Pavlyk isnie presentation
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The document summarizes a study comparing marketing practices of non-profits in post-Soviet and developed economies. It finds that while non-profits in both regions still take an organization-centered rather than consumer-centered approach, Ukrainian non-profits are less aware of social marketing but more willing to adopt related techniques. The 20-year period since Ukraine's independence was not enough to fully close the knowledge gap with developed countries, but conditions are becoming more similar. Overall, non-profits in all regions still have room to improve their use of marketing and increase efficiency to better meet social needs.
Pavlyk isnie presentation
- 1. Nonprofits in Post-Soviet and Developed Economies: Comparative Study of Marketing-driven Efficiency Prepared for the ISNIE 2012 by Dr. Khrystyna Pavlyk Associate Professor at Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine Survey conducted jointly with Institute of Leadership and Management, Ukrainian Catholic University We are grateful for the support provided by the Ronald Coase Institute, Economics Department at the Binghamton University, and the Fulbright
- 2. Objective • Even though initial goal of nonprofits is not wealth creation, they are crucial as they meet social needs that are ignored by for-profit organizations • Business-like techniques became useful to NGOs, since consumer & market orientation helps to achieve goals, and leads to a more effective service to the society (Andreasen & Kotler, 2003; Dolnicar et al., 2008; Kara et al., 2004; Macedo & Pinho, 2006; Padanyi & Gainer, 2004; Sargeant et al., 2002) • While developed countries have decades of experience, NGOs in post-Soviet states have started to emerge only after proclamation of their independence in early 90-ies
- 3. NGOs is a fast-growing sector that creates jobs and 9.6 % of GDP in the USA 6.7 % of GDP in the UK 4.3 % of GDP in Australia Approximate number of NGOs 1.8 million ≈ 1 NGO for every 200 individuals 200,000 ≈ 1 NGO for every 300 individuals 700,000 ≈ 1 NGO for every 50 individuals Number of NGOs in Ukraine 646 1,300 31,000 323,300 1995 2000 2005 2010 - thus in 2010 ≈ 1 NGO for every 150 individuals, - but experts estimate that only 10% are actively operating
- 4. ? Was a 20-year’s period enough to bridge the knowledge gap on how to create and run an effective nonprofit ? ? Is there still a difference in the way nonprofits function in these two groups of economies ? If assumed that social marketing is a way to boost NGO’s efficiency, then by testing the three following hypotheses for the developed and the post-Soviet countries we can obtain a better understanding of these general questions H1: nonprofit organizations use consumer-oriented marketing approach; H2: social marketing is performed by a professionally trained staff; H3: market pressure, created by competition, is molding NGOs’ external operational environment
- 5. Methodology • Two surveys have been conducted in 2010-2011 • 220 respondents from all the 24 regions of Ukraine – respondents have 5 years of experience in nonprofit sector • 130 respondents : 36 from the UK, 33 from the USA, and 67 from Australia (Dolnicar & