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This document describes an experiment to create a pH indicator using red cabbage. Red cabbage is boiled to extract pigments, then droplets of the cabbage solution are added to test tubes containing acidic, alkaline, and neutral solutions. The cabbage solution turns yellow in acid, pink in alkaline solution, and light purple in neutral solution, showing it can indicate the pH of different solutions. The conclusion states this is an easy way to test if water sources are acidic or alkaline, and it would be interesting to test other natural products as pH indicators besides just red cabbage and beetroot.
P h
- 1. MAKING A pH INDICATOR INTRODUCTION A pH indicator is a substance which has one colour when added to an acidic solution and a different colour when added to an alkaline solution. By determining the pH of a solution we can tell if the solution is harmful to the environment. PROBLEM OR QUESTION What would be the colour change of an acidic solution? What would be the colour change of an alkaline solution? Can we use any other fruit or vegetable to measure pH? HYPOTHESIS We think that the colour change is not going to be very significant if we just use red cabbage. Maybe, we need to add something else to see a colour change. MATERIALS Each working group will require: • Beaker (250 cm3) • Bunsen burner • Tripod • Gauze • Heat resistant mat • Test-tubes, 3 (see note 1) • Test-tube rack • Dropping pipette • Several pieces of red cabbage or beetroot • Dilute hydrochloric acid, 0.01 mol dm-3 (Low hazard at this concentration) • Sodium hydroxide solution 0.01 mol dm-3 (Low hazard at this concentration)
- 2. • De-ionised or distilled water PROCEDURE SAFETY: Wear eye protection throughout. Consider clamping the beaker. a. Boil about 50 cm3 of water in a beaker. b. Add 3 or 4 small (5 cm) pieces of red cabbage to the boiling water. c. Continue to boil the red cabbage in the water for about 5 minutes. The water should turn blue or green. d. Turn off the Bunsen burner and allow the beaker to cool for about 15 minutes. e. Place 3 test-tubes in a test-tube rack. Half-fill one of the test-tubes with acid, one with alkali, and one with distilled or de-ionised water. Label the test-tubes. f. Use a dropper pipette to add a few drops of the cabbage solution to each test-tube. Note the colour of the cabbage solution in each of the three test-tubes.
- 3. OBSERVATIONS After the cooling process we added about 5 cc of each solution into each of the three test tubes using separate pipettes. To each test tube, we added about 3 cc of the red cabbage solution. The colour change was immediate. The first test tube with the acid solution turned bright yellow. The second test tube with the alkaline solution turned pink. The third test tube with distilled water turned light purple, just like the red cabbage solution. Test tube 1 Test tube 2 Test tube 3 Acid solution Alkaline solution Neutral solution CONCLUSION The experiment was very simple and easy to understand. It worked! The solution did change colour with the red cabbage solution that was added. This is an easy way to determine if a particular solution is acidic or alkaline. We can use this experiment to test for acid rain, to test the drinking water, or the water that comes from the faucet. Also, if the water in a river or a lake is acidic we can conclude that there has been acid rain or that it has been contaminated from something in the soil. Knowing if a natural solution is too acidic, it will let us know if the animals in the area are in danger.
- 4. It would be interesting to know if other natural products can be used as pH indicators, besides red cabbage and beetroot.