Patna hc order (1)

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT PATNA
Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case No.353 of 2021
======================================================
Shivani Kaushik
... ... Petitioner/s
Versus
Union of India & Ors.
... ... Respondent/s
With
======================================================
Rohit Kumar
Versus
The State of Bihar & Ors.
With
======================================================
Gaurav Kumar Singh
Versus
The Union of India & Ors.
Appearance :
(In Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case No. 353 of 2021)
For the Petitioner/s : Ms. Shivani Kaushik (In Person)
Mr. Mrigank Mauli, Amicus Curiae
For the UOI : Dr. K.N.Singh (ASG)
Mr. Anshuman Singh, Advocate
For the Respondents : Ms. Kanak Verma, CGC
Mr. Abhimanyu Singh, Advocate
Sri S. N. Pathak, Advocate
For the State : Mr. Vikas Singh, Sr. Advocate
Mr. Lalit Kishore, AG
Mr. Anjani Kumar, AAG-4
Mr. S.D. Yadav, AAG-9
Mr. Alok Kumar Rahi, A.C. to AAG-4
Mr. Anmol Chandan, Advocate
For Respondent No. 5 : Mrs. Binita Singh, Advocate
For Respondent No. 6 : Mr. Shivender Kishore, Sr. Advocate
For the Respondents : Mr. S.D. Sanjay, Sr. Advocate
For the PMCH : Mr. P. K. Shahi, Senior Advocate
For PMC : Mr. Prasoon Sinha, Advocate
For DMCH : Mr. Bindhyachal Rai, Advocate
For GMC : Mr. Rabindra Kr. Priyadarshi,
For the Intervener : Mr. Rajiv Kumar Singh, Advocate

Patna High Court CWJC No.353 of 2021(19) dt 12-05-2021
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For the Petitioner/s : Mr. Manish Kumar No 13, Advocate
Mr. Jitendra Kumar Bharti, Advocate
Ms. Kanchan Jha, Advocate
Mr. Rohit Kumar No. 1, Advocate
Ms. Parul Prasad (Amicus Curiae)
Mr. Rohit Kumar (In Person)
For the State : Mr. Subhash Prasad Singh, GA-3For
Respondent No. 6 : Mr. Kumar Ravish, Advocate
For the Respondents : Mr. Shivendra Kishore, Sr. Advocate
Ms. Binita Singh, Advocate
Ms. Parul Prasad, Amicus Curiae
For the Petitioner/s : Mr. Sumeet Kumar Singh, Advocate
Mr. Nikhil Singh, Advocate
For the UOI : Dr. K.N. Singh (ASG)
Mr. Anshuman Singh, CGC
For AIIMS, Patna : Mr. Binay Kumar Pandey, Advocate
For the State : Mr. Lalit Kishore, Advocate General.
======================================================
CORAM: HONOURABLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE
and
HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE S. KUMAR
ORAL ORDER
(Per: HONOURABLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE)
=====================================================
(The Court proceedings are being conducted by Hon'ble the
Chief Justice/ Hon'ble Judges through Video Conferencing
from their residential offices/residences. Also, the
Advocates and the Staffs joined the proceedings through
Video Conferencing from their homes/offices.)
19 12-05-2021 CWJC No.353 of 2021 and other analogous cases
We have heard learned counsel for the parties at
length.
2. We need not advert to the settled position of law that
the right to health, including access to basic medical

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infrastructure, is a facet of Article 21 of the Constitution of
India, which the State is duty-bound to provide.
3. Article 21 imposes an obligation on the State to
safeguard the right to life of every person. Preservation of
human life is thus of paramount importance. The government
hospitals run by the State and the medical officers employed
therein are duty-bound to extend medical assistance for
preserving human life. Failure on the part of a government
hospital to provide timely medical treatment to a person in need
of such treatment results in a violation of his right to life
guaranteed under Article 21. [Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor
Samity v. State of W.B., (1996) 4 SCC 37]
4. The Hon’ble Apex Court in Union of India Versus
Mool Chand Kharaiti Ram Trust, (2018) 8 SCC 321,
reiterated the constitutional duty to develop “humanism” as
envisaged under Article 51-A(h) applicable to the medical
profession.
5. The Constitution Bench of the Hon’ble Apex Court
in Common Cause (A Registered Society) Versus Union of
India and another, (2018) 5 SCC 1, reiterated that when it
comes to interpretation of fundamental rights, the Court has to
adopt a liberal, dynamic, extensive and interpretative approach

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and needless to add the right to life has to be with dignity is a
settled principles of law.
6. Since the onset of the first wave of current Pandemic
Corona Virus Disease-19 (Covid-19), this Court has been
monitoring the position within the State of Bihar in several
petitions filed in the public interest. With the normalisation of the
situation at the ground level and the State taking stand of the
subject matter covering all the issues pending consideration before
Hon'ble the Supreme Court, desired such proceedings to be
closed. Resultantly, six such petitions1
, came up for hearing before
this Court on 26.11.2020, when the following common order was
passed :-
“Learned counsel brings it to our notice that
Hon’ble the Supreme Court is now seized with the matter
and on pan India basis, comprehensively dealing with the
issues, perhaps subject matter of the present lis, arising out
of the current Pandemic [Covid-19].
2. In April 2020, a young Law student
approached this Court seeking specific direction,
protecting the interest of persons handling Corona
(COVID-19) as also ensuring the creation of infrastructure
dealing with the crisis. Subsequently, other persons filed
petitions which were tagged to be heard together.
3. At this stage, learned Advocate General
1 Shivani Kaushik Versus the Union of India & Ors. (CWJC No.5641 of 2020);
Dinesh Kumar Singh Versus The State of Bihar & Ors. (Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case
No. 7135 of 2020); Aditi Hansaria versus the State of Bihar & Ors (Civil Writ
Jurisdiction Case No. 7207 of 2020); Ashish Sinha versus the State of Bihar Civil
Writ Jurisdiction Case No. 7208 of 2020); Kishore Kunal versus the State of Bihar
(Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case No. 7209 of 2020); Abhinay Priyadarshi versus the
State of Bihar & Ors. (Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case No. 7212 of 2020)

