Paraon Introduction Final.pptxdsdsdsdsdsd
- 1. The Introduction Virgil C Paraon MSCJ 1
- 2. LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the report, the students would be able to: 1. Know the importance of Introduction to Research 2. Know the importance of Abstract for a Study; 3. Difference Between Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions; 4. A Model for an Introduction 5. The Research of the Problem Studies 6. Addressing the Problem
- 3. TERMS TO PONDER • Introduction– where you set up your topic and approach for the reader • Abstract- Short Statement about your paper design • Research designs – procedures for inquiry • Research methods – specific data collection, analysis, and interpretation methods • Research problem – issue being addressed
- 4. Research Trivia on Introduction In 2000, the average attention span was 12 seconds and in 2015 the average attention span is 8.25 seconds – Statistic Brain *Which means in any given situation you only have 8 seconds to capture someone’s full attention
- 5. What are the Importance of Introduction in Research?
- 6. • To Provide the reader with a clear understanding of the research question, in addition to the scope, rationale, aims and objectives of the study • An important road map for the rest of your paper • Problem/Issue/Need Leading to the Study • Provide the Research Questions
- 8. What are the Objectives of Writing Research Introduction?
- 9. 1. Provide a foundation for the further development of the Proposal (Overview of the Problem) 2. Facilitate background information (Systematic Analysis and review of literature 3. Systematically State why the proposed research should be undertaken(Rationale), what you hope to achieve(Objectives) and expected results(Outcomes)
- 10. Introduction Includes • Hooks- Description, Illustration, narration or dialogue that pulls the reader into your paper topic • Transition-Sentence that connects the hook with the thesis • Thesis- Sentence/s that summarizes the main point of the paper.
- 11. Is there specific model to write an introduction? ? YES • JOHN SWALES, Linguist from the University of Michigan, developed a CARS(Creating a Research Space) a model for writing an research introduction.
- 12. CARS MODEL IS USEFUL • Begin the Writing process (Getting Started is often the most difficult task • Understand the way in which an introduction sets the stage for the rest of your paper • Assess how the introduction fits within the larger scope of your study
- 13. An Abstract for a Study Summarizes, Usually in One paragraph of 300 words or less, the major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence that includes 1. The overall Purpose of the Study and the research problems you investigated 2. The Basic design of the Study 3. What is your paper about? 4. Why is it important? 5. What did you find? 6. Why are your findings Important?
- 15. Research Designs • A. Qualitative Research Design = involves in depth analysis of the problems. Its focused is to provide accurate description of problems w/o attempting to treat or employ sophisticated statistical tools or describe problems. • Less participants, experiences , longer contact time, Interview (Semi Structured and Unstructured = “Unli Information Bigay Siya ng Bigay Ikaw Kuha ka ng Kuha”), More Words, Assumptions, Open Ended Questions (More Details) Cannot be answerable by Yes or No. (Parang Unli Rice), Exploring (Lalim at Lawak ng Study), Rapport with Participants, Narratives and Paragraphs, Themes and Concepts, More Writing • B. Quantitative Research Design = its focused is to describe problems descriptively and numerically. It utilizes more statistical tests to explain the nature, characteristics, relationships and differences of variables. • Examples are Survey Questionnaires(Google Forms, Printed Copy), more respondents, Opinions or perceptions, Short contact time, Structured, more numbers, Hypothesis, Close-ended Questions (Yes, No, Always, Often, Sometimes, Never, Agree, Disagree), Hypothesis Testing, Distance, Tables and Graphs, Scale and Ranking (5,4,3,2,1), Less Writing
- 16. Sample Question • QUALITATIVE • How do you handle your roles as a parent and as a college student at the same time? • What advice would you give to other working parents who are continuing their college studies? • QUANTITATIVE • Can you handle your role s being a parent and a college student at the same time? • Would you encourage other parents to continue their college studies?
- 17. Mixed Methods Mixed methods research designs: - Integration of quantitative and qualitative research and data and analyses 1. Core designs – Convergent parallel mixed methods – Explanatory sequential mixed methods – Exploratory sequential mixed methods 2. Complex designs (e.g., experiment)
- 18. Background This part discusses the historical background of the problem. It describes the problematic situation, The extent and gravity of the problem, Who are affected that led to conduct of the study Pertinent statistical data can be cited to support the researchers existence of the problem.
- 19. Review of Related Literature/Studies In conducting literature follow the steps: Define the research problem precisely Survey & examine relevant secondary sources of information Select appropriate general reference works. Formulate and focus on search items like key words or phrase to make the process of inquiry more efficient. Search the general references for relevant primary of information.
- 20. Synthesis •The synthesis of the related literature and studies must be logically summarize and combine into a coherent whole the surveyed findings and ideas of other researchers and authors. •It is the part that puts the surveyed materials in a logical perspective.
- 21. Statement of the Problem/Research of Problem Studies • Elements of the SOP Aim or Purpose Subject Matter or Topic Place or Locale Period or Time Population • In some research, the aim is omitted as well as the population. It is also known as the Objectives of the Study.
- 22. Guidelines in Formulating SOP • The general and specific problems should be formulated first before starting the research. • Form the two parts of the problem, the General Problem and Specific problem • It is customary to state the general problem in statement form, while the specific problems is interrogative form. • Each specific question must be clear and unequivocal • Each specific question is researchable. • Each specific question must be based upon facts • It may have a researchable and non-researchable questions.
- 23. Theoretical Framework Theoretical framework is the foundation of the study. The theory should have a relationship with the issues posted in the study Types of Theories 1. Descriptive Theory = seeks to describe a phenomenon 2. Prescriptive Theory = seeks to tell how and sometimes why one should or ought to behave in certain ways
- 24. Guidelines in Choosing Theory 1. Research must be well-founded on universally accepted, known and tested theory, principles or concepts. 2. Research may be anchored on several theories available. Presentation of Theoretical Framework Ex. The framework of the study is anchored on ………….. ……………
- 25. Guidelines in Choosing Theory 1. Research must be well-founded on universally accepted, known and tested theory, principles or concepts. 2. Research may be anchored on several theories available. Presentation of Theoretical Framework Ex. The framework of the study is anchored on ………….. ……………
- 26. Conceptual Framework = an illustration of how research problems are generated from the theoretical framework of the study = it may be some sort of modification of the theoretical framework or personally conceptualized by the researcher
- 28. Assumption and Hypothesis 1. Assumption = self-evident truth which is based upon known fact or phenomenon. It is not usually answered or proven because it is assumed true or correct which are beyond the control of the researcher. Note: In historical and descriptive researches, it is often times not explicitly expressed but left implicit, that is, unwritten 2. Hypothesis = tentative conclusion or answer to specific question raised at the beginning of the investigation. It is an educated guess about the answer to a specific question.
- 29. Significance of the Study •It is the part of the research paper that allows the researcher to state the value, importance and or contributions which the study is expected to add to a particular discipline. •To be significant the study should be timely and relevant. •This is presented by stating the general importance of the study to specific individuals or groups.
- 30. Example of Significance of the Study
- 31. Scope and Limitation •The scope of the study states where and when the study will be conducted and who the subject are. •It also sets the delimitations and establishes the boundaries of the study. •The limitation of the study includes a frank and honest admission of any weakness or limitation of the research study concerning the sampling technique.
- 32. Example
- 33. Definition of Terms •Terms should be defined in a research paper in order for the researcher and the reader to be thinking in terms of the same things. •Clear definitions of terms should be stated for all important variables that need to be defined. •Terms can be defined conceptually and or operationally for better understanding.