{ DICTIONARY
| LOCAL
[ AUTOALLOCATE
| UNIFORM
]
}
external_data_properties DEFAULT DIRECTORY directory
[ ACCESS PARAMETERS
{ (opaque_format_spec)
| USING CLOB subquery
}
]
LOCATION
([ directory: ] 'location_specifier'
[, [ directory: ] 'location_specifier' ]...
)
external_table_clause ([ TYPE access_driver_type ]
external_data_properties
)
[ REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED } ]
file_specification { datafile_tempfile_spec
| redo_log_file_spec
}
finish_clause [ DISCONNECT [ FROM SESSION ] ]
[ parallel_clause ]
FINISH
[ SKIP [ STANDBY LOGFILE ] ]
[ WAIT | NOWAIT ]
flashback_mode_clause FLASHBACK { ON | OFF }
flashback_query_clause [ VERSIONS BETWEEN
{ SCN | TIMESTAMP }
{ expr | MINVALUE } AND
{ expr | MAXVALUE }
]
AS OF { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
Subclause Syntax

for_clause FOR
{ TABLE
| ALL [ INDEXED ] COLUMNS [ SIZE integer ]
| COLUMNS [ SIZE integer ]
{ column | attribute } [ SIZE integer ]
[ { column | attribute }
[ SIZE integer ]
]...
| ALL [ LOCAL ] INDEXES
}
[ FOR
{ TABLE
| ALL [ INDEXED ] COLUMNS
[ SIZE integer ]
| COLUMNS [ SIZE integer ]
{ column | attribute } [ SIZE integer ]
[ { column | attribute }
[ SIZE integer ]
]...
| ALL [ LOCAL ] INDEXES
}
]...
for_update_clause FOR UPDATE
[ OF [ [ schema. ]
{ table | view } . ]column
[, [ [ schema. ]
{ table | view } . ]column
]...
]
[ NOWAIT | WAIT integer ]
full_database_recovery [ STANDBY ] DATABASE
[ { UNTIL { CANCEL
| TIME date
| CHANGE integer
}
| USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE
}
[ UNTIL { CANCEL
| TIME date
| CHANGE integer
}
| USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE
]...
]
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-27
fully_qualified_file_name +diskgroup_name/db_name/file_type/
file_type_tag.filenumber.incarnation_number
function_association { FUNCTIONS
[ schema. ]function [, [ schema. ]function ]...
| PACKAGES
[ schema. ]package [, [ schema. ]package ]...
| TYPES
[ schema. ]type [, [ schema. ]type ]...
| INDEXES
[ schema. ]index [, [ schema. ]index ]...
| INDEXTYPES
[ schema. ]indextype [, [ schema. ]indextype ]...
}
{ using_statistics_type
| { default_cost_clause
[, default_selectivity_clause ]
| default_selectivity_clause
[, default_cost_clause ]
}
}
function_declaration FUNCTION name
(parameter datatype[, parameter datatype ]...)
RETURN datatype
function_spec FUNCTION name
(parameter datatype [, parameter datatype ]...)
return_clause
Subclause Syntax

general_recovery RECOVER
[ AUTOMATIC ]
[ FROM 'location' ]
{ { full_database_recovery
| partial_database_recovery
| LOGFILE 'filename'
}
[ { TEST
| ALLOW integer CORRUPTION
| parallel_clause
}
[ TEST
| ALLOW integer CORRUPTION
| parallel_clause
]...
]
| CONTINUE [ DEFAULT ]
| CANCEL
}
global_partitioned_index GLOBAL PARTITION BY
{ RANGE
(column_list)
(index_partitioning_clause)
| HASH
(column_list)
{ individual_hash_partitions
| hash_partitions_by_quantity
}
}
grant_object_privileges { object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
[, { object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
]...
on_object_clause
TO grantee_clause
[ WITH HIERARCHY OPTION ]
[ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-29
grant_system_privileges { system_privilege
| role
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
[, { system_privilege
| role
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
]...
TO grantee_clause
[ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
[ WITH ADMIN OPTION ]
grantee_clause { user | role | PUBLIC }
[, { user | role | PUBLIC } ]...
group_by_clause GROUP BY
{ expr
| rollup_cube_clause
| grouping_sets_clause
}
[, { expr
| rollup_cube_clause
| grouping_sets_clause
}
]...
[ HAVING condition ]
grouping_expression_list expression_list [, expression_list ]...
grouping_sets_clause GROUPING SETS
({ rollup_cube_clause | grouping_expression_list })
hash_partitioning PARTITION BY HASH
(column [, column ] ...)
{ individual_hash_partitions
| hash_partitions_by_quantity
}
hash_partitions_by_quantity PARTITIONS hash_partition_quantity
[ STORE IN
(tablespace [, tablespace ]...) ]
[ OVERFLOW STORE IN
(tablespace [, tablespace ]...) ]
hierarchical_query_clause [ START WITH condition ]
CONNECT BY [ NOCYCLE ] condition
Subclause Syntax

hierarchy_clause HIERARCHY hierarchy
(child_level CHILD OF parent_level
[ CHILD OF parent_level ]...
[ dimension_join_clause ]
)
implementation_clause { ANCILLARY TO
primary_operator (parameter_type
[, primary_operator ( parameter_type
]...
| context_clause
}
incomplete_file_name +diskgroup_name [ (template_name) ]
index_attributes [ { physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
| ONLINE
| COMPUTE STATISTICS
| TABLESPACE { tablespace | DEFAULT }
| key_compression
| { SORT | NOSORT }
| REVERSE
| parallel_clause
}
| logging_clause
| ONLINE
| key_compression
| { SORT | NOSORT }
| REVERSE
| parallel_clause
]...
]
index_expr { column | column_expression }
index_org_overflow_clause [ INCLUDING column_name ]
OVERFLOW
[ segment_attributes_clause ]
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-31
index_org_table_clause [ { mapping_table_clause
| PCTTHRESHOLD integer
| key_compression
}
[ mapping_table_clause
| PCTTHRESHOLD integer
| key_compression
]...
]
[ index_org_overflow_clause ]
index_partition_description PARTITION
[ partition
[ { segment_attributes_clause
| key_compression
}
[ segment_attributes_clause
| key_compression
]...
]
]
index_partitioning_clause PARTITION [ partition ]
VALUES LESS THAN (value[, value... ])
index_properties [ { { global_partitioned_index
| local_partitioned_index
}
| index_attributes
}
[ { { global_partitioned_index
| local_partitioned_index
}
| index_attributes
}
]...
| domain_index_clause
]
Subclause Syntax

index_subpartition_clause { STORE IN (tablespace[, tablespace ]...)
| (SUBPARTITION
[ subpartition [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] ]
[, SUBPARTITION
[ subpartition [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] ]
]...
)
}
individual_hash_partitions (PARTITION
[ partition partitioning_storage_clause ]
[, PARTITION
[ partition partitioning_storage_clause ]
]...
)
inheritance_clauses [ NOT ] { OVERRIDING | FINAL | INSTANTIABLE }
[ [ NOT ] { OVERRIDING | FINAL | INSTANTIABLE } ]...
inline_constraint [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ [ NOT ] NULL
| UNIQUE
| PRIMARY KEY
| references_clause
| CHECK (condition)
}
[ constraint_state ]
inline_ref_constraint { SCOPE IS [ schema. ] scope_table
| WITH ROWID
| [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
references_clause
}
inner_cross_join_clause table_reference
{ [ INNER ] JOIN table_reference
{ ON condition
| USING (column [, column ]...)
}
| { CROSS
| NATURAL [ INNER ]
}
JOIN table_reference
}
insert_into_clause INTO dml_table_expression_clause [ t_alias ]
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-33
integer [ + | - ] digit [ digit ]...
interval_day_to_second INTERVAL
'{ integer | integer time_expr | time_expr }'
{ { DAY | HOUR | MINUTE }
[ (leading_precision) ]
| SECOND
[ (leading_precision
[, fractional_seconds_precision ]
)
]
}
[ TO { DAY | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND
[ (fractional_seconds_precision) ]
}
]
interval_year_to_month INTERVAL 'integer [- integer ]'
{ YEAR | MONTH } [ (precision) ]
[ TO { YEAR | MONTH } ]
into_clause INTO [ schema. ] table
invoker_rights_clause AUTHID { CURRENT_USER | DEFINER }
Java_declaration JAVA NAME 'string'
join_clause { inner_cross_join_clause | outer_join_clause }
key_compression { COMPRESS [ integer ]
| NOCOMPRESS
}
level_clause LEVEL level IS
{ level_table.level_column
| (level_table.level_column
[, level_table.level_column ]...
)
}
list_partitioning PARTITION BY LIST (column)
(PARTITION [ partition ]
list_values_clause
list_values_clause
]...
)
Subclause Syntax

list_values_clause VALUES ({ value | NULL
[, { value | NULL }...)
| DEFAULT
)
LOB_parameters { TABLESPACE tablespace
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } STORAGE IN ROW
| storage_clause
| CHUNK integer
| PCTVERSION integer
| RETENTION
| FREEPOOLS integer
| { CACHE
| { NOCACHE | CACHE READS } [ logging_clause ]
}
}
[ TABLESPACE tablespace
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } STORAGE IN ROW
| storage_clause
| CHUNK integer
| RETENTION
| FREEPOOLS integer
| { CACHE
}
]...
LOB_partition_storage PARTITION partition
{ LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }
[ LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties ]...
[ (SUBPARTITION subpartition
{ LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }
[ LOB_storage_clause
| varray_col_properties
]...
)
]
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-35
LOB_storage_clause LOB
{ (LOB_item [, LOB_item ]...)
STORE AS (LOB_parameters)
| (LOB_item)
STORE AS
{ LOB_segname (LOB_parameters)
| LOB_segname
| (LOB_parameters)
}
}
local_partitioned_index LOCAL
[ on_range_partitioned_table
| on_list_partitioned_table
| on_hash_partitioned_table
| on_comp_partitioned_table
]
logfile_clause LOGFILE
[ GROUP integer ] file_specification
[, [ GROUP integer ] file_specification ]...
logfile_clauses { { ARCHIVELOG [ MANUAL ]
| NOARCHIVELOG
}
| [ NO ] FORCE LOGGING
| RENAME FILE 'filename'
[, 'filename' ]...
TO 'filename'
| CLEAR
[ UNARCHIVED ]
LOGFILE logfile_descriptor
[ UNRECOVERABLE DATAFILE ]
| add_logfile_clauses
| drop_logfile_clauses
| supplemental_db_logging
}
logfile_descriptor { GROUP integer
| ('filename' [, 'filename' ]...)
| 'filename'
}
logging_clause { LOGGING | NOLOGGING }
Subclause Syntax

main_model [ MAIN main_model_name ]
model_column_clauses
[ cell_reference_options ]
model_rules_clause
managed_standby_recovery RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE
[ recover_clause | cancel_clause | finish_clause ]
map_order_func_declaration { MAP | ORDER } MEMBER function_declaration
map_order_function_spec { MAP | ORDER } MEMBER function_spec
mapping_table_clauses { MAPPING TABLE | NOMAPPING }
materialized_view_props [ column_properties ]
[ CACHE | NOCACHE ]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ build_clause ]
maximize_standby_db_clause SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE
{ PROTECTION | AVAILABILITY | PERFORMANCE }
maxsize_clause MAXSIZE { UNLIMITED | size_clause }
merge_insert_clause WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT [ (column [, column ]...) ]
VALUES ({ expr [, expr ]... | DEFAULT })
[ where_clause ]
merge_table_partitions MERGE PARTITIONS partition_1, partition_2
[ INTO partition_spec ]
[ parallel_clause ]
merge_table_subpartitions MERGE SUBPARTITIONS subpart_1, subpart_2
[ INTO subpartition_spec ]
[ parallel_clause ]
merge_update_clause WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET column = { expr | DEFAULT }
[, column = { expr | DEFAULT } ]...
[ where_clause ]
[ DELETE where_clause ]
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-37
model_clause MODEL
[ return_rows_clause ]
[ reference_model ]
[ reference_model ]...
main_model
model_column expr [ [ AS ] c_alias ]
model_column_clauses [ query_partition_clause [ c_alias ] ]
DIMENSION BY (model_column
[, model_column ]...)
MEASURES (model_column
[, model_column ]...)
model_rules_clause RULES
[ UPSERT | UPDATE ]
[ { AUTOMATIC | SEQUENTIAL } ORDER ]
[ ITERATE (number) [ UNTIL (condition) ] ]
([ UPDATE | UPSERT ]
cell_assignment [ order_by_clause ] = expr
[ [ UPDATE | UPSERT ]
cell_assignment [ order_by_clause ] = expr
]...
)
modify_col_properties ( column [ datatype ]
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ inline_constraint
[ LOB_storage_clause ]
[, column [ datatype ]
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ inline_constraint
[ LOB_storage_clause ]
]
)
modify_col_substitutable COLUMN column
[ NOT ] SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS
[ FORCE ]
modify_collection_retrieval MODIFY NESTED TABLE collection_item
RETURN AS { LOCATOR | VALUE }
Subclause Syntax

