Ownership structure and dividend policy.doc=2

Relationship between Ownership Structure and the Modes of Dividend
Payment: A Study on Dhaka Stock Exchange
Mohammad Ruhul Amin1
Abstract
This paper investigates whether percentage of ownership controlled by the directors of
companies has any association with types of dividend declared by them. For the years
2006 to 2009 data from the Dhaka Stock Exchange, this paper found most of the
companies provided stock dividends rather than cash dividends. Using Fisher Exact Test,
this study has found existence of a significant relationship between the percentage
control of ownership and types of dividend declared. Furthermore, the study indicates
that the companies having >=50% share controlled by the directors are 3 times more
likely to offer stock dividends than companies having <50% control of the shares by the
directors, whereas, the companies having >=50% control of ownership by the directors
are less likely to offer cash dividends compared with ,50 ownership controlled by the
directors .
Key Words: Dhaka Stock Exchange, Ownership Structure, Dividend Policy
1.1.INTRODUCTION
Shareholders are the owners of every corporation. However, not every share holder is
concerned whether to voice out their opinion regarding the policies passed in AGM. They
feel that their voices are insignificant related to the voting power of the directors who
mostly hold a significant portion of the stocks. Thus, the corporate decision whether to
pay stock dividend or cash dividend is primarily made by the BoD in their board meeting
and which most of the time is unanimously agreed upon by the other small share holders
of corporations in their AGMs. The question then arises whether cash or stock dividend
benefits more to the majority shareholders, namely the BoDs of the corporation. This
issue is important to the investors in general for making their investment decision so as to
maximize their wealth. Furthermore, it is also relevant with the problem of agency cost
1
Assistant Professor of Finance, Northern University Bangladesh
1

involved for the firms, as the directors are not only the decision makers whether or not to
provide any dividend by the firms but also are direct beneficiary of the applied dividend
strategy.
A stock dividend implies an increase in nominal share capital and hence a decrease in
retained earnings. Firms announcing stock dividends finance growth entirely by debt
(explaining the need for an increase in nominal share capital) and retained earnings. The
shareholder can keep the shares and hope that the company will be able to use the money
not paid out in as cash dividend to earn a better rate of return, or the shareholder could
also sell some of the new shares to create his or her own cash dividend. The biggest
benefit of a stock dividend is that shareholders do not generally have to pay taxes on the
value. Taxes do need to be paid, however, if a stock dividend has a cash-dividend option,
even if the shares are kept instead of the cash.
The idea about the relevance of dividend on the value creation of a company goes back to
Modigliani and Miller’s (1961) dividend irrelevancy hypothesis, who argued that
dividend policy has no effect on either the price of a firm’s stock or its cost of capital. In
a perfect world, the dividend policy is irrelevant to shareholders wealth. This proposition
has laid solid theoretical foundation for the dividend policy, which at later stage, the
economists have offered explanations in different ways about dividend payment, such as
effect of taxes, dividend signaling, agency cost issues and transaction cost.
The idea that ownership structures whether or not affect the modes of dividend payment
is one of the important fields of study in capital market around the globe. Studies done by
various writers on both the developed and developing capital market found interesting
results. Louis T. W. Cheng, Hung-Gay Fung & T. Y. Leung (2006), found that in many
emerging financial markets, firms typically pay stock dividends rather than cash
dividends. Since the opening up of Chinese capital markets during the early 90’s, it has
been found that Chinese investors appear to favor stock dividend over cash dividends
There are many hypotheses explaining why firms pay out stock dividends. The signaling
and retained earnings hypotheses, which are closely linked and relate stock dividends to a
2

