Organization Development and Change 10th Edition Cummings Solutions Manual
- 1. Instant TestBank Access, One Click Away – Begin at testbankfan.com Organization Development and Change 10th Edition Cummings Solutions Manual https://testbankfan.com/product/organization-development- and-change-10th-edition-cummings-solutions-manual/ OR CLICK BUTTON DOWLOAD NOW Get Instant TestBank Download – Browse at https://testbankfan.com
- 2. Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that you can download immediately if you are interested. Organization Development and Change 10th Edition Cummings Test Bank https://testbankfan.com/product/organization-development-and- change-10th-edition-cummings-test-bank/ testbankfan.com Organization Development and Change 9th Edition Cummings Test Bank https://testbankfan.com/product/organization-development-and- change-9th-edition-cummings-test-bank/ testbankfan.com Cases and Exercises in Organization Development and Change 2nd Edition Anderson Solutions Manual https://testbankfan.com/product/cases-and-exercises-in-organization- development-and-change-2nd-edition-anderson-solutions-manual/ testbankfan.com Multinational Financial Management 9th Edition Shapiro Solutions Manual https://testbankfan.com/product/multinational-financial- management-9th-edition-shapiro-solutions-manual/ testbankfan.com
- 3. Calculus for Scientists and Engineers Early Transcendentals 1st Edition Briggs Test Bank https://testbankfan.com/product/calculus-for-scientists-and-engineers- early-transcendentals-1st-edition-briggs-test-bank/ testbankfan.com Excellence in Business Communication 11th Edition Thill Solutions Manual https://testbankfan.com/product/excellence-in-business- communication-11th-edition-thill-solutions-manual/ testbankfan.com Microbiology 1st Edition Wessner Solutions Manual https://testbankfan.com/product/microbiology-1st-edition-wessner- solutions-manual/ testbankfan.com South-Western Federal Taxation 2017 Corporations Partnerships Estates and Trusts 40th edition Hoffman Solutions Manual https://testbankfan.com/product/south-western-federal- taxation-2017-corporations-partnerships-estates-and-trusts-40th- edition-hoffman-solutions-manual/ testbankfan.com Managing Organizational Change A Multiple Perspectives Approach 2nd Edition Palmer Solutions Manual https://testbankfan.com/product/managing-organizational-change-a- multiple-perspectives-approach-2nd-edition-palmer-solutions-manual/ testbankfan.com
- 4. Entrepreneurship Successfully Launching New Ventures MA 4th Edition Bruce Test Bank https://testbankfan.com/product/entrepreneurship-successfully- launching-new-ventures-ma-4th-edition-bruce-test-bank/ testbankfan.com
- 5. ©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 9 Evaluating and Institutionalizing Organization Development Interventions Learning Objectives • Illustrate the research design and measurement issues associated with evaluating organization development (OD) interventions. • Explain the key elements in the process of institutionalizing OD interventions. Chapter Outline and Lecture Notes This chapter focuses on the final stage of the organization development cycle—evaluation and institutionalization. Evaluation is concerned with providing feedback to practitioners and organization members about the progress and impact of interventions. Institutionalization is a process for maintaining a particular change for an appropriate period of time. It ensures that the results of successful change programs persist over time. 9-1 Evaluating Organization Development Interventions There are two types of evaluation efforts. The first involves collecting information about how well an intervention is progressing so that modifications in the implementation can take place. The second involves a determination about the impact of the intervention on the organization. To isolate the impact, the OD practitioner must find ways to rule out alternative explanations. This is not often an easy task and requires the practitioner to understand research design issues and to apply them creatively. 9-1a Implementation and Evaluation Feedback Evaluation should include during-implementation assessments and after- implementation evaluation. Evaluation focused on guiding implementation may be called implementation feedback and assessment intended to discover intervention outcomes may be called evaluation feedback. Figure 9.1 shows the two kinds of feedback fit with diagnostic and intervention stages of OD. After an invention has been in place for a period of time such as 3 months, members use implementation feedback to see how the intervention is progressing. Additional implementation feedback sessions may be used at other time periods further in the process. Once the intervention is fully implemented, evaluation feedback is used to assess overall effectiveness of the program. The evaluation feedback includes all the data from the measures used during the implementation feedback as well as additional measures.
- 6. ©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9-1b Measurement Providing useful implementation and evaluation feedback involves two activities: (1) selecting the appropriate variables, and (2) designing good measures for them. 1. Selecting Appropriate Variables The variables should derive from the theory or model underlying the intervention. Historically, OD assessment has focused on attitudinal outcomes more so than performance outcomes. 2. Designing Good Measures The measures used should be operationally defined, reliable, and valid. a. Operational Definition. This means that the empirical data needed is specified along with how the data will be collected and how it will be converted to information. Table 9.1 includes several operational definitions. b. Reliability. This concerns the extent to which a measure represents the true value of the variable. It assesses accuracy of the operational definition. c. Validity. This concerns the extent to which the measure actually reflects the variable it is intended to measure. Validity can be assessed in several ways including face (or content) validity, criterion (or convergent) validity, and predictive validity. 9-1c Research Design In addition to measurement, OD practitioners must make choices about how to design the evaluation to achieve valid results. The key issue is how to design the assessment to show whether the intervention did in fact produce the observed results. This is called internal validity. The second question is whether the intervention would work similarly in other situations and this is called external validity. Practitioners have used quasi-experimental designs to assess OD interventions. Table 9.3 provides an example of a quasi-experimental design having the following three features. • Longitudinal measurement involves measuring results repeatedly over relatively long periods of time. • Comparison unit means measuring outcomes at a location with the intervention and one without any intervention. • Statistical analysis will be used to rule out the possibility that the results are caused by random error or chance. Application 9.1: Evaluating Change at Alegent Health This application describes the implementation and evaluation feedback that were developed for the Alegent Health project. It is a detailed example of how data can be used to guide current implementation and evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention.