modify_column_clauses MODIFY { modify_col_properties
| modify_col_substitutable
}
modify_hash_partition MODIFY PARTITION partition
{ partition_attributes
| alter_mapping_table_clause
| [ REBUILD ] UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES
}
modify_hash_subpartition { { allocate_extent_clause
| shrink_clause
| { LOB LOB_item
| VARRAY varray
}
modify_LOB_parameters
[ { LOB LOB_item
| VARRAY varray
}
]...
}
}
modify_index_default_attrs MODIFY DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES
[ FOR PARTITION partition ]
| logging_clause
}
| logging_clause
]...
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-39
modify_index_partition MODIFY PARTITION partition
{ { deallocate_unused_clause
| logging_clause
| key_compression
}
[ deallocate_unused_clause
| logging_clause
| key_compression
]...
| COALESCE
| UPDATE BLOCK REFERENCES
| UNUSABLE
}
modify_index_subpartition MODIFY SUBPARTITION subpartition
{ UNUSABLE
}
modify_list_partition MODIFY PARTITION partition
| {ADD | DROP} VALUES
(partition_value[, partition_value ]...)
}
modify_list_subpartition { allocate_extent_clause
| shrink_clause
| { LOB LOB_item | VARRAY varray }
[ { LOB LOB_item | VARRAY varray }
] ...
| { ADD | DROP } VALUES (value[, value ]...)
}
Subclause Syntax

modify_LOB_parameters { storage_clause
| RETENTION
| FREEPOOLS integer
| REBUILD FREEPOOLS
| { CACHE
}
}
[ storage_clause
| RETENTION
| FREEPOOLS integer
| REBUILD FREEPOOLS
| { CACHE
}
]...
modify_LOB_storage_clause MODIFY LOB (LOB_item)
(modify_LOB_parameters)
modify_range_partition MODIFY PARTITION partition
| { add_hash_subpartition
| add_list_subpartition
}
| COALESCE SUBPARTITION
[ parallel_clause ]
| alter_mapping_table_clause
}
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-41
modify_table_default_attrs MODIFY DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES
[ FOR PARTITION partition ]
[ table_compression ]
[ PCTTHRESHOLD integer ]
[ key_compression ]
[ alter_overflow_clause ]
[ { LOB (LOB_item)
| VARRAY varray
}
(LOB_parameters)
[ { LOB (LOB_item)
| VARRAY varray
}
(LOB_parameters)
]...
]
modify_table_partition { modify_range_partition
| modify_hash_partition
| modify_list_partition
}
modify_table_subpartition MODIFY SUBPARTITION subpartition
{ modify_hash_subpartition
| modify_list_subpartition
}
move_table_clause MOVE [ ONLINE ]
[ index_org_table_clause ]
[ { LOB_storage_clause
}
}
]...
]
[ parallel_clause ]
move_table_partition MOVE PARTITION partition
[ MAPPING TABLE ]
[ parallel_clause ]
Subclause Syntax

move_table_subpartition MOVE SUBPARTITION
subpartition_spec
[ parallel_clause ]
multi_column_for_loop FOR (dimension_column
[, dimension_column ]...)
IN ( { (literal [, literal ]...)
[ (literal [, literal ]...)... ]
| subquery
}
)
multi_table_insert { ALL insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
[ values_clause ]
]...
| conditional_insert_clause
}
subquery
multiset_except nested_table1
MULTISET EXCEPT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
nested_table2
multiset_intersect nested_table1
MULTISET INTERSECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
nested_table2
multiset_union nested_table1
MULTISET UNION [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
nested_table2
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-43
nested_table_col_properties NESTED TABLE
{ nested_item | COLUMN_VALUE }
[ substitutable_column_clause ]
STORE AS storage_table
[ ( { (object_properties)
| [ physical_properties ]
| [ column_properties ]
}
[ (object_properties)
| [ physical_properties ]
| [ column_properties ]
]...
)
]
[ RETURN AS { LOCATOR | VALUE } ]
new_values_clause { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } NEW VALUES
number [ + | - ]
{ digit [ digit ]... [ . ] [ digit [ digit ]... ]
| . digit [ digit ]...
}
[ e [ + | - ] digit [ digit ]... ]
[ f | d ]
numeric_file_name +diskgroup_name.filenumber.incarnation_number
object_properties { { column | attribute }
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ inline_constraint [ inline_constraint ]...
]
| { out_of_line_constraint
| supplemental_logging_props
}
}
object_table CREATE [ GLOBAL TEMPORARY ] TABLE
[ schema. ]table OF
[ schema. ]object_type
[ object_table_substitution ]
[ (object_properties) ]
[ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]
[ OID_clause ]
[ OID_index_clause ]
[ physical_properties ]
[ table_properties ] ;
Subclause Syntax

object_table_substitution [ NOT ] SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS
object_type_col_properties COLUMN column substitutable_column_clause
object_view_clause OF [ schema. ]type_name
{ WITH OBJECT IDENTIFIER
{ DEFAULT | ( attribute
[, attribute ]... )
}
| UNDER [ schema. ]superview
}
({ out_of_line_constraint
| attribute inline_constraint
}
[, { out_of_line_constraint
| attribute inline_constraint
}
]...
)
OID_clause OBJECT IDENTIFIER IS
{ SYSTEM GENERATED | PRIMARY KEY }
OID_index_clause OIDINDEX [ index ]
({ physical_attributes_clause
}
]...
)
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-45
on_comp_partitioned_table [ STORE IN ( tablespace [, tablespace ]... ) ]
( PARTITION
[ partition
[ { segment_attribute_clause
| key_compression
}
[ segment_attribute_clause
| key_compression
]...
]
[ index_subpartition_clause ]
]
[, PARTITION
[ partition
[ { segment_attribute_clause
| key_compression
}
[ segment_attribute_clause
| key_compression
]...
]
]...
]
)
on_hash_partitioned_table { STORE IN (tablespace[, tablespace ]...)
| (PARTITION
[ partition [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] ]
[, PARTITION
[ partition [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] ]
]...
)
}
Subclause Syntax

on_list_partitioned_table ( PARTITION
[ partition
| key_compression
}
| key_compression
]...
]
]
[, PARTITION
[ partition
| key_compression
}
| key_compression
]...
]
]
]...
)
on_object_clause { schema.object
| { DIRECTORY directory_name
| JAVA { SOURCE | RESOURCE } [ schema. ]object
}
}
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-47
on_range_partitioned_table ( PARTITION
[ partition
| key_compression
}
| key_compression
]...
]
]
[, PARTITION
[ partition
| key_compression
}
| key_compression
]...
]
]
]...
)
order_by_clause ORDER [ SIBLINGS ] BY
{ expr | position | c_alias }
[ ASC | DESC ]
[ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
[, { expr | position | c_alias }
[ ASC | DESC ]
[ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
]...
out_of_line_constraint [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
| PRIMARY KEY (column [, column ]...)
| FOREIGN KEY (column [, column ]...)
references_clause
| CHECK (condition)
}
Subclause Syntax

out_of_line_ref_constraint { SCOPE FOR
({ ref_col | ref_attr })
IS [ schema. ]scope_table
| REF
WITH ROWID
| [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
FOREIGN KEY
references_clause
}
outer_join_clause table_reference
[ query_partition_clause ]
{ outer_join_type JOIN
| NATURAL [ outer_join_type ] JOIN
}
table_reference [ query_partition_clause ]
[ ON condition
| USING ( column [, column ]...)
]
outer_join_type { FULL | LEFT | RIGHT }
[ OUTER ]
parallel_clause { NOPARALLEL | PARALLEL [ integer ] }
parallel_enable_clause PARALLEL_ENABLE
[ (PARTITION argument BY
{ ANY
| { HASH | RANGE } (column [, column ]...)
}
)
[ streaming_clause ]
]
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-49
partial_database_recovery { TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace ]...
| DATAFILE { 'filename' | filenumber }
}
| STANDBY
{ TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace ]...
| DATAFILE { 'filename' | filenumber }
}
}
UNTIL [ CONSISTENT WITH ] CONTROLFILE
}
partition_attributes [ { physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
| shrink_clause
}
| logging_clause
| shrink_clause
]...
]
[ OVERFLOW
| logging_clause
}
| logging_clause
]...
]
]...
]
Subclause Syntax

partition_extended_name [ schema.] { table | view }
]
partition_level_
subpartition
{ SUBPARTITIONS hash_subpartition_quantity
[ STORE IN (tablespace[, tablespace ]...) ]
| (subpartition_spec[, subpartition_spec ]...)
}
partition_spec PARTITION [ partition ]
partitioning_storage_clause [ { TABLESPACE tablespace
| OVERFLOW [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
| LOB (LOB_item) STORE AS
{ LOB_segname [ (TABLESPACE tablespace) ]
| (TABLESPACE tablespace)
}
| VARRAY varray_item STORE AS LOB LOB_segname
}
[ { TABLESPACE tablespace
| OVERFLOW [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
| LOB (LOB_item) STORE AS
{ LOB_segname [ (TABLESPACE tablespace) ]
| (TABLESPACE tablespace)
}
| VARRAY varray_item STORE AS LOB LOB_segname
}
]...
]
password_parameters { { FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
| PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME
| PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME
| PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX
| PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME
| PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME
}
{ expr | UNLIMITED | DEFAULT }
| PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION
{ function | NULL | DEFAULT }
}
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-51
permanent_tablespace_clause { MINIMUM EXTENT integer [ K | M ]
| BLOCKSIZE integer [ K ]
| logging_clause
| FORCE LOGGING
| DEFAULT [ table_compression ]
storage_clause
| { ONLINE | OFFLINE }
| extent_management_clause
| segment_management_clause
[ MINIMUM EXTENT integer [ K | M ]
| BLOCKSIZE integer [ K ]
| logging_clause
| FORCE LOGGING
| DEFAULT [ table_compression ]
storage_clause
| { ONLINE | OFFLINE }
| extent_management_clause
| segment_management_clause
]...
}
physical_attributes_clause [ { PCTFREE integer
| PCTUSED integer
| INITRANS integer
| storage_clause
}
[ PCTFREE integer
| PCTUSED integer
| INITRANS integer
| storage_clause
]...
]
Subclause Syntax