firm’s good growth or investment potential, appear to be the leading contenders in
explaining stock dividend policies of firms in the U.S. (Baker et al, 1995).
Thus, it is important to analyze if there exist a correlation between the owners control of
the shares and the modes of dividend payment so as to suggest if any trading strategy can
be devised based on the nature of the relationship. For this we have chosen an emerging
market in Asia, namely the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE). An extensive search of
literatures also justifies the need to do so as there has not been any study done on this
market on the subject matter.
1.2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The objective of this paper is to examine whether there exists a relationship between
ownership structure and modes of dividend payment, while it will also try to find out
industrywise dividend payment for the years 2006-2009. Specifically, the paper is going
to examine whether the percentage of director’s ownership has an impact on the dividend
declaration of companies under different industries. If any, what types of dividend (equity
or cash) is relevant with the majority (or minority) ownership shareholders.
2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW
Qiao, Y., and Chen, Y., (2001) found evidence of positive statistical relationship between
dividends and mix dividend policies of firms in Chinese stock markets. Their study
showed that the market was not sensitive with cash dividends but was reactive to stock
dividends. On the other hand, Chen, Wei et al (1999) Empirically analyzed the dividend
policy of different companies listed in Shanghai Stock Exchange by method of
Cumulated Abnormal Return (CAR) and studied the existence and character of the
signaling effect of dividend policy. The study found different degree of CARs resulted
from different dividend policies. The CARs of right issues were higher than that of cash
dividend but lower than that of the bonus issues.
Kalay and Loewenstein (1985) found a strong positive relation between dividend changes
and a firm’s ability to generate future earnings and cash Authors showed that dividend
3

loses its information content in explaining firm’s future performance when earning and
earning related variables (such as earnings forecast) are released simultaneously. A new
view is the tunneling perspective, which argues that cash dividends may be used as a tool
to re-direct firm resources to benefit large shareholders and top management at the
expense of minority shareholders.
A number of studies explore the reason for and the impact of issuing stock dividends.
Proposals to explain stock dividends include the signaling, trading range, liquidity, cash
substitution, and retained earnings hypotheses. Foster and Vickrey (1978) reported that
stock dividend generates positive abnormal returns on the declaration date rather than on
the ex-date and that size is not a determinant of market reaction, supporting a signaling
function of stock dividends. All these authors report significant abnormal returns around
the announcement of stock dividends, suggesting that stock dividend issue is a signal for
future cash dividends, cash flows, and earnings. In an examination of responses from
chief financial officers, Eisemann and Moses (1978) found them supporting for signaling,
liquidity, cash substitution, or retained earnings hypotheses. Whereas, Baker and Philips
(1995) reported evidence from a managers’ survey supporting signaling and retained
earning hypotheses.
Cash dividends and stock dividends have been argued substitutes for one another. As
discounting a dividend payment would likely produce a negative market reaction, firms
usually issue stock dividends rather than paying out cash dividends that might lead to a
cash shortage for internal use. Ghosh and Woolridge (1985) find that issue of stock
dividends can mitigate the negative market reaction due to reduction or omission of cash
dividends, which provides evidence for the cash substitution hypothesis.
Fung and Leung (2001) proved that reinvestment by plowing back earnings should be
viewed positively; as it indicates profitable opportunities in firms. If firms indeed have
good investment prospects, shareholders prefer stock dividends in order to preserve cash
for investments; seasoned equity financing is not readily available for future funding
needs because of regulatory constraints in China. Thus the underdevelopment of china’s
4

financial market implies that rational Chinese stockholders would generally prefer stock
dividends to cash dividends, supporting the retained earning hypothesis.
Huang and Fung (2004) found that if dividend policy serves as a signal to the market,
firms’ values (prices) will change as a result. Price appreciation will not translate into
financial gains for the controlling stockholders whose shares cannot be traded through the
stock exchanges. Thus, they would prefer cash dividend to realize an immediate financial
gain. Mitton (2002) found no significant association between insider ownership and stock
price performance for a sample of East-Asian companies. Furthermore, studies regarding
the association between insider ownership and managerial misbehavior are found to have
mixed results.
Very recent studies on the relationship between dividend policy and level of ownership
by the directors include Wang (2006), Lee J. (2006) and Andres, C. (2008). Wang
provided evidence that family ownership is associated with higher earning quality, a
finding consistent with the alignment effect of family ownership. Jim Lee (2006) studied
on S&P and fortune 500 companies where a comparison based on net profit margin,
employment, revenue and gross income growth were made between 1992-2000 and
found that average profit margin for family firms was 10%, two points higher than non-
family owned firms. German researcher Andres, C. (2008), analyzed on 275 German
public companies and found that companies with significant family ownership are more
positively and outperform their peers with other type of shareholders.
3.1. METHODOLOGY
To investigate the relationship between the ownership structure and the types of dividend
payment by various companies, Study years have been considered from 2006 to 2009.
3.2Sample Design And Data Collection
For this paper we have selected data on dividend payout by firms under different
industries listed with the DSE. Years 2006 to 2009 have been selected for the reason that
during these years a lot of companies offered both cash and stock dividends for their
shareholders and thus affected the ownership structures of the companies. The related
5