- 7. ©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Get students to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the assessment? How could it have been improved? Ask how much confidence they have in the lessons learned for this organization? 9-2 Institutionalizing Organizational Changes Recall that Lewin described change as occurring in three stages: unfreezing, moving, and refreezing. Institutionalizing interventions means to refreeze. Refreezing ensures that the change lasts. Figure 9.2 provides a framework for identifying the factors and processes that contribute to the institutionalization of OD interventions including the process of change itself. 9-2a Institutionalization Framework The model shows that two key antecedents—organization and intervention characteristics—affect different institutionalization processes operating in organizations. These processes then affect various indicators of institutionalization. 9-2b Organization Characteristics Organization characteristics include three specific dimensions which can affect intervention. • Congruence is the degree to which an intervention is perceived as being in harmony with the organization’s managerial philosophy, strategy, and structure; its current environment; and other changes. • Stability of environment and technology refers to the degree to which the organization’s environment and technology are changing. The persistence of change is favored with environments are stable. • Unionization tends to make interventional institutionalization more difficult. 9-2c Intervention Characteristics Intervention characteristics include five features that affection the institutionalization process. • Goal specificity involves the extent to which intervention goals are specific rather than broad. Specificity helps direct socializing activities to particular behaviors required to implement the intervention. • Programmability involves the degree to which the changes can be programmed or the extent to which the different intervention characteristics can be specified clearly in advance. • Level of change target at total organization, department, or small work group levels. • Internal support refers to the degree to which there is an internal support system to guide the change process.
- 8. ©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Sponsorship concerns the presence of a powerful sponsor who can initiate, allocate, and legitimize the resources for the intervention. 9-2d Institutionalization Processes Institutionalization processes include five processes which directly affect the degree to which OD interventions are institutionalized. • Socialization concerns the transmission of information about beliefs, preferences, norms, and values with respect to the intervention. • Commitment binds people to behaviors associated with the intervention. • Reward allocation involves linking rewards to the new behaviors required by an intervention. • Diffusion refers to the process of transferring changes from one system to another. • Sensing and calibration involves detecting deviations from desired intervention behaviors and taking corrective action. 9-2e Indicators of Institutionalization Indicators of institutionalization reveal the extent of an intervention’s persistence. • Knowledge is the extent to which the organization members have knowledge of the behaviors associated with the intervention. • Performance is the degree to which the intervention behaviors are actually performed. • Preference involves the degree to which organization members privately accept the organizational changes. • Normative consensus focuses on the extent to which people agree about the appropriateness of the organizational changes. • Value consensus is concerned with social consensus on values relevant to the organizational changes. Application 9.2: Institutionalizing Structural Change at Hewlett-Packard HP is one of the premier companies in the U.S. and has implemented several major large- scale changes. The application helps students to see that change can occur at many different levels and that institutionalizing change is a difficult undertaking. It describes how culture and reward systems can play a strong role in both supporting and constraining change. Summary This chapter explores the final two stages of planned change—evaluating interventions and institutionalizing them. Evaluation was discussed in terms of two kinds of necessary feedback: implementation feedback, concerned with whether the intervention is being implemented as intended, and evaluation feedback, indicating whether the intervention is producing expected results. Evaluation of interventions also involves decisions about measurement and research design. Measurement issues focus on selecting variables and
- 9. ©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. designing good measures. Research design focuses on setting up the conditions for making valid assessments of an intervention’s effects. OD interventions are institutionalized when the change program persists and becomes part of the organization’s normal functioning.
- 10. Random documents with unrelated content Scribd suggests to you:
- 11. about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
- 12. damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
- 13. INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
- 14. remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
- 15. small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
- 16. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
- 17. Welcome to Our Bookstore - The Ultimate Destination for Book Lovers Are you passionate about testbank and eager to explore new worlds of knowledge? At our website, we offer a vast collection of books that cater to every interest and age group. From classic literature to specialized publications, self-help books, and children’s stories, we have it all! Each book is a gateway to new adventures, helping you expand your knowledge and nourish your soul Experience Convenient and Enjoyable Book Shopping Our website is more than just an online bookstore—it’s a bridge connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With a sleek and user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can find your favorite books quickly and easily. Enjoy special promotions, fast home delivery, and a seamless shopping experience that saves you time and enhances your love for reading. Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and personal growth! testbankfan.com