physical_properties { segment_attributes_clause
| ORGANIZATION
{ HEAP
| INDEX
index_org_table_clause
| EXTERNAL
external_table_clause
}
| CLUSTER cluster (column [, column ]...)
}
pragma_clause PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES
({ method_name | DEFAULT } ,
{ RNDS | WNDS | RNPS | WNPS | TRUST }
[, { RNDS | WNDS | RNPS | WNPS | TRUST } ]...
)
procedure_declaration PROCEDURE name (parameter datatype
[, parameter datatype ]...)
procedure_spec PROCEDURE name
(parameter datatype [, parameter datatype ]...)
[ { IS | AS } call_spec ]
proxy_authentication { AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED
| AUTHENTICATED USING
{ PASSWORD
| DISTINGUISHED NAME
| CERTIFICATE [ TYPE 'type' ]
[ VERSION 'version' ]
}
}
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-53
proxy_clause { GRANT | REVOKE }
CONNECT THROUGH proxy
[ WITH { ROLE { role_name
[, role_name ]...
| ALL EXCEPT role_name
[, role_name ]...
}
| NO ROLES
}
]
[ proxy_authentication ]
qualified_disk_clause 'search_string'
[ NAME disk_name ]
[ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
qualified_template_clause template_name
ATTRIBUTES
([ MIRROR | UNPROTECTED ]
[ FINE | COARSE ]
)
query_partition_clause PARTITION BY
{ value_expr[, value_expr ]...
| ( value_expr[, value_expr ]... )
query_table_expression { query_name
| [ schema. ]
{ table [ { PARTITION (partition)
}
[ sample_clause ]
| [ sample_clause ]
| @ dblink
]
| { view | materialized view } [ @ dblink ]
}
| (subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ])
| table_collection_expression
}
quiesce_clauses QUIESCE RESTRICTED | UNQUIESCE
Subclause Syntax

range_partitioning PARTITION BY RANGE (column[, column ]...)
(PARTITION [ partition ]
range_values_clause
range_values_clause
]...
)
range_values_clause VALUES LESS THAN
({ value | MAXVALUE }
[, { value | MAXVALUE } ]...
)
rebalance_diskgroup_clause REBALANCE [ POWER integer ]
rebuild_clause REBUILD
[ { PARTITION partition
}
| { REVERSE | NOREVERSE }
]
[ parallel_clause
| ONLINE
| key_compression
| logging_clause
]
[ parallel_clause
| ONLINE
| key_compression
| logging_clause
]...
records_per_block_clause { MINIMIZE | NOMINIMIZE } RECORDS_PER_BLOCK
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-55
recover_clause { { DISCONNECT [ FROM SESSION ]
| { TIMEOUT integer | NOTIMEOUT }
}
| { NODELAY | DEFAULT DELAY | DELAY integer }
| NEXT integer
| { EXPIRE integer | NO EXPIRE }
| parallel_clause
| USING CURRENT LOGFILE
| UNTIL CHANGE integer
| THROUGH { [ THREAD integer ] SEQUENCE integer
| ALL ARCHIVELOG
| { ALL | LAST | NEXT } SWITCHOVER
}
}
[ { DISCONNECT [ FROM SESSION ]
| { TIMEOUT integer | NOTIMEOUT }
}
| { NODELAY | DEFAULT DELAY | DELAY integer }
| NEXT integer
| { EXPIRE integer | NO EXPIRE }
| parallel_clause
| USING CURRENT LOGFILE
| UNTIL CHANGE integer
| THROUGH { [ THREAD integer ] SEQUENCE integer
| ALL ARCHIVELOG
| { ALL | LAST | NEXT } SWITCHOVER
}
] ...
recovery_clauses { general_recovery
| managed_standby_recovery
| BEGIN BACKUP
| END BACKUP
}
redo_log_file_spec [ 'filename | ASM_filename'
| ('filename | ASM_filename'
[, 'filename | ASM_filename' ]...)
]
[ REUSE ]
redo_thread_clauses { ENABLE | DISABLE }
{ INSTANCE 'instance_name'
| [ PUBLIC ] THREAD integer
}
Subclause Syntax

reference_model REFERENCE reference_spreadsheet_name
ON (subquery)
spreadsheet_column_clauses
references_clause REFERENCES [ schema. ] { object_table | view }
[ON DELETE { CASCADE | SET NULL } ]
referencing_clause REFERENCING
{ OLD [ AS ] old
| NEW [ AS ] new
| PARENT [ AS ] parent }
[ OLD [ AS ] old
| NEW [ AS ] new
| PARENT [ AS ] parent ]...
register_logfile_clause REGISTER
[ OR REPLACE ]
[ PHYSICAL | LOGICAL ]
LOGFILE
[ file_specification
[, file_specification ]... ]
[ FOR logminer_session_name ]
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-57
relational_properties { column datatype [ SORT ]
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ inline_constraint
]
}
}
[, { column datatype [ SORT ]
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ inline_constraint
]
}
]...
relational_table CREATE [ GLOBAL TEMPORARY ] TABLE [ schema. ]table
[ (relational_properties) ]
rename_column_clause RENAME COLUMN old_name TO new_name
rename_index_partition RENAME { PARTITION partition
| SUBPARTITION subpartition }
TO new_name
rename_partition_subpart RENAME { PARTITION | SUBPARTITION }
current_name TO new_name
replace_type_clause REPLACE [ invoker_rights_clause ] AS OBJECT
(attribute datatype [, attribute datatype ]...
[, element_spec [, element_spec ]... ])
Subclause Syntax

resize_disk_clauses RESIZE
{ ALL [ SIZE size_clause ]
| DISK
disk_name [ SIZE size_clause ]
[, disk_name [ SIZE size_clause ] ]...
failgroup_name [ SIZE size_clause ]
[, failgroup_name [ SIZE size_clause ] ]...
}
resource_parameters { { SESSIONS_PER_USER
| CPU_PER_SESSION
| CPU_PER_CALL
| CONNECT_TIME
| IDLE_TIME
| LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL
| COMPOSITE_LIMIT
}
{ integer | UNLIMITED | DEFAULT }
| PRIVATE_SGA
{ integer [ K | M ] | UNLIMITED | DEFAULT }
}
restricted_session_clauses { ENABLE | DISABLE } RESTRICTED SESSION
return_clause { RETURN datatype [ { IS | AS } call_spec ]
| sqlj_object_type_sig
}
return_rows_clause RETURN { UPDATED | ALL } ROWS
returning_clause RETURNING expr [, expr ]...
INTO data_item [, data_item ]...
revoke_object_privileges { object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
[, { object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ]...
on_object_clause
FROM grantee_clause
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | FORCE ]
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-59
revoke_system_privileges { system_privilege
| role
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
[, { system_privilege
| role
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
]...
FROM grantee_clause
rollup_cube_clause { ROLLUP | CUBE } (grouping_expression_list)
routine_clause [ schema. ] [ type. | package. ]
{ function | procedure | method }
[ @dblink_name ]
( [ argument [, argument ]... ] )
row_movement_clause { ENABLE | DISABLE } ROW MOVEMENT
sample_clause SAMPLE [ BLOCK ]
(sample_percent)
[ SEED (seed_value) ]
schema_object_clause { object_option [, object_option ]... | ALL }
auditing_on_clause
scoped_table_ref_constraint { SCOPE FOR
({ ref_column | ref_attribute })
IS [ schema. ] { scope_table_name | c_alias }
}
[, SCOPE FOR
({ ref_column | ref_attribute })
IS [ schema. ] { scope_table_name | c_alias }
]...
searched_case_expression WHEN condition THEN return_expr
[ WHEN condition THEN return_expr ]...
security_clause GUARD { ALL | STANDBY | NONE }
segment_attributes_clause { physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
}
| logging_clause
]...
Subclause Syntax

segment_management_clause SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT { MANUAL | AUTO }
select_list { *
| { query_name.*
| [ schema. ]
{ table | view | materialized view } .*
| expr [ [ AS ] c_alias ]
}
[, { query_name.*
| [ schema. ]
{ table | view | materialized view } .*
| expr [ [ AS ] c_alias ]
}
]...
}
set_subpartition_template SET SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE
{ (SUBPARTITION subpartition
[ list_values_clause ]
[ partitioning_storage_clause ]
[, SUBPARTITION subpartition
[ partitioning_storage_clause ]...
]
)
| hash_subpartition_quantity
}
set_time_zone_clause SET TIME_ZONE =
'{ { + | - } hh : mi | time_zone_region }'
shrink_clause SHRINK SPACE [ COMPACT ] [ CASCADE ]
shutdown_dispatcher_clause SHUTDOWN [ IMMEDIATE ] dispatcher_name
simple_case_expression expr WHEN comparison_expr
THEN return_expr
[ WHEN comparison_expr
THEN return_expr ]...
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-61
single_column_for_loop FOR dimension_column
{ IN ( { literal
[, literal ]...
| subquery
}
)
| [ LIKE pattern ]
FROM literal TO literal
{ INCREMENT | DECREMENT } literal
}
single_table_insert insert_into_clause
{ values_clause [ returning_clause ]
| subquery
}
size_clause integer [ K | M | G | T ]
split_index_partition SPLIT PARTITION partition_name_old
AT (value [, value ]...)
[ INTO (index_partition_description,
index_partition_description
)
]
[ parallel_clause ]
split_table_partition SPLIT PARTITION current_partition
{ AT | VALUES } (value [, value ]...)
[ INTO (partition_spec, partition_spec) ]
[ parallel_clause ]
split_table_subpartition SPLIT SUBPARTITION subpartition
VALUES ({ value | NULL }
[, value | NULL ]...)
[ INTO (subpartition_spec,
subpartition_spec
)
]
[ parallel_clause ]
sql_statement_clause { { statement_option | ALL }
[, { statement_option | ALL } ]...
| { system_privilege | ALL PRIVILEGES }
[, { system_privilege | ALL PRIVILEGES } ]...
}
[ auditing_by_clause ]
Subclause Syntax

sqlj_object_type EXTERNAL NAME java_ext_name LANGUAGE JAVA
USING (SQLData | CustomDatum | OraData)
sqlj_object_type_attr EXTERNAL NAME 'field_name'
sqlj_object_type_sig RETURN { datatype | SELF AS RESULT }
EXTERNAL { VARIABLE NAME 'java_static_field_name'
| NAME 'java_method_sig'
}
standby_database_clauses ( activate_standby_db_clause
| maximize_standby_db_clause
| register_logfile_clause
| commit_switchover_clause
| start_standby_clause
| stop_standby_clause
)
[ parallel_clause ]
start_standby_clause START LOGICAL STANDBY APPLY
[ IMMEDIATE ]
[ NODELAY ]
[ NEW PRIMARY dblink
| INITIAL [ scn_value ]
| { SKIP FAILED TRANSACTION | FINISH }
]
startup_clauses { MOUNT [ { STANDBY | CLONE } DATABASE ]
| OPEN { [ READ WRITE ]
[ RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS ]
[ UPGRADE | DOWNGRADE ]
| READ ONLY
}
}
stop_standby_clause { STOP | ABORT }
LOGICAL STANDBY APPLY
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-63
storage_clause STORAGE
({ INITIAL integer [ K | M ]
| NEXT integer [ K | M ]
| MINEXTENTS integer
| MAXEXTENTS { integer | UNLIMITED }
| PCTINCREASE integer
| FREELISTS integer
| FREELIST GROUPS integer
| OPTIMAL [ integer [ K | M ]
| NULL
]
| BUFFER_POOL { KEEP | RECYCLE | DEFAULT }
}
[ INITIAL integer [ K | M ]
| NEXT integer [ K | M ]
| MINEXTENTS integer
| MAXEXTENTS { integer | UNLIMITED }
| PCTINCREASE integer
| FREELISTS integer
| FREELIST GROUPS integer
| OPTIMAL [ integer [ K | M ]
| NULL
]
| BUFFER_POOL { KEEP | RECYCLE | DEFAULT }
]...
)
streaming_clause { ORDER | CLUSTER } BY (column [, column ]...)
subpartition_by_hash SUBPARTITION BY HASH (column [, column ]...)
[ SUBPARTITIONS quantity
[ STORE IN (tablespace [, tablespace ]...) ]
| subpartition_template
]
subpartition_by_list SUBPARTITION BY LIST (column)
[ subpartition_template ]
subpartition_spec SUBPARTITION [ subpartition ]
Subclause Syntax

subpartition_template SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE
(SUBPARTITION subpartition
[, SUBPARTITION subpartition
]
)
| hash_subpartition_quantity
subprogram_declaration { MEMBER | STATIC }
{ procedure_declaration
| function_declaration
| constructor_declaration
}
subprogram_spec { MEMBER | STATIC }
{ procedure_spec | function_spec }
subquery [ subquery_factoring_clause ]
SELECT
[ hint ]
[ { { DISTINCT | UNIQUE }
| ALL
}
]
select_list
FROM table_reference
[, table_reference ]...
[ where_clause ]
[ hierarchical_query_clause ]
[ group_by_clause ]
[ HAVING condition ]
[ model_clause ]
[ { UNION [ ALL ]
| INTERSECT
| MINUS
}
(subquery)
]
[ order_by_clause ]
subquery_factoring_clause WITH query_name AS (subquery)
[, query_name AS (subquery) ]...
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-65
subquery_restriction_clause WITH { READ ONLY
| CHECK OPTION [ CONSTRAINT constraint ]
}
substitutable_column_clause [ ELEMENT ] IS OF [ TYPE ] ([ ONLY ] type)
| [ NOT ] SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS
supplemental_db_logging { ADD | DROP } SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ DATA | supplemental_id_key_clause }
supplemental_id_key_clause DATA
({ ALL
| PRIMARY KEY
| UNIQUE
| FOREIGN KEY
}
[, { ALL
| PRIMARY KEY
| UNIQUE
| FOREIGN KEY
}
]...
)
COLUMNS
supplemental_log_grp_clause GROUP log_group
(column [ NO LOG ]
[, column [ NO LOG ] ]...)
[ ALWAYS ]
supplemental_logging_props { supplemental_log_grp_clause
| supplemental_id_key_clause
}
Subclause Syntax

supplemental_table_logging { ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ supplemental_log_grp_clause
}
[, SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ supplemental_log_grp_clause
}
]...
| DROP SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ supplemental_id_key_clause
| GROUP log_group
}
[, SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ supplemental_id_key_clause
| GROUP log_group
}
]...
}
table_collection_expression TABLE (collection_expression) [ (+) ]
table_compression { COMPRESS | NOCOMPRESS }
table_index_clause [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
(index_expr [ ASC | DESC ]
[, index_expr [ ASC | DESC ] ]...)
[ index_properties ]
table_partition_description [ segment_attributes_clause ]
[ table_compression | key_compression ]
[ OVERFLOW [ segment_attributes_clause ] ]
}
[ LOB_storage_clause
]...
]
[ partition_level_subpartition ]
table_partitioning_clauses { range_partitioning
| hash_partitioning
| list_partitioning
| composite_partitioning
}
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-67
table_properties [ column_properties ]
[ CACHE | NOCACHE ]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ ROWDEPENDENCIES | NOROWDEPENDENCIES ]
[ enable_disable_clause ]
[ enable_disable_clause ]...
[ row_movement_clause ]
[ AS subquery ]
table_reference { ONLY
(query_table_expression)
[ flashback_query_clause ]
[ t_alias ]
| query_table_expression
[ flashback_query_clause ]
[ t_alias ]
| (join_clause)
| join_clause
}
tablespace_clauses { EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
| DATAFILE file_specification
| SYSAUX DATAFILE file_specification
| default_tablespace
| default_temp_tablespace
| undo_tablespace
}
tablespace_group_clause TABLESPACE GROUP { tablespace_group_name | '' }
tablespace_logging_clauses { logging_clause
| [ NO ] FORCE LOGGING
}
tablespace_retention_clause RETENTION { GUARANTEE | NOGUARANTEE }
tablespace_state_clauses { ONLINE
| OFFLINE [ NORMAL | TEMPORARY | IMMEDIATE ]
}
| READ { ONLY | WRITE }
| { PERMANENT | TEMPORARY }
Subclause Syntax

temporary_tablespace_clause TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace
[ TEMPFILE file_specification
]
[ tablespace_group_clause ]
[ extent_management_clause ]
text [ N | n ]
{ 'c [ c ]...'
| { Q | q }
'quote_delimiter c [ c ]... quote_delimiter'
}
trace_file_clause TRACE
[ AS 'filename' [ REUSE ] ]
[ RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS ]
truncate_partition_subpart TRUNCATE { PARTITION partition
}
[ { DROP | REUSE } STORAGE ]
undo_tablespace [ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
UNDO TABLESPACE tablespace
[ TABLESPACE file_specification
]
undo_tablespace_clause UNDO TABLESPACE tablespace
[ DATAFILE file_specification
]
[ extent_management_clause ]
[ tablespace_retention_clause ]
undrop_disk_clause UNDROP DISKS
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-69
update_all_indexes_clause UPDATE INDEXES
[ (index ( { update_index_partition
| update_index_subpartition
}
)
)
[, (index ( { update_index_partition
| update_index_subparition
}
)
)
]...
update_global_index_clause { UPDATE | INVALIDATE } GLOBAL INDEXES
update_index_clauses { update_global_index_clause
| update_all_indexes_clause
}
update_index_partition PARTITION [ partition ]
[ index_partition_description
]
[ index_partition_description
]
]...
update_index_subpartition SUBPARTITION [ subpartition ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[, SUBPARTITION [ subpartition ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
]...
update_set_clause SET
{ { (column [, column ]...) = (subquery)
| column = { expr | (subquery) | DEFAULT }
}
[, { (column [, column]...) = (subquery)
| column = { expr | (subquery) | DEFAULT }
}
]...
| VALUE (t_alias) = { expr | (subquery) }
}
upgrade_table_clause UPGRADE [ [NOT ] INCLUDING DATA ]
[ column_properties ]
Subclause Syntax

using_function_clause USING [ schema. ] [ package. | type. ]function_name
using_index_clause USING INDEX
{ [ schema. ]index
| (create_index_statement)
| index_properties
}
using_statistics_type USING { [ schema. ] statistics_type | NULL }
using_type_clause USING [ schema. ]implementation_type
[ array_DML_clause ]
validation_clauses { VALIDATE REF UPDATE
[ SET DANGLING TO NULL ]
| VALIDATE STRUCTURE
[ CASCADE ]
[ into_clause ]
{ OFFLINE| ONLINE }
}
values_clause VALUES ({ expr | DEFAULT }
[, { expr | DEFAULT } ]...
)
varray_col_properties VARRAY varray_item
{ [ substitutable_column_clause ]
STORE AS LOB
{ [ LOB_segname ] (LOB_parameters)
| LOB_segname
}
| substitutable_column_clause
}
where_clause WHERE condition
Subclause Syntax

Subclauses 5-71
windowing_clause { ROWS | RANGE }
{ BETWEEN
{ UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
| CURRENT ROW
| value_expr { PRECEDING | FOLLOWING }
}
AND
{ UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
| CURRENT ROW
| value_expr { PRECEDING | FOLLOWING }
}
| { UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
| CURRENT ROW
| value_expr PRECEDING
}
}
XML_attributes_clause XMLATTRIBUTES
(value_expr [ AS c_alias ]
[, value_expr [ AS c_alias ]...
)
XMLSchema_spec [ XMLSCHEMA XMLSchema_URL ]
ELEMENT { element | XMLSchema_URL # element }
XMLType_column_properties XMLTYPE [ COLUMN ] column
[ XMLType_storage ]
[ XMLSchema_spec ]
XMLType_storage STORE AS
{ OBJECT RELATIONAL
| CLOB [ { LOB_segname [ (LOB_parameters) ]
| LOB_parameters
}
]
XMLType_table CREATE TABLE [ GLOBAL TEMPORARY ] TABLE
[ schema. ]table OF XMLTYPE
[ (oject_properties) ]
[ XMLTYPE XMLType_storage ]
[ XMLSchema_spec ]
[ OID_clause ]
[ OID_index_clause ]
Subclause Syntax

XMLType_view_clause OF XMLTYPE
[ XMLSchema_spec ]
WITH OBJECT IDENTIFIER
{ DEFAULT | ( expr [, expr ]...) }
Subclause Syntax

Datatypes 6-1
6
Datatypes
This chapter presents datatypes recognized by Oracle and available for use within
SQL.
s Datatypes
Datatypes
A datatype is a classiﬁcation of a particular type of information or data. Each value
manipulated by Oracle has a datatype. The datatype of a value associates a ﬁxed set
of properties with the value. These properties cause Oracle to treat values of one
datatype differently from values of another.
Table 6–1 shows the datatypes recognized by Oracle.
Table 6–1 Datatypes Recognized by Oracle
Datatype Syntax
ANSI-supported datatypes { CHARACTER [VARYING] (size)
| { CHAR | NCHAR } VARYING (size)
| VARCHAR (size)
| NATIONAL { CHARACTER | CHAR }
[VARYING] (size)
| { NUMERIC | DECIMAL | DEC }
[ (precision [, scale ]) ]
| { INTEGER | INT | SMALLINT }
| FLOAT [ (size) ]
| DOUBLE PRECISION
| REAL
}

Datatypes
Oracle Built-In Datatypes
Table 6–2 identifies the types of Oracle built-in datatypes.
Oracle built-in datatypes { character_datatypes
| number_datatypes
| long_and_raw_datatypes
| datetime_datatypes
| large_object_datatypes
| rowid_datatypes
}
Oracle-supplied types { any_types
| XML_types
| spatial_types
| media_types
| expression_filter_type
}
user-defined datatypes use Oracle built-in datatypes and other user-defined datatypes
to model the structure and behavior of data in applications
See Also: Datatypes in Oracle Database SQL Reference
Table 6–2 Oracle Built-in Datatypes
Built-In Datatype Syntax
character_datatypes { CHAR [ (size [ BYTE | CHAR ]) ]
| VARCHAR2 (size [ BYTE | CHAR ])
| NCHAR [ (size) ]
| NVARCHAR2 (size)
}
datetime_datatypes { DATE
| TIMESTAMP [ (fractional_seconds_precision) ]
[ WITH [ LOCAL ] TIME ZONE ])
| INTERVAL YEAR [ (year_precision) ] TO MONTH
| INTERVAL DAY [ (day_precision) ] TO SECOND
[ (fractional_seconds_precision) ]
}
large_object_datatypes { BLOB | CLOB | NCLOB | BFILE }
long_and_raw_datatypes { LONG | LONG RAW | RAW (size) }
Table 6–1 (Cont.) Datatypes Recognized by Oracle
Datatype Syntax

Datatypes
Datatypes 6-3
Table 6–3 summarizes Oracle built-in datatypes. The codes listed for the datatypes
are used internally by Oracle Database. The datatype code of a column or object
attribute is returned by the DUMP function.
number_datatypes { NUMBER [ (precision [, scale ]) ]
| BINARY_FLOAT
| BINARY_DOUBLE
}
rowid_datatypes { ROWID | UROWID [ (size) ] }
Table 6–3 Built-In Datatype Summary
Code Built_in Datatype Description
1 VARCHAR2(size
[BYTE | CHAR])
Variable-length character string having maximum
length size bytes or characters. Maximum size is 4000
bytes or characters, and minimum is 1 byte or 1
character. You must specify size for VARCHAR2.
BYTE indicates that the column will have byte length
semantics; CHAR indicates that the column will have
character semantics.
1 NVARCHAR2(size) Variable-length character string having maximum
length size characters. Maximum size is determined
by the national character set definition, with an upper
limit of 4000 bytes. You must specify size for
NVARCHAR2.
2 NUMBER(p,s) Number having precision p and scale s. The precision p
can range from 1 to 38. The scale s can range from -84 to
127.
8 LONG Character data of variable length up to 2 gigabytes, or
231
-1 bytes.
12 DATE Valid date range from January 1, 4712 BC to December
31, 9999 AD.
21 BINARY_FLOAT 32-bit floating point number. This datatype requires 5
bytes, including the length byte.
22 BINARY_DOUBLE 64-bit floating point number. This datatype requires 9
bytes, including the length byte.
Table 6–2 (Cont.) Oracle Built-in Datatypes
Built-In Datatype Syntax