data have been collected from the official website of DSE - (www.dsebd.org). A total of
193 samples have been selected from four different industries, namely, banks, insurance
companies, cement, and pharmaceutical industry. The companies which declared either
stock or cash dividends only are selected and companies which declared both stock and
cash dividends are excluded from the sample of this study.
The paper divided the firms into two main categories based on the control of the
ownership by the directors of the companies. On one segment there are companies with
greater than or equal to 50% ownership controlled by the directors and on the other are
the companies with less than 50% control of shares by the directors. 71 Companies have
been selected having greater than or equal to 50% ownership by the directors and 122
Companies have been selected with ownership control of less than 50% by the directors.
The names of the companies selected for the study under this paper is presented in
appendix A
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT AND
TESTING:
The study begins with descriptive analysis of the types and percentage of dividend
payments by the four different types of industries for the four years period. Besides this,
the paper will also analyze whether the types of dividend declared has any association
with the amount of control by the director shareholders for the selected sample. To
analyze it the following hypotheses have been proposed:
H0: There is no significant association between ownership structure and types of
dividend payment.
H1: There is a significant association between ownership structure and types of
dividend payment.
6

Chi-square ( x
2
) test will be used to determine the significance of the association, if
there is any. The greater the value of x
2
, the greater would be the discrepancy between
observed and expected frequencies. The formula for computing chi-square is:
( )
∑
−
=
E
EO
x
2
2
Where, O = observed frequency.
E = expected or theoretical frequency.
The calculated value of x
2
is compared with the tabulated value of x
2
for given
degrees of freedom at specified level of significance. If the calculated value of x
2
is
greater than the tabulated value, the difference between theory and observation is
considered to be significant, i.e., it could not have arisen due to fluctuations of simple
sampling. On the Other hand, if the calculated value of x
2
is less than the table value,
the difference between theory and observation is not considered significant, i.e., it could
have arisen due to fluctuations of sampling.
Logistic regression has been also used where ownership structure is considered as the
independent variable and modes of dividend payment as the dependent variable.
4. FINDINGS
Table 1: Average Dividends of the Sample Companies for the Years 2006-2009
Table 1 describes the weighted average returns classified under the stock and cash
dividends for the years 2006 and 2008 for the four selected industries. It shows that
except for the year 2006, all the banks either provided stock dividends or a combination
Ind. Year- 2006 Year- 2007 Year- 2008 Year- 2009
Stock
Div. (%)
Cash
Div. (%)
Stock
Div. (%)
Stock
Div. (%)
Cash
Div. (%)
Cash
Div. (%)
Stock
Div. (%)
Cash
Div. (%)
Bank 28.08 25 54.98 0 29.05 0 32.22 0
Ins. 20.49 13.8 20.91 10.16 22.76 9.37 19.90 25
Cement 0 25.66 0 19.75 10 24 0 0
Pharma 15 24.07 0 34.24 0 32.8 60 58.75
7