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states that he shall ascertain the issues involved in the
matters pending before Hon’ble the Supreme Court and
apprise the Court, also assist as to whether these petitions
should be pursued any further or not.
4.Otherwise learned Advocate General informs
that in Bihar, the rate for conducting the tests for the
Pandemic Covid-19 has increased substantially. Now on an
average, 1.2 lac persons are being tested daily.
5. On the other hand, while seriously not disputing
such position, Shri Dinu Kumar, learned counsel appearing
for one of the writ-petitioners, informs that the Medical
Institutions, specified to deal with Covid-19, are lacking in
infrastructure. Illustratively, he mentions that C.T. Scan
Machines are either not installed or not fully
functional/operational, be it for whatever reason.
6. Well, at this stage, we refrain from dealing with
such issues any further, save and except observing that the
biggest challenge before the Government is to change the
mindset of the people of Bihar and break the myth amongst
the local populace that- “Bihar Corona ko Khaa Gaya
Hai.”
7. Bihar is a highly populated State. Nearly 1/10th
(approximately) of India lives here, with the highest
population density. As such, various directions issued,
policies framed and programmes propagated by the Central
Government and the State Government under the
provisions of Disaster Management Act, 2005 and
Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, needs to be highlighted,
popularised and people sensitised, both in the urban and
rural areas.
8. At this stage, learned Advocate General points
out that prompted, more so on account of prevailing
climatic conditions, the State Government has rather
vigorously started a campaign for sensitisation the local
populace.
9. We only add that, this the Government must
undertake by all modes of communications, including
electronic and print media. On a personal level Persons
engaged in pursuing social beneficially schemes, can be
asked to sensitise the general public in adhering the
advisories issued, at least of wearing masks; maintaining

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social distancing; avoiding congregation at public places;
and taking all precautions in dealing with the problems
arising out of current Pandemic Covid-19.
10. As prayed for learned Advocate General, we
adjourn the matter to be listed on 8th of December, 2020.”
(Emphasis supplied)
7. On 16.12.2020, as instructed by the State, all matters
were closed on the ground that Hon’ble the Apex Court in Suo
Motu Writ Petition (Civil) No. 7 of 2020, titled as In Re The
Proper Treatment of Covid 19 Patients and Dignified
Handling of Dead Bodies in the Hospitals Etc., was dealing
with all the issues subject matter of the petitions, in which the
State has already filed an affidavit.
8. However, in Shivani Kaushik versus Union of India,
the Court passed a separate detailed order framing the following
issues of vital public importance:
“(i) Whether the doctors and the Para Medical
Employees can refrain from discharging their duties
and function as mandated under the provisions of the
Disaster Management Act, 2005 and the Epidemic
Diseases Act, 1897, by resorting to the mechanism of
abstinence and strike?
(ii) Entitlement of proper equipment and payment of
special emoluments/monetary incentives to Corona
Warriors, notified under the said statute, whom we
have termed as ‘Guardian Angles’;

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(iii) Adequate mechanism for disposal of all kinds of
equipment used in dealing with the Corona Pandemic
Covid-19.”
9. Taking note of the provisions of Disaster
Management Act, 2005 (hereinafter referred to as the
Management Act) and Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 (hereinafter
referred to the Diseases Act), this Court inter alia observed that :
(a) That Bihar was the first State to set up the
State Disaster Response Force, envisaged under Section
44 of the Management Act. Way back in the year 2010,
612 persons were identified and deputed as part of such
Force.
(b) Health Department, in its counter affidavit,
had indicated taking all pro-active, pre-emptive and
possible measures to contain and check the pandemic in
the State. Efforts were on to ramp up the testing within
the State. The test, track and treat strategy was being
proactively implemented, and the aggressive testing has
facilitated the early identification of positive COVID
cases, which showed marked improvement. In Bihar,
recovery rate improved up to 89.72%, above than the

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national recovery rate of 77.77 %. The death rate in Bihar
was the lowest in the country.
(c) Initiatives to create awareness amongst the
general public on hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene and
environmental hygiene as a major preventive strategy
was taken up through print media, electronic media and
social media. One hundred four call centres/ helplines are
put to use for guide the community. In the containment
zones, extensive contract tracing, house to house survey
for identifying symptomatic persons was being carried
out by the dedicated teams, with 100% test conducted
within these containment zones. Also fines imposed and
realised for the non-wearing of masks in public.
(d) The Central Government took up the issue of
disposal of equipment. Also, the Central Pollution
Control Board issued guidelines dated 14th
April, 2020,
termed as “Guidelines for Handling, Treatment and
Disposal of Waste Generated during Treatment/
Diagnosis/ Quarantine of Covid-19 patents- Rev.2.”
which was being followed extensively.
(e) Call given by the Guardian Angles for
abstaining from work was illegal and unjustified.

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10. However, while closing the petition, the Court
cautioned that:-
“46. All said and done, this Court believes that
we are still dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Since Bihar is a highly populated State wherein
nearly 1/10th
(approximately) of India lives with the
highest population density and various directions
issued, policies framed and programmes propagated
by the Central Government and the State
Government need to be highlighted popularised.
People sensitised, both in the urban and rural areas.
47. Service to humanity is service to the Lord
Almighty. It is a pious act. Much has been done, and
a lot more needs to be done.
48. Before we part with this judgment, we find it
necessary to compliment the officials, who have
wholeheartedly and dedicatedly devoted themselves
to this battle against the corona virus. We expect
these officers and all Covid-19 warriors in their
respective teams to continue to serve humanity with
their devotion and dedication. We also find it
appropriate to compliment the Medical and Para-
medical staff of various Government
Hospitals/Dispensaries in the State. The private
medical practitioners and private hospitals, who have
devoted their wards for covid-19 treatment, also
deserve compliments.
49. We highly appreciate the efforts and
assistance of Ms. Shivani Kaushik, a young law
student we find very promising, with a request to
continue doing the good work by taking up public
interest and doing “Pro Bono” Work.”
11. It appears that till March, 2021, everyone believed
the Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) to have vanished, at least
within the State of Bihar and accepted all things to have
normalised.

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12. However, not accepting the same to be a reality,
Ms. Shivani Kaushik, a young law student, filed the instant
petition2
highlighting an equally grave and vital issue of disposal
of biomedical wastes generated from equipment used to check
Corona Virus.
13. Evidently, in April 2021, Corona Virus returned
with a vengeance causing havoc amongst the local populace.
Based on the newspaper reports highlighting non-availability of
beds in the Government Hospitals, taking suo-motu cognisance,
as a separate interlocutory application in this petition filed by
Shivani Kaushik, was taken on the judicial side and passed
several orders.
14. On 06.05.2021, this Court highlighting nine major
issues again passed the following order:
“We have heard at length Mr. Vikas Singh,
learned Senior Advocate, appearing for the State of
Bihar, along with Sri Lalit Kishore, learned Advocate
General, Bihar; Dr. K.N Singh, learned Additional
Solicitor General; and other learned Counsel on steps
taken to improve the supply of medical Oxygen as also
other infrastructural issues for treatment of patients
infected with the Corona Virus within the State of
Bihar.
2. At the outset, it is pertinent to note the
immeasurable importance of a life of every person.
Also, a recognition that as representatives of institutions
and pillars of a democracy, we collectively hold a
responsibility to ensure that the people get the help and
2
Shivani Kaushik, Vs. The State of Bihar (CWJC No.353 of 2021)

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are provided with the healthcare they need, especially
in these times of great crisis. None should lose life only
on account of lack of adequate medical care.
3. We would also be amiss if, right at the outset,
we do not acknowledge the excellent work carried out
by our doctors and other medical staff whom we had in
previous litigation termed as our ‘Guardian Angles’.
4. We reiterate the previous orders dated
15.04.2021; 17.04.2021; 19.04.2021; 21.04.2021;
23.04.2021; 27.04.2021; 28.04.2021; 29.04.2021;
30.04.2021; 03.05.2021 and 04.05.2021.
5. Highlighting the major issues arising for
consideration we crystallise the following as lack of
infrastructure and preparation for dealing with the
Pandemic Covid-19:-1) Testing; 2) Hospitalisation; 3)
Human resources, i.e. Doctor(s) & Paramedics; 4)
Requirement, availability and transportation of Oxygen;
5) Medicines (both life saving and otherwise general
medication); 6) Dissemination of information to the
public, increasing public sensitivity and awareness; 7)
Performance of Last Rites of those who have fallen
victim to this disease; 8) Disposal of waste generated in
testing and treatment; 9) Availability and the
administration of the vaccine.
6. We direct the Chief Secretary, Government of
Bihar, to file his personal Affidavit, dealing with each
one of the issues. We clarify that the Affidavit be short
and specific on all material particulars. The
information, as discussed, be furnished in a tabular
form after verifying the contents thereof to be accurate
and correct. We further clarify that information given
be true, correct and verified from all sources. Any
information found to be false shall be taken seriously,
including initiation of proceedings for perjury. Only
for such purpose, as prayed for, we are granting three
days to file the Affidavit, which can be so done latest
by Sunday on the E-Mail of the Court Master of this
Court. For such purpose, the matter is directed to be
listed on 10.05. 2021.
7. We are informed that the major problem with
respect to the availability of medical Oxygen is its
transportation from other states to the State of Bihar as
the plants are distributed across the country. The
demand as it stands today is 300 metric tonnes

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(approx.). In contrast, the allocated quota is 210 metric
tonnes (approx.) by the Central Government, which in
any case stands increased from the previously issued
164 metric tonnes (approx.). Out of this allotted 210
metric tonnes (approx.), 154 metric tonnes (approx.) are
currently being brought into the State through a limited
number of special transport vehicles available with the
State. Further, we are informed that more transport
vehicles are to be received by the State, precisely 6
(six) from the State of Jharkhand, and 3 (three) from
Indian Oil Corporation. This is in addition to 7 (seven)
that have been made available to the State vide
communication dated 03.05.2021.
8. For those that are to be received from the State
of Jharkhand, we are informed that the Director of
Transport, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways,
Government of India, has already issued directions, and
the modalities are being worked out between the
Transport Commissioners of the two States, i.e. Bihar
and Jharkhand. It appears that the Additional Chief
Secretary, Department of Industries is the Nodal Officer
authorised by the State to coordinate this movement.
Let the process be expedited.
9. Mr. Mrigank Mauli, learned Amicus Curiae,
informs us that a total of 19 hospitals within Patna and
145 hospitals within the State have been authorised to
treat COVID patients. Nearly 6-7 hospitals have filed
complaints indicating non-supply/ shortfall/additional
demand of Oxygen.
10. Mr. Vikas Singh, learned Senior Advocate,
appearing for the State adds that once these additional
vehicles are made available, the State would be able to
transport its entire allotted quota, whereafter a request
would be made to the Central Government for
additional allocation of Oxygen to the State. Perhaps
such a need may arise considering the increase of cases
in the rural areas. Emphasising, he points out that
Oxygen is the first line of treatment on which
immediate attention and focus is required. We are in
total agreement with him on this issue.
11. He further informs that storage of Oxygen is
not an issue, for the State has adequate storage
arrangement and its distribution up to the endpoint.

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12. Before we pass any further order on the issue
of demand, transportation and distribution of Oxygen,
we direct the Chief Secretary, Govt. of Bihar, to file his
personal Affidavit verifying the correctness of the
statements made about the allocation; transportation;
distribution etc. Needful be positively done by
tomorrow i.e. 07.05.2021.
13. The State can hand over the same through
digital mode during Court proceedings.
14. For such purpose, list these case on
07.05.2021 at 10:30 A.M.
15. Dr. K.N Singh, learned Additional Solicitor
General points out that the committee set up under
directions of this court to inspect the hospitals and other
related infrastructure will be submitting its report very
shortly.”
15. Pursuant thereto, the Chief Secretary, Government
of Bihar, filed his Affidavit dated 09.05.2021. To begin with, we
notice that the Affidavit is conspicuously silent on the issue of
(i) availability, requirement and distribution of Oxygen; and (ii)
disposal of bio-medical waste generated out of all operations
concerning Corona Virus.
16. Still, having gone through the same, we wish to
engage on each one of the points covered in the Affidavit.
1.) Testing: The Affidavit states important information on many
aspects with respect to testing. The Affidavit states that 27400
test capacities is for RT-PCR testing, and as orally stated the
remaining out of the daily quota of 1.2 lakh, is Rapid Antigen
testing. While it takes note of capacity to test, and we are
aware of the total number of tests conducted in a day on

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average, however it doesn’t detail the testing done in rural
areas. This court takes note of equitable justice and therefore
seeks to ensure that Bihar’s villages are also receiving
essentials to combat this disease.
2.) Hospitalisation: On hospitalisation, this Affidavit gives
figures of the existing infrastructure. The direction was given
to increase bed capacity by 25% at DCHC by the Health
Department, Government of Bihar on 07.05.2021 and must be
executed at the earliest to ensure that the facility of
hospitalisation is available to all those who are in the need for
it.
3.) Human Resources, i.e. Doctor (s) & Paramedics: An order
issued under Section 50 of the Disaster Management Act, 1930
is annexed with the Affidavit through which a committee has
been constituted at the level of Districts and Medical colleges
and Hospitals for assessing the requirement for procurement
under this provision including increasing the manpower.
Against a total of 5566 sanctioned positions of General
Medical Officers, presently 2893 are working. Steps are also
taken to recruit General Duty Medical Officers as well as
Specialists and lab technicians (increased capacity). The Final
year MBBS students have also been asked to continue
rendering services on certain pay for coming three months in
accordance to the directions issued by the Government of
India. Orders regarding engagement of final year GNM or B.Sc
(Nursing) students awaiting final exams for full time Covid
nursing duties under the supervision of senior faculty has also
been issued. The steps taken in this direction must be
appreciated as doctors and medical professionals are our
guardian angels in these difficult times.

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4.) Medicines (both life saving and otherwise general
medication): The essential drug list for management of
COVID patients has been notified by the Health Department
according to the Affidavit. In total of 149 drugs have been
notified (both General Medication & ICU Drugs). Rate
Contracts are in place for 101 of these drugs. It is pertinent to
note that out of 54 ICU drugs, Rate Contracts are in place for
only 31. Annexure - D attached with the Affidavit does not
shed light on the demand faced by districts. It is difficult to
gauge the adequacy of these numbers as they stand before us at
this moment. It is a function of government to ensure that each
and every citizen and their needs are addressed.
5.) Dissemination of information to the public, increasing
public sensitivity and awareness: The Affidavit is
conspicuously silent in this regard. The Court notes the
essential nature of dissemination of correct information to the
public about Covid-19 protocols and the general awareness
that is required from the people while dealing with adverse
situations. The government on its own will be unable to defeat
this pandemic, until and unless it secures the support of an
awakened people recognising that a large portion of Bihar’s
population is resident in rural areas, this obligation becomes all
the more important. Steps must be initiated and continued for
the foreseeable future so that our collective efforts bear fruit.
6.) Performance of Last Rites of those who have fallen victim
to this disease: The Affidavit though produces information on
the protocol issued by the Government of India regarding 'dead
body management', but it fails to highlight the problems being
faced by the general public in regards to the proper

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performance of last rites keeping in mind the nature of the
death.
7.) Disposal of waste generated in testing and treatment:
Effective disposal of waste generated in testing and treatment
in both hospitals and during home isolation is vital in
preventing the further spread of this COVID-19 virus. The
Affidavit does not detail any instructions/guidelines issued
regarding the municipal corporations, hospitals, and other
bodies responsible for collecting and disposal of waste.
Alongside proper disposal, there are issues such as PPE Kits to
be provided to workers engaged in this capacity.
8.) Availability and the administration of the vaccine: Mr.
Vikas Singh, Senior Advocate submitted that in the above 45-
year range, there are 2.3 crore people who are to be vaccinated
alongside in the 18-44 year age group, the number stands at
around 5.5 crores. The number of people vaccinated stands at
only 66 lacs (first dose) in the above 45-year range and 12 lacs
(second dose / fully vaccinated). We believe that steps must be
taken to ramp up vaccination across all age groups and
transgress the urban and rural divide.
17. On the issue of Oxygen (LMO), Sri Vikas Singh,
learned Senior Counsel, appearing on behalf the State, clarifies
that perhaps the omission is bonafide based on the understanding
that in view of Chief Secretary’s earlier Affidavit dated
06.05.2021, there was no requirement to deal with the issue
afresh. Accepting such a statement, and upon examining the
same, we find that in the last fortnight, there has been a

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phenomenal increase in the quantity of supply of Liquid Medical
Oxygen (LMO) within the State of Bihar. Paragraphs 4, 5 and 6
of the Affidavit reveal that from 16 Metric Tonnes (MT),
allocation of Oxygen stands enhanced to 214 MT (including 34
MT produced by MSME-ASU within the State of Bihar).
18. Considering the need which may arise, depending
upon the prevailing circumstances, State has already forwarded
its request [vide letter dated 09.05.2021] to the Central
Government, seeking enhancement of the quota of oxygen from
300 MT to 400 MT. However, for want of a sufficient number of
special carrier vehicles, the allocated quota of Oxygen could not
be transported, which as per the Affidavit, would now be done
within a period of one week.
19. Sri Vikas Singh, learned Senior Counsel, has raised
another different issue, highlighted perhaps for the first time,
about the non-availability of the oxygen cylinder(s), both of D
and B-Type, necessarily required for transporting the Oxygen
from the storage point/ special carrier vehicles up to the point of
the end-user. Shri Anshuman Singh, learned counsel for the
Union of India informs the Central Government is doing that
allocation and as on 29th
of April, 2020, 3688 D-Type and 6400
B-Type of cylinders (Total 10088 Cylinders) stand allotted to

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the State of Bihar and by the first week of May, 2021, it would
be further enhanced by 2887 D-Type and 13309 B-type
cylinders.
20. Sri Vikas Singh, learned Senior Counsel also
highlights the issue of inadequacy of oxygen mask and oxygen
flow meter.
21. We notice that in this regard, the State Government
has already forwarded a formal request [Letter No.103
(H.S.)/2021, Government of Bihar, Health Department, dated
07.05.2021]. We are hopeful that the Central Government, in
view of the attending facts and circumstances, would have a
favourable consideration on the same.
22. Learned Advocate General informs that Hon’ble
the Chief Minister, in consultation with the senior Ministers, is
himself monitoring the situation and that vide notification dated
01.05.2021, already elected representative, (Minister/MLA) is
made in-charge of each district. The Notification to this effect
reads as under:

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23. Well the issue, purely falling within the domain of
the political executive, we only hope and expect that such
elected representatives, true to their oath of office, discharge

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their duties and obligation at the ground level. For they alone
can instill confidence in the minds of public.
24. It is also brought to our notice that certain
unscrupulous persons are hoarding/black-marketing the medical
equipment, including oxygen cylinder, for which necessary
action stands taken by the authorities. We refrain from
commenting on such human conduct, save and except direct all
the functionaries to forthwith, interim release the case property
per law. We see no reason why such proceedings are not
conducted through virtual mode, considering that the case
property is vital for saving human life and is also required to be
proven during trial.
25. Today, another affidavit dated 11.05.2021 stands
filed by the Chief Secretary, Government of Bihar. It is
indicative of- (a) the steps taken by the State of Bihar in
increasing the Rapid Antigen Test; (b) decline in the ratio of
persons found to be positive; (c) sufficient availability of beds in
the hospital; (d) posting of additional staff (Lab Technicians) at
different places; (e) engaging the authorities at the grass-root
level; (f) disposal of waste generated out of testing and
treatment; and (g) constitution of an expert committee.

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26. In the other two connected petitions3
, the issues
raised are similar.
27. The affidavits dated 06.05.2021, 09.05.2021, and
11.05.2021 filed by the Chief Secretary, Government of Bihar,
containing specific facts need to be responded to by all the
parties. As such, we grant four days time for the same.
Additionally, we direct the Chief Secretary, Government of
Bihar, to file an affidavit furnishing information in the format
prepared with the assistance of all the learned counsel appearing
in these matters.
28. On 10th
May, 2021 itself, we expressed our desire
to shift the focus from the urban to rural areas, requiring the
State to furnish correct and complete information. In response to
that, the State, through Sri Vikas Singh, learned Senior Counsel,
expressed its reservation, submitting that perhaps, we may
exceed our jurisdiction to be a matter falling purely within the
executive domain. We are afraid it is not so, for as a
Constitutional Court collectively, we hold the responsibility to
ensure that the State's people, regardless of their geographical
location, do get timely aid ensuring no loss of human life purely
on account of lack of medical health infrastructure. We clarify
3
Rohit Kumar Vs. The State of Bihar & Ors. (CWJC No.17398 of 2018); Gaurav Kumar Singh Vs. Union of India (CWJC
No.9639 of 2021)

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that the Court is not venturing into a roving enquiry but seeks
information only in the context of peculiar geographical and
demographical diversity of the State of Bihar, which has a
landmass of 94163 square Kilometre with River Ganga freely
passing through with almost seven tributaries, flowing both from
north and south, making it a delta of the Gangetic plain. During
monsoons, all low lying areas, North of Bihar, especially in the
Mithila area, is often inundated.
29. Administratively, Bihar comprises 38 districts; 101
sub-divisions; 534 CD Blocks; 8406 Panchayats; 45103
Revenue villages; 12 Municipal Corporations; 41 Nagar
Parishads; and 88 Nagar Panchayats.
30. The Municipal areas are administered under the
Bihar Municipal Act, 2007 and the rural regions in terms of the
Bihar Panchayat Raj Act, 2006.
31. We extract hereinunder the Data downloaded from
the official website of the Census Department, indicating
District-wise breakup of the population living in urban and rural
areas of the State:-

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32. This data, even of the year 2011 gives a
perspective, revealing that almost 90% of the population lives in
the rural areas. It is not that Corona Virus affects only the urban
population. It is also not that it does not affect rich or the poor
living in the rural areas. Infrastructure right from testing up to

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isolation must exist in the rural areas, more so in view of
anticipation of the third wave, as per the experts of the
Government of India, which is likely to come soon.
33. As per the information furnished by the State, both
(i) the rate of testing and (ii) rate of persons found to be Covid
positive had increased up to a particular date. To this effect, the
data furnished by the State is reproduced as under:-
34. Certainly, it does not disclose the geographical
location. Equally, whether it pertains to the rural or urban area,
the information is not discernible.
35. Further, the information furnished by the Chief
Secretary, in a tabular form appended as Annexure-A (our page-
12, for the document, is not paginated) reproduced hereinunder
does not indicate the number of (a) Covid Care Centres (CCC);
(b) Dedicated Covid Health Centres (DCHC); (c) Dedicated
Health Centre (DHC) or for that matter the private hospitals in
each one of the districts.

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36. Similar is the position concerning the chart
appended as Annexure-M, reproduced hereinunder, indicating
the number of integrated pathological labs (our page-49)
authorized to conduct RTPCR Tests.

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37. Yesterday, the State further furnished data
indicating the number of tests conducted; cases found to be

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positive; the recovery rate and the number of persons who died
as a result of Corona, which we also reproduce as under:-
38. We are concerned with the second wave of
Pandemic starting from March 2021, and significantly, even the
information is not indicative of the data about such fact. As
such, the State must prepare a new chart furnishing data
commencing from 1st
March 2021.
39. Be that as it may, it is the State's own case that the
death rate in Bihar is 0.56%, i.e. the total number of deaths
resulting from Covid-19 are 3357, but there is no district-wise
breakup.
40. In this backdrop, we are of the view that the Chief
Secretary, Government of Bihar shall file a fresh affidavit
indicating District-wise breakup of the activities undertaken and
the existence of the infrastructure in dealing with the second

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wave of Pandemic. Gathering such information is not difficult
for everything is in a digital form, be it testing; hospitalization;
distribution of life-saving drugs; infrastructure in the shape of
oxygen cylinders, beds, ventilators; recovery and deaths of
persons affected with the virus etc.
41. There is yet another vital issue we wish to
highlight, and that being missing of significant information from
the digital platform pertaining to the deaths occurring as a result
of the first or second wave of Pandemic. We notice that the
Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 (Act No. 18 of
1969) (referred to as the Registration Act), provides for
compulsory births and deaths.
42. Section 3 to 7 of the Registration Act provides for
the appointment of Civil Registration System functionaries at all
levels like:-
i. National level:-Registrar General, India; section 3;
ii. State level:-Chief Registrar; section 4; iii. District level: -
District Registrar/ Additional District Registrar under Section 6;
iv. Local area level:-Registrar for a village, Panchayat,
municipality, municipal corporation or other local bodies; under
Section 7(1); and v. Sub-Registrar for the specified area within

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the area under the jurisdiction of a Registrar under section 7 (5)
of the Act.
43. The Central Government under section 3(1) of the
Registration Act appoints the Registrar General, India (RGI) at
the Central level, empowered to take steps for coordinating and
unifying the activities of Chief Registrars of all States/Union
territories and issue general directions regarding registration of
births and deaths under section 3(3) of the Registration Act.
44. The work relating to Civil Registration in the
Registrar General's office, India, is handled in the Vital Statistics
Division.
45. The State Governments under section 4 (1) of the
Registration Act appoints Chief Registrar for the State/UT.
46. Under section 4 (3), the Chief Registrars are
declared as the chief executive authority in the respective States/
UTs for implementing the provisions of the Registration Act and
the Rules and orders made thereunder. The State Government
also appoints District Registrar of births and deaths for each
revenue district under section 6. The registration of births and
deaths in the field is carried out by the local registrars, who are
appointed under section 7.

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47. There is a wide variation in the registration
machinery across the country. However, details of Civil
Registration in the State of Bihar as provided in the annual
report (2018) of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner;
India reflects the following departments/individuals responsible
for the registration of births and deaths in the State of Bihar-
Chief Registrar; Director of Statistics & Evaluation; Joint Chief
Registrar; Joint Director (VS) Dy. Chief Registrar; Dy. Director
(VS); District Registrar; District Magistrate; Addl. Distt.
Registrar; Distt. Statistical Officer; Addl. Distt. Registrar; Block
Development Officer; Registrar; Panchayat Sevak; MO Incharge
of/Civil and District Hospitals; Sub –Registrar; Aaganwadi
Sewika.
48. The Bihar Municipal Act, 2007 (hereinafter
referred to as the Municipal Act) (Chapter XXXVIII) prescribes
the recording of the vital statistics; of appointment of Chief
Registrar Registrars; and furnishing vital information of births
and deaths occurring in the municipal area. By Section 350, the
Registrar is under an obligation to keep himself informed of
every birth or death occurring within the area of his jurisdiction.
So is the Chief Municipal Officer (virtue of Section 357), who is
duty-bound to maintain the register of births and deaths. For

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such particulars are required to be furnished within 24 hours of
any death taking place.
49. We have already noticed that in Bihar, 119
Municipal areas are falling within the purview of the Bihar
Municipal Act.
50. Coming to the rural areas, we notice that Bihar
Panchayat Raj Act, 2006 (Referred to as the Panchayat Act)
does not explicitly deal with the registration of births and deaths.
But however, it does mandate the functionaries and the
authorities, i.e., Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila
Parishad to undertake certain functions. For ready reference, we
reproduce the relevant provision of the Statute.
“22.Functions of Gram Panchayat. - Subject to
such condition as may be prescribed by the Government
from time to time, the Gram Panchayat shall perform the
functions specified below:
… …
(i) General Functions.- (1) ….
… …
….(6) Maintenance of essential statistics of
village(s).”
“23. Assignment of Functions to Gram
Panchayat.- (1) The Government may, by notification
and subject to such conditions as may be specified
therein – … ….
(d) Entrust such other functions as may be
prescribed: …..”

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“47. Functions and power of Panchayat Samiti. -
(1) Subject to such conditions as may be prescribed by
the Government from time to time, the Panchayat
Samiti shall undertake the following; …..
(19) Health and Family Welfare –
(i) Promotion of health and family welfare
programmes;
(ii) Promotion of immunization and vaccination
programmes;……..
…(28) Such other functions as may be entrusted.”
“48. Assignment of functions. - (1) The
Government may assign to a Panchayat Samiti functions
in relation to any matters to which the executive authority
of the Government extends or the functions which have
been assigned to State Government by the Central
Government.”
“49. General powers of the Panchayat Samiti. - (i)
The Panchayat Samiti shall have power to do all acts
necessary for or incidental to the carrying out of the
functions entrusted or delegated to it and in particular and
without prejudice to the foregoing powers to exercise all
powers specified under this Act…..”
“73. Functions and powers of Zila Parishad. - (1)
Subject to such condition as may be prescribed by the
Government from time to time, the Zila Parishad shall
perform following functions –
15. Health and Hygiene- …..
…(ii) Implementation of immunization and
vaccination programmes;
(iii) Health education activities;”
51. As per Section 32, we notice that for every Gram
Panchayat, there has to be Panchayat Secretary who is also duty-

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bound to perform all such duties imposed upon him. Similarly,
as per Section 60 for every Panchayat Samitee, one Block
Development Officer is appointed by the Government as an
Executive Officer and as per Section 87 for every Zila Parishad
one Chief Executive Officer of the rank of District
Magistrate/Additional Executive Officer of the rank of
Additional District Magistrate is required to be appointed by the
Government.
52. Willful omission or refusal to perform duties and
functions under the Act entails a ground for removal of the
Mukhiya or Up-Mukhiya under Section 18(5); removal of
Pramukh or Up-Pramukh under Section 44 (4); removal of
Adhyakasha or Up-Adhyakasha under Section 70(5) of the
Panchayat Act.
53. In the attending circumstances, when the State is
in a state of a medical emergency, for the State itself has
imposed lockdown from 6th
May, 2021, in our considered view,
non-reporting of deaths by the functionaries under the Municipal
Act and the Panchayat Act would also entail action for their
removal on the ground of non-performance/discharge of their
duties. The public representatives must engage themselves at the
grass-root level, for they are pretty familiar with the geography,

34/40
demography and topography of their respective jurisdiction.
They are close to the electorate, be it their supporters or voters.
Any death taking place in the rural area is immediately made
known to all by word of mouth. As such, we direct that it shall
be the duty of the Mukhiya/ Up-Mukhiya/ Pramukh/ Up-
Pramukh/ Adhayaksha/ Up-Adayaksha to ensure that all deaths
taking place within their respective jurisdictions, are
immediately reported and certainly not later than 24 hours. This
alone would help the authorities ascertain exact information of
the cause of death enabling them to take further action in
controlling the Pandemic. We clarify that we would not hesitate
in issuing directions for the removal of such public
representatives who fail to discharge their statutory obligations.
54. According to us, creating health infrastructure
dealing with pandemic Covid-19 would also entail collecting
and collating information in terms of the Registration Act, for
this would indicate the area required immediate attention. It is
common knowledge that in the rural areas, especially the
illiterate, marginalized and deprived ones are neither aware nor
do they have the will to furnish and completing the formalities.
At the local level, relatives immediately perform the last rites as
per the prevalent practices.

35/40
55. It is a matter of record that last year, as per the
Government’s affidavit filed in Shivani Kaushik (1) during the
first wave of Pandemic, more than 40 lakhs residents had
returned home. Bihar has got substantial migrant population.
How many of those who had again left the State for earning their
bread and butter have now returned during the second wave of
Pandemic, more so in the rural areas, is not clear. Whether the
virus has spread in such regions also resulting in deaths needs to
be ascertained by the administration.
56. We are not exceeding our jurisdiction in
directing the State to undertake such an exercise. Definitely, it is
for ascertaining the cause of death. If the death is a result of
Pandemic, then immediate steps are required to make applicable
the Covid Guidelines On Dead Body Management as notified by
the Government of India and the State of Bihar, evident from the
letter dated 29.07.2020. (Annexure-O appended with the
affidavit of the Chief Secretary dated 09.05.2021) (page-53).
57. At this juncture, we may also take note of
Annexure- M appended with the affidavit of the Chief Secretary
dated 09.05.2021 (page-49). Significantly, in Districts Bhojpur
(serial no.31), Jehanabad (Serial no.32) and Buxar (serial no.33),
there is no integrated pathological laboratory for conducting