Datatypes
180 TIMESTAMP
(fractional_
seconds_precision)
Year, month, and day values of date, as well as hour,
minute, and second values of time, where
fractional_seconds_precision is the number of
digits in the fractional part of the SECOND datetime
field. Accepted values of fractional_seconds_
precision are 0 to 9. The default is 6.
181 TIMESTAMP
(fractional_
seconds_precision)
WITH TIME ZONE
All values of TIMESTAMP as well as time zone
displacement value, where fractional_seconds_
precision is the number of digits in the fractional part
of the SECOND datetime field. Accepted values are 0 to 9.
The default is 6.
231 TIMESTAMP
(fractional_
seconds_precision)
WITH LOCAL TIME
ZONE
All values of TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, with the
following exceptions:
s Data is normalized to the database time zone when
it is stored in the database.
s When the data is retrieved, users see the data in the
session time zone.
182 INTERVAL YEAR
(year_precision) TO
MONTH
Stores a period of time in years and months, where
year_precision is the number of digits in the YEAR
datetime field. Accepted values are 0 to 9. The default is
2.
183 INTERVAL DAY (day_
precision) TO
SECOND
(fractional_
seconds_precision)
Stores a period of time in days, hours, minutes, and
seconds, where
s day_precision is the maximum number of digits
in the DAY datetime field. Accepted values are 0 to
9. The default is 2.
s fractional_seconds_precision is the
number of digits in the fractional part of the
SECOND field. Accepted values are 0 to 9. The
default is 6.
23 RAW(size) Raw binary data of length size bytes. Maximum size
is 2000 bytes. You must specify size for a RAW value.
24 LONG RAW Raw binary data of variable length up to 2 gigabytes.
69 ROWID Base 64 string representing the unique address of a row
in its table. This datatype is primarily for values
returned by the ROWID pseudocolumn.
Table 6–3 (Cont.) Built-In Datatype Summary

Datatypes
Datatypes 6-5
Converting to Oracle Datatypes
SQL statements that create tables and clusters can also use ANSI datatypes and
datatypes from the IBM products SQL/DS and DB2. Oracle recognizes the ANSI or
IBM datatype name that differs from the Oracle datatype name, records it as the
208 UROWID [(size)] Base 64 string representing the logical address of a row
of an index-organized table. The optional size is the
size of a column of type UROWID. The maximum size
and default is 4000 bytes.
96 CHAR(size [BYTE |
CHAR])
Fixed-length character data of length size bytes.
Maximum size is 2000 bytes or characters. Default and
minimum size is 1 byte.
BYTE and CHAR have the same semantics as for
VARCHAR2.
96 NCHAR(size) Fixed-length character data of length size characters.
Maximum size is determined by the national character
set definition, with an upper limit of 2000 bytes. Default
and minimum size is 1 character.
112 CLOB A character large object containing single-byte or
multibyte characters. Both fixed-width and
variable-width character sets are supported, both using
the database character set. Maximum size is (4 gigabytes
- 1) * (database block size).
112 NCLOB A character large object containing Unicode characters.
Both fixed-width and variable-width character sets are
supported, both using the database national character
set. Maximum size is (4 gigabytes - 1) * (database block
size). Stores national character set data.
113 BLOB A binary large object. Maximum size is (4 gigabytes - 1)
* (database block size).
114 BFILE Contains a locator to a large binary file stored outside
the database. Enables byte stream I/O access to external
LOBs residing on the database server. Maximum size is
4 gigabytes.
Table 6–3 (Cont.) Built-In Datatype Summary

Datatypes
name of the datatype of the column, and then stores the column data in an Oracle
datatype based on the conversions shown in Table 6–4 and Table 6–5.
Table 6–4 ANSI Datatypes Converted to Oracle Datatypes
ANSI SQL Datatype ANSI SQL Datatype Notes
CHARACTER(n)
CHAR(n)
CHAR(n)
CHARACTER VARYING(n)
CHAR VARYING(n)
VARCHAR(n)
NATIONAL CHARACTER(n)
NATIONAL CHAR(n)
NCHAR(n)
NCHAR(n)
NATIONAL CHARACTER
VARYING(n)
NATIONAL CHAR VARYING(n)
NCHAR VARYING(n)
NVARCHAR2(n)
NUMERIC(p,s)
DECIMAL(p,s)a
NUMBER(p,s) a
The NUMBERIC and DECIMAL datatypes can
specify only fixed-point numbers. For those
datatypes, s defaults to 0.
INTEGER
INT
SMALLINT
NUMBER(38)
FLOAT(b)b
DOUBLE PRECISIONc
REALd
NUMBER b
The FLOAT datatype is a floating-point
number with a binary precision b. The default
precision for this datatypes is 126 binary, or 38
decimal.
c
The DOUBLE PRECISION datatype is a
floating-point number with binary precision
126.
d
The REAL datatype is a floating-point number
with a binary precision of 63, or 18 decimal.

Datatypes
Datatypes 6-7
Do not define columns with the following SQL/DS and DB2 datatypes, because
they have no corresponding Oracle datatype:
s GRAPHIC
s LONG VARGRAPHIC
s VARGRAPHIC
s TIME
Note that data of type TIME can also be expressed as Oracle datetime data.
Table 6–5 SQL/DS and DB2 Datatypes Converted to Oracle Datatypes
SQL/DS or DB2 Datatype Oracle Datatype Notes
CHARACTER(n) CHAR(n)
VARCHAR(n) VARCHAR(n)
LONG VARCHAR(n) LONG
DECIMAL(p,s) NUMBER(p,s) The DECIMAL datatype can
specify only fixed-point
numbers. For this datatype,
s defaults to 0.
INTEGER
SMALLINT
NUMBER(38)
FLOAT(b) NUMBER The FLOAT datatype is a
floating-point number with
a binary precision b. The
default precision for this
datatype is 126 binary or 38
decimal.

Datatypes

Format Models 7-1
7
Format Models
This chapter presents the format models for datetime and number data stored in
character strings.
s Format Models
Format Models
A format model is a character literal that describes the format of DATETIME or
NUMBER data stored in a character string. When you convert a character string into a
datetime or number, a format model tells Oracle how to interpret the string.
Number Format Models
You can use number format models:
s In the TO_CHAR function to translate a value of NUMBER datatype to VARCHAR2
datatype
s In the TO_NUMBER function to translate a value of CHAR or VARCHAR2 datatype
to NUMBER datatype
Number Format Elements
A number format model is composed of one or more number format elements.
Table 7–1 lists the elements of a number format model.
See Also: Format Models in Oracle Database SQL Reference

Format Models
Table 7–1 Number Format Elements
Element Example Description
, (comma) 9,999 Returns a comma in the specified position. You can specify multiple commas in a
number format model.
Restrictions:
s A comma element cannot begin a number format model.
s A comma cannot appear to the right of a decimal character or period in a
. (period) 99.99 Returns a decimal point, which is a period (.) in the specified position.
Restriction: You can specify only one period in a number format model.
$ $9999 Returns value with a leading dollar sign.
0 0999
9990
Returns leading zeros.
Returns trailing zeros.
9 9999 Returns value with the specified number of digits with a leading space if positive
or with a leading minus if negative.
Leading zeros are blank, except for a zero value, which returns a zero for the
integer part of the fixed-point number.
B B9999 Returns blanks for the integer part of a fixed-point number when the integer part
is zero (regardless of zeros in the format model).
C C999 Returns in the specified position the ISO currency symbol (the current value of
the NLS_ISO_CURRENCY parameter).
D 99D99 Returns in the specified position the decimal character, which is the current value
of the NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTER parameter. The default is a period (.).
Restriction: You can specify only one decimal character in a number format
model.
EEEE 9.9EEEE Returns a value using in scientific notation.
G 9G999 Returns in the specified position the group separator (the current value of the
NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTER parameter). You can specify multiple group
separators in a number format model.
Restriction: A group separator cannot appear to the right of a decimal character
or period in a number format model.
L L999 Returns in the specified position the local currency symbol (the current value of
the NLS_CURRENCY parameter).

Format Models
Format Models 7-3
MI 9999MI Returns negative value with a trailing minus sign (-).
Returns positive value with a trailing blank.
Restriction: The MI format element can appear only in the last position of a
PR 9999PR Returns negative value in <angle brackets>.
Returns positive value with a leading and trailing blank.
Restriction: The PR format element can appear only in the last position of a
RN
rn
RN
rn
Returns a value as Roman numerals in uppercase.
Returns a value as Roman numerals in lowercase.
Value can be an integer between 1 and 3999.
S S9999
9999S
Returns negative value with a leading minus sign (-).
Returns positive value with a leading plus sign (+).
Returns negative value with a trailing minus sign (-).
Returns positive value with a trailing plus sign (+).
Restriction: The S format element can appear only in the first or last position of a
TM TM The text minimum number format model returns (in decimal output) the
smallest number of characters possible. This element is case insensitive.
The default is TM9, which returns the number in fixed notation unless the output
exceeds 64 characters. If the output exceeds 64 characters, then Oracle Database
automatically returns the number in scientific notation.
Restrictions:
s You cannot precede this element with any other element.
s You can follow this element only with one 9 or one E (or e), but not with any
combination of these. The following statement returns an error:
s SELECT TO_CHAR(1234, 'TM9e') FROM DUAL;
U U9999 Returns in the specified position the Euro (or other) dual currency symbol (the
current value of the NLS_DUAL_CURRENCY parameter).
Table 7–1 (Cont.) Number Format Elements

Format Models
Datetime Format Models
You can use datetime format models:
s In the TO_CHAR, TO_DATE, TO_TIMESTAMP, TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ, TO_
YMINTERVAL, and TO_DSINTERVAL datetime functions to translate a character
string that is in a format other than the default datetime format into a
DATETIME value
s In the TO_CHAR function to translate a DATETIME value that is in a format other
than the default datetime format into a character string
Datetime Format Elements
A datetime format model is composed of one or more datetime format elements.
Table 7–2 lists the elements of a date format model.
V 999V99 Returns a value multiplied by 10n
(and if necessary, round it up), where n is the
number of 9's after the V.
X XXXX
xxxx
Returns the hexadecimal value of the speciﬁed number of digits. If the speciﬁed
number is not an integer, then Oracle Database rounds it to an integer.
Restrictions:
s This element accepts only positive values or 0. Negative values return an
error.
s You can precede this element only with 0 (which returns leading zeroes) or
FM. Any other elements return an error. If you specify neither 0 nor FM with
X, then the return always has 1 leading blank.
See Also: Number Format Models in Oracle Database SQL
Reference
Table 7–1 (Cont.) Number Format Elements

Format Models
Format Models 7-5
Table 7–2 Datetime Format Elements
Element
Specify in TO_*
datetime
functions?a
Meaning
-
/
,
.
;
:
"text"
Yes Punctuation and quoted text is reproduced in the result.
AD
A.D.
Yes AD indicator with or without periods.
AM
A.M.
Yes Meridian indicator with or without periods.
BC
B.C.
Yes BC indicator with or without periods.
CC
SCC
No Century.
s If the last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are between 01 and 99 (inclusive),
then the century is one greater than the ﬁrst 2 digits of that year.
s If the last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are 00, then the century is the same
as the ﬁrst 2 digits of that year.
For example, 2002 returns 21; 2000 returns 20.
D Yes Day of week (1-7).
DAY Yes Name of day, padded with blanks to length of 9 characters.
DD Yes Day of month (1-31).
DDD Yes Day of year (1-366).
DL Yes Returns a value in the long date format, which is an extention of Oracle
Database's DATE format (the current value of the NLS_DATE_FORMAT
parameter). Makes the appearance of the date components (day name,
month number, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY and NLS_
LANGUAGE parameters. For example, in the AMERICAN_AMERICA locale,
this is equivalent to specifying the format 'fmDay, Month dd, yyyy'. In
the GERMAN_GERMANY locale, it is equivalent to specifying the format
'fmDay, dd. Month yyyy'.
Restriction: You can specify this format only with the TS element,
separated by white space.

Format Models
DS Yes Returns a value in the short date format. Makes the appearance of the date
components (day name, month number, and so forth) depend on the NLS_
TERRITORY and NLS_LANGUAGE parameters. For example, in the
AMERICAN_AMERICA locale, this is equivalent to specifying the format
'MM/DD/RRRR'. In the ENGLISH_UNITED_KINGDOM locale, it is equivalent
to specifying the format 'DD/MM/RRRR'.
Restriction: You can specify this format only with the TS element,
DY Yes Abbreviated name of day.
E No Abbreviated era name (Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha
calendars).
EE No Full era name (Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha
calendars).
FF [1..9] Yes Fractional seconds; no radix character is printed (use the X format element
to add the radix character). Use the numbers 1 to 9 after FF to specify the
number of digits in the fractional second portion of the datetime value
returned. If you do not specify a digit, then Oracle Database uses the
precision specified for the datetime datatype or the datatype's default
precision.
Examples: 'HH:MI:SS.FF'
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSTIMESTAMP, 'SS.FF3') from dual;
FM Yes Returns a value with no leading or trailing blanks.
See Also: Additional discussion on this format model modifier in the
Oracle Database SQL Reference
FX Yes Requires exact matching between the character data and the format model.
See Also: Additional discussion on this format model modifier in the
HH Yes Hour of day (1-12).
HH12 No Hour of day (1-12).
HH24 Yes Hour of day (0-23).
IW No Week of year (1-52 or 1-53) based on the ISO standard.
Table 7–2 (Cont.) Datetime Format Elements
Element
Specify in TO_*
datetime
functions?a
Meaning

Format Models
Format Models 7-7
IYY
IY
I
No Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of ISO year.
IYYY No 4-digit year based on the ISO standard.
J Yes Julian day; the number of days since January 1, 4712 BC. Number speciﬁed
with J must be integers.
MI Yes Minute (0-59).
MM Yes Month (01-12; January = 01).
MON Yes Abbreviated name of month.
MONTH Yes Name of month, padded with blanks to length of 9 characters.
PM
P.M.
No Meridian indicator with or without periods.
Q No Quarter of year (1, 2, 3, 4; January - March = 1).
RM Yes Roman numeral month (I-XII; January = I).
RR Yes Lets you store 20th century dates in the 21st century using only two digits.
See Also: Additional discussion on RR datetime format element in the
RRRR Yes Round year. Accepts either 4-digit or 2-digit input. If 2-digit, provides the
same return as RR. If you do not want this functionality, then enter the
4-digit year.
SS Yes Second (0-59).
SSSSS Yes Seconds past midnight (0-86399).
TS Yes Returns a value in the short time format. Makes the appearance of the time
components (hour, minutes, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY
and NLS_LANGUAGE initialization parameters.
Restriction: You can specify this format only with the DL or DS element,
Element
Specify in TO_*
datetime
functions?a
Meaning

Format Models
TZD Yes Daylight savings information. The TZD value is an abbreviated time zone
string with daylight savings information. It must correspond with the
region specified in TZR.
Example: PST (for US/Pacific standard time); PDT (for US/Pacific daylight
time).
TZH Yes Time zone hour. (See TZM format element.)
Example: 'HH:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM'.
TZM Yes Time zone minute. (See TZH format element.)
Example: 'HH:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM'.
TZR Yes Time zone region information. The value must be one of the time zone
regions supported in the database.
Example: US/Pacific
WW No Week of year (1-53) where week 1 starts on the first day of the year and
continues to the seventh day of the year.
W No Week of month (1-5) where week 1 starts on the first day of the month and
ends on the seventh.
X Yes Local radix character.
Example: 'HH:MI:SSXFF'.
Y,YYY Yes Year with comma in this position.
YEAR
SYEAR
No Year, spelled out; S prefixes BC dates with a minus sign (-).
YYYY
SYYYY
Yes 4-digit year; S prefixes BC dates with a minus sign.
YYY
YY
Y
Yes Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of year.
See Also: Datetime Format Models in Oracle Database SQL
Reference
Element
Specify in TO_*
datetime
functions?a
Meaning

SQL*Plus Commands A-1
A
SQL*Plus Commands
This appendix presents many of the SQL*Plus commands.
This appendix includes the following section:
s SQL*Plus Commands
SQL*Plus Commands
SQL*Plus is a command-line tool that provides access to the Oracle RDBMS.
SQL*Plus enables you to:
s Enter SQL*Plus commands to conﬁgure the SQL*Plus environment
s Startup and shutdown an Oracle database
s Connect to an Oracle database
s Enter and execute SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks
s Format and print query results
SQL*Plus is available on several platforms. In addition, it has a web-based user
interface, iSQL*Plus.
The commands shown in Table A–1 are SQL*Plus commands available in the
command-line interface. Not all commands or command parameters are shown.
See Also:
s SQL*Plus Quick Reference
s SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference

SQL*Plus Commands
A-2 Oracle Database SQL Quick Reference
Table A–1 Basic SQL*Plus Commands
How To... SQL*Plus Command
Log in to SQL*Plus SQLPLUS [ { username[/passward][@connect_identifier] | / }
[ AS { SYSDBA | SYSOPER } ]
| /NOLOG
]
List help topics available
in SQL*Plus
HELP [ INDEX | topic ]
Execute host commands HOST [ command ]
Show SQL*Plus system
variables or environment
settings
SHOW { ALL | ERRORS | USER | system_variable | ... }
Alter SQL*Plus system
variables or environment
settings
SET system_variable value
Start up a database STARTUP PFILE = filename
[ MOUNT [ dbname ] | NOMOUNT | ... ]
Connect to a database CONNECT [ [ username [ /password ] [ @connect_identifier ]
[ / AS { SYSOPER | SYSDBA } ]
]
List column definitions for
a table, view, or synonym,
or specifications for a
function or procedure
DESCRIBE [ schema. ] object
Edit contents of the SQL
buffer or a file
EDIT [ filename [ .ext ] ]
Get a file and load its
contents into the SQL
buffer
GET filename [ .ext ] [ LIST | NOLLIST ]
Save contents of the SQL
buffer to a file
SAVE filename [ .ext ] [ CREATE | REPLACE | APPEND ]
List contents of the SQL
buffer
LIST [ n | n m | n LAST | ... ]
Delete contents of the SQL
buffer
DEL [ n | n m | n LAST | ... ]
Add new lines following
current line in the SQL
buffer
INPUT [ text ]

SQL*Plus Commands
SQL*Plus Commands A-3
Append text to end of
current line in the SQL
buffer
APPEND text
Find and replace first
occurrence of a text string
in current line of the SQL
buffer
CHANGE sepchar old [ sepchar [ new [ sepchar ] ] ]
sepchar can be any non-alphanumeric character such as "/" or
"!"
Capture query results in a
file and, optionally, send
contents of file to default
printer
SPOOL [ filename [ .ext ]
[ CREATE | REPLACE | APPEND | OFF | OUT ]
Run SQL*Plus statements
stored in a file
@ { url | filename [ .ext ] } [ arg... ]
START filename [ .ext ] [ arg... ]
.ext can be omitted if the filename extension is .sql
Execute commands stored
in the SQL buffer
/
List and execute
commands stored in the
SQL buffer
RUN
Execute a single PL/SQL
statement or run a stored
procedure
EXECUTE statement
Disconnect from a
database
DISCONNECT
Shut down a database SHUTDOWN [ ABORT | IMMEDIATE | NORMAL | ... ]
Log out of SQL*Plus { EXIT | QUIT }
[ SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | ... ]
[ COMMIT | ROLLBACK ]
Table A–1 Basic SQL*Plus Commands
How To... SQL*Plus Command

SQL*Plus Commands
A-4 Oracle Database SQL Quick Reference

Index-1
Index
Symbols
- (dash)
datetime format element, 7-4
. (period)
/ (slash)
SQL*Plus command, A-3
, (comma)
: (colon)
; (semicolon)
@ (at sign)
A
ABS function, 2-1
ACOS function, 2-1
ADD_MONTHS function, 2-1
ALTER CLUSTER, 1-2
ALTER DATABASE, 1-2
ALTER DIMENSION, 1-3
ALTER DISKGROUP, 1-3
ALTER FUNCTION, 1-3
ALTER INDEX, 1-4
ALTER INDEXTYPE, 1-4
ALTER JAVA, 1-4
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1-5
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1-6
ALTER OPERATOR, 1-6
ALTER OUTLINE, 1-7
ALTER PACKAGE, 1-7
ALTER PROCEDURE, 1-7
ALTER PROFILE, 1-7
ALTER RESOURCE COST, 1-7
ALTER ROLE, 1-8
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1-8
ALTER SEQUENCE, 1-8
ALTER SESSION, 1-8
ALTER SYSTEM, 1-9
ALTER TABLE, 1-9
ALTER TABLESPACE, 1-10
ALTER TRIGGER, 1-10
ALTER TYPE, 1-10
ALTER USER, 1-11
ALTER VIEW, 1-12
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
datatypes
conversion to Oracle datatypes, 6-5
analytic_function function, 2-1
ANALYZE, 1-13
APPEND
ASCII function, 2-1
ASCIISTR function, 2-1
ASIN function, 2-1
ASSOCIATE STATISTICS, 1-13
ATAN function, 2-1
ATAN2 function, 2-2
AUDIT, 1-13
AVG function, 2-2

Index-2
B
BFILENAME function, 2-2
BIN_TO_NUM function, 2-2
BITAND function, 2-2
C
CALL, 1-13
CARDINALITY function, 2-2
CASE expressions, 3-1
CAST function, 2-2
CC datetime format element, 7-4
CEIL function, 2-2
CHANGE
CHARTOROWID function, 2-2
CHR function, 2-2
COALESCE function, 2-2
COLLECT function, 2-2
COMMENT, 1-13
COMMIT, 1-13
COMPOSE function, 2-2
compound conditions, 4-1
compound expressions, 3-2
CONCAT function, 2-2
conditions, 4-1
see also SQL conditions
CONNECT
CONVERT function, 2-2
CORR function, 2-2
CORR_K function, 2-2
CORR_S function, 2-2
COS function, 2-2
COSH function, 2-2
COUNT function, 2-2
COVAR_POP function, 2-2
COVAR_SAMP function, 2-3
CREATE CLUSTER, 1-14
CREATE CONTEXT, 1-14
CREATE CONTROLFILE, 1-15
CREATE DATABASE, 1-15
CREATE DATABASE LINK, 1-16
CREATE DIMENSION, 1-16
CREATE DIRECTORY, 1-16
CREATE DISKGROUP, 1-16
CREATE FUNCTION, 1-17
CREATE INDEX, 1-17
CREATE INDEXTYPE, 1-17
CREATE JAVA, 1-18
CREATE LIBRARY, 1-18
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1-19
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1-20
CREATE OPERATOR, 1-20
CREATE OUTLINE, 1-20
CREATE PACKAGE, 1-20
CREATE PACKAGE BODY, 1-20
CREATE PFILE, 1-21
CREATE PROCEDURE, 1-21
CREATE PROFILE, 1-21
CREATE ROLE, 1-21
CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1-21
CREATE SCHEMA, 1-21
CREATE SEQUENCE, 1-22
CREATE SPFILE, 1-22
CREATE SYNONYM, 1-22
CREATE TABLE, 1-22
CREATE TABLESPACE, 1-22
CREATE TRIGGER, 1-22
CREATE TYPE, 1-23
CREATE TYPE BODY, 1-23
CREATE USER, 1-24
CREATE VIEW, 1-25
CUME_DIST (aggregate) function, 2-3
CUME_DIST (analytic) function, 2-3
currency
group separators, 7-2
currency symbol
ISO, 7-2
local, 7-2
union, 7-3
CURRENT_DATE function, 2-3
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP function, 2-3
CURSOR expression, 3-2
CV function, 2-3
D
date format models, 7-4, 7-5

Index-3
datetime format elements, 7-4
long, 7-5
short, 7-6
DATETIME expressions, 3-2
DB2 datatypes
restrictions on, 6-7
DBTIMEZONE function, 2-3
DD datetime format element, 7-4
DDAY datetime format element, 7-4
DDD datetime format element, 7-4
decimal characters
specifying, 7-2
DECODE function, 2-3
DECOMPOSE function, 2-3
DEL
DELETE, 1-25
DENSE_RANK (aggregate) function, 2-3
DENSE_RANK (analytic) function, 2-3
DEPTH function, 2-3
DEREF function, 2-3
DESCRIBE
DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS, 1-25
DISCONNECT
DROP CLUSTER, 1-25
DROP CONTEXT, 1-25
DROP DATABASE, 1-25
DROP DATABASE LINK, 1-25
DROP DIMENSION, 1-26
DROP DIRECTORY, 1-26
DROP DISKGROUP, 1-26
DROP FUNCTION, 1-26
DROP INDEX, 1-26
DROP INDEXTYPE, 1-26
DROP JAVA, 1-26
DROP LIBRARY, 1-26
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1-26
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1-26
DROP OPERATOR, 1-26
DROP OUTLINE, 1-26
DROP PACKAGE, 1-26
DROP PROCEDURE, 1-26
DROP PROFILE, 1-26
DROP ROLE, 1-26
DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1-26
DROP SEQUENCE, 1-26
DROP SYNONYM, 1-26
DROP TABLE, 1-26
DROP TABLESPACE, 1-27
DROP TRIGGER, 1-27
DROP TYPE, 1-27
DROP TYPE BODY, 1-27
DROP USER, 1-27
DROP VIEW, 1-27
DUMP function, 2-3
DY datetime format element, 7-4
E
E datetime format element, 7-4
EDIT
EE datetime format element, 7-4
EMPTY_BLOB function, 2-4
EQUALS_PATH condition, 4-1
EXECUTE
EXISTSNODE function, 2-4
EXIT
EXP function, 2-4
EXPLAIN PLAN, 1-27
expressions, 3-1
see also SQL expressions
EXTRACT (datetime) function, 2-4
EXTRACT (XML) function, 2-4
EXTRACTVALUE function, 2-4
F
FF datetime format element, 7-4
FIRST function, 2-4
FIRST_VALUE function, 2-5
FLASHBACK DATABASE, 1-27
FLASHBACK TABLE, 1-27
floating-point condition, 4-2
FLOOR function, 2-5

Index-4
format models, 7-1
date format models, 7-4
number format models, 7-1
number format elements, 7-1
FROM_TZ function, 2-5
functions, 2-1
see also SQL functions
G
GET
GRANT, 1-27
GRAPHIC datatype
DB2, 6-7
SQL/DS, 6-7
GREATEST function, 2-5
group comparison condition, 4-1
group separator
specifying, 7-2
GROUP_ID function, 2-5
GROUPING function, 2-5
GROUPING_ID function, 2-5
H
HELP
hexadecimal value
returning, 7-4
HEXTORAW function, 2-5
HH datetime format element, 7-4
HOST
I
IN conditions, 4-2
INITCAP function, 2-5
INPUT
INSERT, 1-27
INSTR function, 2-5
INTERVAL expressions, 3-2
IS A SET conditions, 4-2
IS ANY condition, 4-2
IS EMPTY conditions, 4-2
IS OF TYPE conditions, 4-2
IS PRESENT condition, 4-2
ITERATION_NUMBER function, 2-5
L
LAG function, 2-5
LAST function, 2-5
LAST_DAY function, 2-5
LAST_VALUE function, 2-5
LEAD function, 2-5
LEAST function, 2-5
LENGTH function, 2-6
LIKE condition, 4-2
LIST
LN function, 2-6
LNNVL function, 2-6
locale independent, 7-5
LOCALTIMESTAMP function, 2-6
LOCK TABLE, 1-28
LOG function, 2-6
logical conditions, 4-2
LONG VARGRAPHIC datatype
DB2, 6-7
SQL/DS, 6-7
LOWER function, 2-6
LPAD function, 2-6
LTRIM function, 2-6
M
MAKE_REF function, 2-6
MAX function, 2-6
MEDIAN function, 2-6
MEMBER condition, 4-2
MERGE, 1-28
MIN function, 2-6
MOD function, 2-6
model expressions, 3-2
MONTHS_BETWEEN function, 2-6

Index-5
N
NANVL function, 2-6
NCHR function, 2-6
NEW_TIME function, 2-6
NEXT_DAY function, 2-6
NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN function, 2-6
NLS_CHARSET_ID function, 2-6
NLS_CHARSET_NAME function, 2-6
NLS_INITCAP function, 2-6
NLS_LOWER function, 2-6
NLS_UPPER function, 2-6
NLSSORT function, 2-7
NOAUDIT, 1-28
NTILE function, 2-7
NULL conditions, 4-2
NULLIF function, 2-7
number format models, 7-1
NUMTODSINTERVAL function, 2-7
NUMTOYMINTERVAL function, 2-7
NVL function, 2-7
NVL2 function, 2-7
O
object access expressions, 3-2
ORA_HASH function, 2-7
P
PATH function, 2-7
PERCENT_RANK (aggregate) function, 2-7
PERCENT_RANK (analytic) function, 2-7
PERCENTILE_CONT function, 2-7
PERCENTILE_DISC function, 2-7
POWER function, 2-7
POWERMULTISET function, 2-7
POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY
function, 2-7
PRESENTNNV function, 2-7
PRESENTV function, 2-7
PREVIOUS function, 2-7
PURGE, 1-28
Q
QUIT
R
range conditions, 4-3
RANK (aggregate) function, 2-8
RANK (analytic) function, 2-8
RATIO_TO_REPORT function, 2-8
RAWTOHEX function, 2-8
RAWTONHEX function, 2-8
REF function, 2-8
REFTOHEX function, 2-8
REGEXP_INSTR function, 2-8
REGEXP_LIKE condition, 4-3
REGEXP_REPLACE function, 2-8
REGEXP_SUBSTR function, 2-9
REGR_AVGX function, 2-9
REGR_AVGY function, 2-9
REGR_COUNT function, 2-9
REGR_INTERCEPT function, 2-9
REGR_R2 function, 2-9
REGR_SLOPE function, 2-9
REGR_SXX function, 2-9
REGR_SXY function, 2-9
REGR_SYY function, 2-9
REMAINDER function, 2-9
RENAME, 1-28
REPLACE function, 2-9
REVOKE, 1-28
ROLLBACK, 1-29
ROUND (date) function, 2-9
ROUND (number) function, 2-9
ROW_NUMBER function, 2-9
ROWIDTOCHAR function, 2-9
ROWTONCHAR function, 2-9
RPAD function, 2-9
RTRIM function, 2-9
RUN
S
SAVE

Index-6
SAVEPOINT, 1-29
SCC datetime format element, 7-4
scientific notation, 7-2
SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP function, 2-9
SELECT, 1-29
SESSIONTIMEZONE function, 2-9
SET
SET CONSTRAINT, 1-29
SET function, 2-9
SET ROLE, 1-29
SET TRANSACTION, 1-29
SHOW
SHUTDOWN
SIGN function, 2-9
simple comparison condition, 4-3
simple expressions, 3-3
SIN function, 2-9
SINH function, 2-10
SOUNDEX function, 2-10
SPOOL
SQL conditions, 4-1
compound conditions, 4-1
EQUALS_PATH condition, 4-1
floating-point condition, 4-2
group comparison condition, 4-1
IN conditions, 4-2
IS A SET conditions, 4-2
IS ANY condition, 4-2
IS EMPTY conditions, 4-2
IS OF TYPE conditions, 4-2
IS PRESENT condition, 4-2
LIKE condition, 4-2
logical conditions, 4-2
MEMBER condition, 4-2
NULL conditions, 4-2
range conditions, 4-3
REGEXP_LIKE condition, 4-3
simple comparison condition, 4-3
SUBMULTISET conditions, 4-3
UNDER_PATH condition, 4-3
SQL expressions, 3-1
CASE expressions, 3-1
compound expressions, 3-2
CURSOR expression, 3-2
DATETIME expressions, 3-2
INTERVAL expressions, 3-2
model expressions, 3-2
object access expressions, 3-2
simple expressions, 3-3
type constructor expression, 3-3
variable expression, 3-3
SQL functions, 2-1
ABS, 2-1
ACOS, 2-1
ADD_MONTHS, 2-1
analytic_function, 2-1
ASCII, 2-1
ASCIISTR, 2-1
ASIN, 2-1
ATAN, 2-1
ATAN2, 2-2
AVG, 2-2
BFILENAME, 2-2
BIN_TO_NUM, 2-2
BITAND, 2-2
CARDINALITY, 2-2
CAST, 2-2
CEIL, 2-2
CHARTOROWID, 2-2
CHR, 2-2
COALESCE, 2-2
COLLECT, 2-2
COMPOSE, 2-2
CONCAT, 2-2
CONVERT, 2-2
CORR, 2-2
CORR_K, 2-2
CORR_S, 2-2
COS, 2-2
COSH, 2-2
COUNT, 2-2
COVAR_POP, 2-2
COVAR_SAMP, 2-3
CUME_DIST (aggregate), 2-3
CUME_DIST (analytic), 2-3

Index-7
CURRENT_DATE, 2-3
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, 2-3
CV, 2-3
DBTIMEZONE, 2-3
DECODE, 2-3
DECOMPOSE, 2-3
DENSE_RANK (aggregate), 2-3
DENSE_RANK (analytic), 2-3
DEPTH, 2-3
DEREF, 2-3
DUMP, 2-3
EMPTY_BLOB, 2-4
EXISTSNODE, 2-4
EXP, 2-4
EXTRACT (datetime), 2-4
EXTRACT (XML), 2-4
EXTRACTVALUE, 2-4
FIRST, 2-4
FIRST_VALUE, 2-5
FLOOR, 2-5
FROM_TZ, 2-5
GREATEST, 2-5
GROUP_ID, 2-5
GROUPING, 2-5
GROUPING_ID, 2-5
HEXTORAW, 2-5
INITCAP, 2-5
INSTR, 2-5
ITERATION_NUMBER, 2-5
LAG, 2-5
LAST, 2-5
LAST_DAY, 2-5
LAST_VALUE, 2-5
LEAD, 2-5
LEAST, 2-5
LENGTH, 2-6
LN, 2-6
LNNVL, 2-6
LOCALTIMESTAMP, 2-6
LOG, 2-6
LOWER, 2-6
LPAD, 2-6
LTRIM, 2-6
MAKE_REF, 2-6
MAX, 2-6
MEDIAN, 2-6
MIN, 2-6
MOD, 2-6
MONTHS_BETWEEN, 2-6
NANVL, 2-6
NCGR, 2-6
NEW_TIME, 2-6
NEXT_DAY, 2-6
NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN, 2-6
NLS_CHARSET_ID, 2-6
NLS_CHARSET_NAME, 2-6
NLS_INITCAP, 2-6
NLS_LOWER, 2-6
NLS_UPPER, 2-6
NLSSORT, 2-7
NTILE, 2-7
NULLIF, 2-7
NUMTODSINTERVAL, 2-7
NUMTOYMINTERVAL, 2-7
NVL, 2-7
NVL2, 2-7
ORA_HASH, 2-7
PATH, 2-7
PERCENT_RANK (aggregate), 2-7
PERCENT_RANK (analytic), 2-7
PERCENTILE_CONT, 2-7
PERCENTILE_DISC, 2-7
POWER, 2-7
POWERMULTISET, 2-7
POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY, 2-7
PRESENTNNV, 2-7
PRESENTV, 2-7
PREVIOUS, 2-7
RANK (aggregate), 2-8
RANK (analytic), 2-8
RATIO_TO_REPORT, 2-8
RAWTOHEX, 2-8
RAWTONHEX, 2-8
REF, 2-8
REFTOHEX, 2-8
REGEXP_INSTR, 2-8
REGEXP_REPLACE, 2-8
REGEXP_SUBSTR, 2-9
REGR_AVGX, 2-9
REGR_AVGY, 2-9

Index-8
REGR_COUNT, 2-9
REGR_INTERCEPT, 2-9
REGR_R2, 2-9
REGR_SLOPE, 2-9
REGR_SXX, 2-9
REGR_SXY, 2-9
REGR_SYY, 2-9
REMAINDER, 2-9
REPLACE, 2-9
ROUND (date), 2-9
ROUND (number), 2-9
ROW_NUMBER, 2-9
ROWIDTOCHAR, 2-9
ROWTONCHAR, 2-9
RPAD, 2-9
RTRIM, 2-9
SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP, 2-9
SESSIONTIMEZONE, 2-9
SET, 2-9
SIGN, 2-9
SIN, 2-9
SINH, 2-10
SOUNDEX, 2-10
SQRT, 2-10
STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST, 2-10
STATS_CROSSTAB, 2-10
STATS_F_TEST, 2-10
STATS_KS_TEST, 2-10
STATS_MODE, 2-10
STATS_MW_TEST, 2-11
STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA, 2-11
STATS_T_TEST_INDEP, 2-11
STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU, 2-11
STATS_T_TEST_ONE, 2-11
STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED, 2-11
STATS_WSR_TEST, 2-11
STDDEV, 2-11
STDDEV_POP, 2-12
STDDEV_SAMP, 2-12
SUBSTR, 2-12
SUM, 2-12
SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH, 2-12
SYS_CONTEXT, 2-12
SYS_DBURIGEN, 2-12
SYS_EXTRACT_UTC, 2-12
SYS_GUID, 2-12
SYS_TYPEID, 2-12
SYS_XMLAGG, 2-12
SYS_XMLGEN, 2-12
SYSDATE, 2-12
SYSTIMESTAMP, 2-12
TAN, 2-12
TANH, 2-12
TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN, 2-12
TO_BINARY_DOUBLE, 2-12
TO_BINARY_FLOAT, 2-12
TO_CHAR (character), 2-13
TO_CHAR (datetime), 2-13
TO_CHAR (number), 2-13
TO_CLOB, 2-13
TO_DATE, 2-13
TO_DSINTERVAL, 2-13
TO_LOB, 2-13
TO_MULTI_BYTE, 2-13
TO_NCHAR (character), 2-13
TO_NCHAR (datetime), 2-13
TO_NCHAR (number), 2-13
TO_NCLOB, 2-13
TO_NUMBER, 2-13
TO_SINGLE_BYTE, 2-13
TO_TIMESTAMP, 2-13
TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ, 2-13
TO_YMINTERVAL, 2-13
TRANSLATE, 2-13
TRANSLATE...USING, 2-13
TREAT, 2-13
TRIM, 2-13
TRUNC (date), 2-13
TRUNC (number), 2-14
TZ_OFFSET, 2-14
UID, 2-14
UNISTR, 2-14
UPDATEXML, 2-14
UPPER, 2-14
USER, 2-14
user-defined function, 2-14
USERENV, 2-14
VALUE, 2-14
VAR_POP, 2-14
VAR_SAMP, 2-14

Index-9
VARIANCE, 2-14
VSIZE, 2-14
WIDTH_BUCKET, 2-14
XMLAGG, 2-14
XMLCOLATTVAL, 2-14
XMLCONCAT, 2-14
XMLELEMENT, 2-15
XMLFOREST, 2-15
XMLSEQUENCE, 2-15
XMLTRANSFORM, 2-15
SQL statements, 1-1
ALTER CLUSTER, 1-2
ALTER DATABASE, 1-2
ALTER DIMENSION, 1-3
ALTER DISKGROUP, 1-3
ALTER FUNCTION, 1-3
ALTER INDEX, 1-4
ALTER INDEXTYPE, 1-4
ALTER JAVA, 1-4
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1-5
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1-6
ALTER OPERATOR, 1-6
ALTER OUTLINE, 1-7
ALTER PACKAGE, 1-7
ALTER PROCEDURE, 1-7
ALTER PROFILE, 1-7
ALTER RESOURCE COST, 1-7
ALTER ROLE, 1-8
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1-8
ALTER SEQUENCE, 1-8
ALTER SESSION, 1-8
ALTER SYSTEM, 1-9
ALTER TABLE, 1-9
ALTER TABLESPACE, 1-10
ALTER TRIGGER, 1-10
ALTER TYPE, 1-10
ALTER USER, 1-11
ALTER VIEW, 1-12
ANALYZE, 1-13
ASSOCIATE STATISTICS, 1-13
AUDIT, 1-13
CALL, 1-13
COMMENT, 1-13
COMMIT, 1-13
CREATE CLUSTER, 1-14
CREATE CONTEXT, 1-14
CREATE CONTROLFILE, 1-15
CREATE DATABASE, 1-15
CREATE DATABASE LINK, 1-16
CREATE DIMENSION, 1-16
CREATE DIRECTORY, 1-16
CREATE DISKGROUP, 1-16
CREATE FUNCTION, 1-17
CREATE INDEX, 1-17
CREATE INDEXTYPE, 1-17
CREATE JAVA, 1-18
CREATE LIBRARY, 1-18
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1-19
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1-20
CREATE OPERATOR, 1-20
CREATE OUTLINE, 1-20
CREATE PACKAGE, 1-20
CREATE PACKAGE BODY, 1-20
CREATE PFILE, 1-21
CREATE PROCEDURE, 1-21
CREATE PROFILE, 1-21
CREATE ROLE, 1-21
CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1-21
CREATE SCHEMA, 1-21
CREATE SEQUENCE, 1-22
CREATE SPFILE, 1-22
CREATE SYNONYM, 1-22
CREATE TABLE, 1-22
CREATE TABLESPACE, 1-22
CREATE TRIGGER, 1-22
CREATE TYPE, 1-23
CREATE TYPE BODY, 1-23
CREATE USER, 1-24
CREATE VIEW, 1-25
DELETE, 1-25
DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS, 1-25
DROP CLUSTER, 1-25
DROP CONTEXT, 1-25
DROP DATABASE, 1-25
DROP DATABASE LINK, 1-25
DROP DIMENSION, 1-26
DROP DIRECTORY, 1-26
DROP DISKGROUP, 1-26
DROP FUNCTION, 1-26
DROP INDEX, 1-26

Index-10
DROP INDEXTYPE, 1-26
DROP JAVA, 1-26
DROP LIBRARY, 1-26
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1-26
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1-26
DROP OPERATOR, 1-26
DROP OUTLINE, 1-26
DROP PACKAGE, 1-26
DROP PROCEDURE, 1-26
DROP PROFILE, 1-26
DROP ROLE, 1-26
DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1-26
DROP SEQUENCE, 1-26
DROP SYNONYM, 1-26
DROP TABLE, 1-26
DROP TABLESPACE, 1-27
DROP TRIGGER, 1-27
DROP TYPE, 1-27
DROP TYPE BODY, 1-27
DROP USER, 1-27
DROP VIEW, 1-27
EXPLAIN PLAN, 1-27
FLASHBACK DATABASE, 1-27
FLASHBACK TABLE, 1-27
GRANT, 1-27
INSERT, 1-27
LOCK TABLE, 1-28
MERGE, 1-28
NOAUDIT, 1-28
PURGE, 1-28
RENAME, 1-28
REVOKE, 1-28
ROLLBACK, 1-29
SAVEPOINT, 1-29
SELECT, 1-29
SET CONSTRAINT, 1-29
SET ROLE, 1-29
SET TRANSACTION, 1-29
TRUNCATE, 1-29
UPDATE, 1-29
SQL*Plus commands, A-1
/ (slash), A-3
@ (at sign), A-3
APPEND, A-3
CHANGE, A-3
CONNECT, A-2
DEL, A-2
DESCRIBE, A-2
DISCONNECT, A-3
EDIT, A-2
EXECUTE, A-3
EXIT, A-3
GET, A-2
HELP, A-2
HOST, A-2
INPUT, A-2
LIST, A-2
QUIT, A-3
RUN, A-3
SAVE, A-2
SET, A-2
SHOW, A-2
SHUTDOWN, A-3
SPOOL, A-3
SQLPLUS, A-2
START, A-3
STARTUP, A-2
SQL/DS datatypes
restrictions on, 6-7
SQLPLUS
SQRT function, 2-10
START
STARTUP
statements, 1-1
see also SQL statements
STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST function, 2-10
STATS_CROSSTAB function, 2-10
STATS_F_TEST function, 2-10
STATS_KS_TEST function, 2-10
STATS_MODE function, 2-10
STATS_MW_TEST function, 2-11
STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA function, 2-11
STATS_T_TEST_INDEP function, 2-11
STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU function, 2-11
STATS_T_TEST_ONE function, 2-11
STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED function, 2-11
STATS_WSR_TEST function, 2-11

Index-11
STDDEV function, 2-11
STDDEV_POP function, 2-12
STDDEV_SAMP function, 2-12
SUBMULTISET conditions, 4-3
SUBSTR function, 2-12
SUM function, 2-12
SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH function, 2-12
SYS_CONTEXT function, 2-12
SYS_DBURIGEN function, 2-12
SYS_EXTRACT_UTC function, 2-12
SYS_GUID function, 2-12
SYS_TYPEID function, 2-12
SYS_XMLAGG function, 2-12
SYS_XMLGEN function, 2-12
SYSDATE function, 2-12
SYSTIMESTAMP function, 2-12
T
TAN function, 2-12
TANH function, 2-12
TIME datatype
DB2, 6-7
SQL/DS, 6-7
time format models
short, 7-7
time zone
formatting, 7-8
TIMESTAMP datatype
DB2, 6-7
SQL/DS, 6-7
TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN function, 2-12
TO_BINARY_DOUBLE function, 2-12
TO_BINARY_FLOAT function, 2-12
TO_CHAR (character) function, 2-13
TO_CHAR (datetime) function, 2-13
TO_CHAR (number) function, 2-13
TO_CLOB function, 2-13
TO_DATE function, 2-13
TO_DSINTERVAL function, 2-13
TO_LOB function, 2-13
TO_MULTI_BYTE function, 2-13
TO_NCHAR (character) function, 2-13
TO_NCHAR (datetime) function, 2-13
TO_NCHAR (number) function, 2-13
TO_NCLOB function, 2-13
TO_NUMBER function, 2-13
TO_SINGLE_BYTE function, 2-13
TO_TIMESTAMP function, 2-13
TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ function, 2-13
TO_YMINTERVAL function, 2-13
TRANSLATE function, 2-13
TRANSLATE...USING function, 2-13
TREAT function, 2-13
TRIM function, 2-13
TRUNC (date) function, 2-13
TRUNC (number) function, 2-14
TRUNCATE, 1-29
type constructor expression, 3-3
TZ_OFFSET function, 2-14
U
UID function, 2-14
UNDER_PATH condition, 4-3
UNISTR function, 2-14
UPDATE, 1-29
UPDATEXML function, 2-14
UPPER function, 2-14
USER function, 2-14
user-defined function, 2-14
USERENV function, 2-14
V
VALUE function, 2-14
VAR_POP function, 2-14
VAR_SAMP function, 2-14
VARGRAPHIC datatype
DB2, 6-7
SQL/DS, 6-7
variable expression, 3-3
VARIANCE function, 2-14
VSIZE function, 2-14
W
WIDTH_BUCKET function, 2-14

Index-12
X
XMLAGG function, 2-14
XMLCOLATTVAL function, 2-14
XMLCONCAT function, 2-14
XMLELEMENT function, 2-15
XMLFOREST function, 2-15
XMLSEQUENCE function, 2-15
XMLTRANSFORM function, 2-15

Oracle 10g Reference

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Oracle 10g Reference