of both cash and stock since the firms which provided both types of dividends are
excluded from our sample. During the year 2006 most of the banks provided stock
dividends rather than cash dividends. With the exception of the year 2009, Insurance
companies provided mostly stock dividends where as cement and pharmaceutical
industries provided mostly cash dividends. The reason for this could be primarily
attributed to implementation of BASEL II, which made it obligatory that every
commercial bank, insurance companies and other non-bank financial institutions have to
increase the equity participation by issuing right/bonus shares for its shareholders and not
primarily relying on the debt capital.
Table 2. Comparison of Average Dividends for ≥50% & <50% Control of
Ownership by Directors in 2006 & 2007.
Year-2006 Year-2007
Industry Stock Dividend Cash Dividend Stock Dividend Cash Dividend
Directors’ Control
of Ownership
of Ownership
of Ownership
of Ownership
≥50% <50% ≥50% <50% ≥50% <50% ≥50% <50%
Bank 26% 29.8 % 25% 0% 74.97% 38.3 % 0% 0%
Insurance 30% 17.3% 15% 13.8% 20.64% 21% 15% 8.78%
Cement 0% 0% 25% 26% 0% 0% 27.5% 11.25%
Pharmaceuticals 0% 15% 19.37.% 30.33% 0% 0% 24.37% 54%
Table 3. Comparison of Average Dividends for ≥50% & <50% Control of
Ownership by Directors in 2008 & 2009.
Year-2008 Year-2009
Industry Stock Dividend Cash Dividend Stock Dividend Cash Dividend
of Ownership
of Ownership
of Ownership
of Ownership
≥50% <50% ≥50% <50% ≥50% <50% ≥50% <50%
Bank 26.49% 30.7% 0% 0% 29.98% 34.75% 0% 0%
Insurance 21.11% 22.7% 20% 7.6% 16% 20.77% 0% 25%
Cement 0% 10% 24% 0% 0% 0% 36.5% 0%
Pharmaceuticals 0% 0% 34.75% 25% 0% 60% 58.75% 58.75%
Table 2 and 3 explain the average returns for both directors controlled firms (50% or
more controlled by the directors) and the general investors controlled firms (less than
50% controlled by the directors) and associated average dividends divided between stock
and cash. They show an interesting result where we find that for banks higher percentage
of stock dividends were declared where the majority shares are controlled by the directors
8

for the year 2007, but for the year 2006, 2008 and 2009 companies with directors holding
minority shares provided higher percentage of dividend. For insurance companies we find
very similar dividend rates irrespective of the percentage control by the directors of the
firms. For cement industry cash dividends were mainly declared and the higher
percentage of dividends went to the companies with primarily under the directors’
control. However, for pharmaceutical industry which declared mainly cash dividends,
more percentage dividend were recorded for companies with less than 50% control by the
shareholders during the years 2006, 2007 and 2009 but changed during 2008 when a little
larger dividend was declared for the favor of directors’ controlled shares.
Table 4: Ownership structure and dividend category
Ownership structure * dividend category Cross tabulation
Count
Dividend Category
Totalstock cash
Ownership structure <50% 91 31 122
>=50% 44 27 71
Total 135 58 193
Table 4 shows that of the 193 sample companies for the four years a total of 135
companies provided only stock dividends where as 58 companies provided only cash
dividends. Whereas, a total of 91 companies having <50% ownership control by the
directors offered stock dividend and 31 companies offered cash dividends. The same
tendency has been observed in case of >=50% control of ownership. In such case 44
companies declared stock dividend and 27 companies declared cash dividend.
Furthermore, to analyze whether there is any correlation exists between types of dividend
declared and the ownership structure; a Fisher’s Exact Test was carried out using SPSS
software. The results of the Chi-Square Tests are shown under the table 5.
Table 5: Results of Chi-Square Test
9

Value df
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.400a
1
Continuity Correctionb
2.826 1
Likelihood Ratio 3.349 1
Fisher's Exact Test .075
Linear-by-Linear Association 3.382 1
N of Valid Casesb
193
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 5 shows a significant relationship between types of dividend payment and the
ownership structure at ρ = 10% level. Therefore, it can be concluded that the directors’
control of ownership has significant association with the types of dividend paid, whether
stock or cash.
For a better understanding of the relationship a logistic regression has been run. The
results of the logistic regression have been presented under tables 6 & 7.
Table 6: Results of Logistic Regression
Ownership Controlled by Directors
B df Sig. Exp(B)
<50%
>=50%
-1.077 1 .000
1.000
0.341
Table 6 indicates that companies having >=50% control of ownership by directors are
less likely to offer cash dividends than stock dividends compared with <50 ownership
controlled by the directors.
Table 7: Results of Logistic Regression
Ownership Controlled by the Directors B df Sig. Exp(B)
<50%
>=50%
1.077 1 .000
1.000
2.935
10

Table 7 indicates that companies having >=50% share controlled by the directors are
about 3 times more likely to offer stock dividends than companies having <50% control
of the shares by the directors.
5. CONCLUSION
This paper has tried to investigate the relationship between director’s control of
ownership and modes of dividend payment. It found that in general most of the industries
would like to provide stock dividend rather than cash dividend. Using Fisher Exact Test,
this study has found existence of a significant relationship between the percentage control
of ownership and types of dividend declared. Furthermore, the study indicates that
companies having >=50% control of ownership by directors are less likely to offer cash
dividends than stock dividends compared with <50 ownership controlled by the directors.
Whereas, the companies having >=50% share controlled by the directors are about 3
times more likely to offer stock dividends than companies having <50% control of the
shares by the directors.
This provides an intriguing thought on the matter of agency relationship. Whether or not
the interests of the general investors are protected by the types of dividend declared is a
matter of further study using longer time series data.
REFERENCES
Andres, C (2008), “Large Shareholders and firm Performance: An empirical examination
of founding-family ownership”, Journal of Corporate Finance, 14 (4), 431-445.
11

Baker, H.K. and A.L.Philips, and G.E. Powell, (1995), “The Stock distribution puzzle: A
Synthesis of the literature on stock splits and stock dividends”, Financial Practice &
Education, Spring/ Summer, 24-27.
Eisemann, P.C. and E. A. Moses, (1978), “Stock dividends: Management’s view.”
Financial Analysts Journal 31, 77-80.
Foster, T. W. III and D. Vickrey, (1978), “The information content of stock dividend
announcements,” The Accounting Review 53, 360-370.
Fung, H G. and W.K. Leung, (2001) “Financial liberalization and corporate governance in
china.”, International Journal of Business, 2 (2), 3-31.
Ghosh, C. and J. R. Woolridge, (1988), “An analysis of shareholder reaction to dividend
cuts and omission”, Journal of Financial Research 11, 281-294.
Huang, A.G. and H.G. fung, (2004), “Stock ownership segmentation, floatability, and
constraints on investment banking in china.” China and world Economy, 12 (2), 66-
78.
Kalay, A. and U. Loewenstein, (1985), “Predictable events and excess returns: the case of
dividend announcements,” Journal of Financial Economics 14, 149-175.
Lee, J. (2006), “Family Firm Performance: Further Evidence” Family Business Review.
19 (2), 103-114.
Merton H Miller, Franco Modiglian. (1961), “Dividend policy, growth, and the valuation
of shares.”, Journal of Business, 34:411-33.
Mitton, T. (2002). “A cross-firm analysis of the impact of corporate governance on the
East Asian financial crisis”. Journal of Financial Economics. 64: 215–241.
Wang, D (2006), “Founding Ownership and Earnings Quality”, Journal of Accounting
Research, Vol. 44, No. 3.
12

Chen, W; Liu, X; Yang, Y; (1999), “An empirical study on the signaling effect of
dividend policy in shanghais stock market”, Chinese Journal of Management Science;
7(3).
Qiao, Y; Chen Y; ( 2001), “Dividend policy and fluctuation of stock market in Chinese
companies”, Economic Research; 4 (in Chinese).
Appendix
Table: A 1. 50% or more shares owned by directors and the types of organization
NAME
DIRECTORS
CONTROL OF SHARE
(%)
TYPE OF
ORGANIZATION
RECKITT BENCKISER(BD.)LTD 82.96
PHARMACEUTICALS
& CHEMICALS
LAFARGE SURMA CEMENT LTD 78.13 CEMENT
INTERNATIONAL LEASING & FINANCIAL
SERV.L 78.07
BANK
PEOPLES INSURANCE 71.23 INSURANCE
LANKABANGLA FINANCE LTD. 70.91 BANK
AMBEE PHARMA 64.72
PHARMACEUTICALS
& CHEMICALS
DUTCH-BANGLA BANK 64.32 BANK
EAGLE STAR TEXTILE 62.20 TEXTILE
ISLAMIC FINANCE & INVESTMENT LTD 60.00 BANK
BOC BANGLADESH 60.00 FUEL & POWER
JAMUNA BANK LTD 59.16 BANK
MEGHNA CEMENT 58.00 CEMENT
DHAKA BANK 57.56 BANK
MERCANTILE BANK LTD 55.71 BANK
PEOPLES LEASING AND FIN. SERVICES
LTD.
55.08 BANK
ONE BANK LIMITED 52.84 BANK
MIDAS FINANCING LTD 52.33 BANK
13