36/40
RTPCR tests. These districts are attached to a private hospital,
namely NCMC, Bihta, having a total capacity of conducting
tests of up to 1800 (Approx), contrasting this with a total
population of Bhojpur-27,20,155, Jehanabad-11,24,176; Buxar -
17,07,643, in all adding to 55,51,974.
58. It is true that this chart only deals with RTPCR
Tests and not Rapid Antigen Test (RAT). However, then we
notice that the advisory issued by ICMR (Indian Council of
Medical Research) (Annexure-N appended with the affidavit of
the Chief Secretary dated 09.05.2021) (page-51) it is mandated
for the State to improve the availability of testing, at multiple
locations, including Health Care Centres and other available
vacant space. It is suggested that “these booths should be
operational on a 24x7 basis to improve access and availability of
testing.”
59. It is in this backdrop; we find that let a fresh
affidavit by the Chief Secretary, Government of Bihar be filed in
a tabular form. We may also point out that there is no data to
indicate the number of deaths that have taken place in Bihar
during the second wave of the Pandemic. Any death, more so, in
the rural areas for lack of access to a medical facility, including
testing in a violation of fundamental right. Action has to be

37/40
taken on a priority basis, and the State must furnish information
to the Court with promptitude.
60. We understand that the Executive are busy
conducting operations, be it planning or its execution at different
levels with dealing with the Pandemic. At this point, we deem it
prudent not to interact with them directly. But, failure to furnish
information, complete in all respect, may prompt us to do so.
61. In fact, the Court had expressed its desire to have
a virtual tour of the government's control room, handled by the
technocrats. Learned Advocate General, welcomes such a
suggestion.
62. Today, during the hearing, the learned Advocate
General informs that the authorities have already initiated action
in disposing of the bodies found flowing in the river Ganga at
Buxar and Kaimur. He further states that the Commissioner of
the said Districts shall file his personal affidavit on this issue.
Let needful be done within next two working days.
63. In this backdrop, we issue the following
directions:
(i) The government hospitals run by the State and the
medical officers employed therein are duty-bound to
extend medical assistance for preserving human life.

38/40
Failure on the part of even private hospitals to provide
timely medical treatment to a person in need of such
treatment results in a violation of his right to life
guaranteed under Article 21.
(ii) The public representatives nominated vide Notification
dated 1st
of May, 2021 issued by the Additional Chief
Secretary, Govt. of Bihar as also the functionaries of
the State under the Registration Act, Municipal Act
and the Panchayat Act shall take all steps ensuring
implementation of the Government policies, including
immediate registration of deaths, more so in the rural
areas of Bihar.
(iii) The State Government is hereby directed to take all
necessary steps for proper implementation of the CRS,
and responsibilities enunciated for units of local
government under the Registration Act as also the
Panchayat Act. All deaths must be reported within 24
hours. A true picture is essential for taking effective
steps in defeating this pandemic Covid-19.
(iv) We reiterate the importance and significance of shifting
the focus to the rural areas so as to ensure that none is
deprived of the medical health infrastructure in
connection with pandemic Covid-19.
(v) The Ministry of Health, Government of
India/appropriate authority shall, to the extent possible,
favourably consider the request forwarded by the State
vide communication dated 7th
May, 2021 seeking
enhancement of the quota of oxygen cylinders. The

39/40
needful be positively done within next four working
days.
(vi) Equally, the State’s request seeking enhancement of
quota of oxygen (LMO) forwarded vide
communication dated 10th
of May, 2021 be favourably
considered within very same period.
(vii) The affidavit of the Commissioner of the District
Buxar and Kaimur with regard to disposal of the
bodies found flowing in the river Ganga be positively
filed within next two working days.
(viii) All concerned shall expeditiously take appropriate
steps and pass orders for interim release of the case
property seized in the shape of oxygen cylinders,
which are necessarily required for saving human life.
The needful be done as per law ensuring its
identification during trial.
(ix) Municipal authorities are directed to take steps for
proper collection, treatment and disposal of waste
generated from COVID patients in home isolation.
(x) The process of procuring C.T. Scan equipment is
directed to be expedited.
(xi) The Chief Secretary, Government of Bihar shall file a
fresh affidavit, furnishing complete information in a
format (tabular chart) prepared by all the learned
counsel in terms of our direction. Needful be positively
done within next four working days, failing which, we
shall be constrained to ask him for joining the
proceedings through a digital mode.

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(xii) Fresh data be furnished to this Court, with respect to
RTPCR, positivity rate and death etc., making clear the
geographical locations, Urban and Rural designations
and also, the number of (a) Covid Care Centres (CCC);
(b) Dedicated Covid Health Centres (DCHC); (c)
Dedicated Health Centre (DHC) or for that matter the
private hospitals in each one of the districts. It is to be
noted that the information furnished must pertain to the
second wave of the pandemic, beginning March 1,
2021.
(xiii) It is open for the parties to respond to the affidavits
dated 06.05.2021; 09.05.2021 and 11.05.2021 filed by
the Chief Secretary, Government of Bihar.
64. List this case tomorrow, i.e., 13th
of May, 2021 at
10:30 A.M. for limited purpose of perusing the reports of the
expert.
(Sanjay Karol, CJ)
(S. Kumar, J)
PKP/Sujit
U
AFR

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