BANK ASIA LTD 51.88 BANK
JANATA INSURANCE 51.71 INSURANCE
RENATA LTD. 51.00
PHARMACEUTICALS
& CHEMICALS
AL-ARAFAH ISLAMI BANK 50.08 BANK
DELTA LIFE INSURANCE 50.00 INSURANCE
BRAC BANK LTD 50.00 BANK
EASTERN INSURANCE 50.00 INSURANCE
GERMAN BANGLA FOODS 50.00 FOOD & ALLIED
H.R.TEXTILE 50.00 TEXTILE
LIBRA INFUSIONS LIMITED 50.00
PHARMACEUTICALS
& CHEMICALS
NILOY CEMENT 50.00 CEMENT
FEDERAL INSURANCE 50.00 INSURANCE
MONA FOOD 50.00 FOOD & ALLIED
Table: A 2. Less than 50% shares owned by directors and the types of organization
NAME
DIRECTORS
CONTROL OF
SHARE (%)
TYPE OF
ORGANIZATION
NCC BANK 49.29 BANK
SUMMIT POWER LIMITED 49.00 FUEL & POWER
IDLC FINANCE LTD 47.35 BANK
EXPORT IMPORT (EXIM) BANK OF
BANGLADESH 46.78
BANK
FINE FOODS LIMITED 44.24 FOOD & ALLIED
MUTUAL TRUST BANK 43.86 BANK
ARAMIT CEMENT 42.86 CEMENT
MODERN CEMENT 42.27 CEMENT
ASIA PACIFIC GENERAL INSURANCE 40.00 INSURANCE
MEGHNA LIFE INSURANCE CO. LTD. 40.00 INSURANCE
MERCANTILE INSURANCE CO. LTD. 40.00 INSURANCE
AGRANI INSURANCE CO 40.00 INSURANCE
NITOL INSURANCE CO. LTD. 40.00 INSURANCE
GLOBAL INSURANCE LTD 40.00 INSURANCE
POPULAR LIFE INSURANCE CO. LTD. 40.00 INSURANCE
FAREAST ISLAMI LIFE INSURANCE
CO. LTD 39.70
INSURANCE
ISLAMI BANK 39.59 BANK
BEXTEX LTD 39.47 TEXTILE
FU WANG FOOD 39.33 FOOD & ALLIED
ACI LIMITED 36.81
PHARMACEUTICALS
& CHEMICALS
GREEN DELTA INSURANCE 36.28 INSURANCE
NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE 35.00 INSURANCE
KARNAPHULI INSURANCE 34.88 INSURANCE
DYNAMIC TEXTILE 33.00 TEXTILE
EASTLAND INSURANCE 32.42 INSURANCE
GULF FOODS 29.79 FOOD & ALLIED
14

CITY BANK 29.16 BANK
PADMA CEMENT 28.12 CEMENT
CONFIDENCE CEMENT 25.46 CEMENT
MITA TEXTILE 25.00 TEXTILE
BEXIMCO PHARMA
20.63
PHARMACEUTICALS
& CHEMICALS
ASHRAF TEXTILE 19.16 TEXTILE
IFIC BANK 12.69 BANK
BANGLADESH INDUSTRIAL FIN. CO.
LTD 12.18
BANK
GRAMEEN MUTUAL FUND ONE 10.00 INVESTMENT
EASTERN BANK 3.43 BANK
ICB AMCL 1ST M.F 1.00 INVESTMENT
ICB AMCL 1ST NRB MUTUAL FUND 1.00 INVESTMENT
ICB AMCL ISLAMIC MUTUAL FUND 1.00 INVESTMENT
UTTARA BANK 0.00 BANK
ICB 0.00 INVESTMENT
POWER GRID COMPANY OF
BANGLADESH LTD
0.00 FUEL & POWER
ZEAL BANGLA SUGAR 0.00 FOOD & ALLIED
RUPALI BANK 0.00 BANK
15

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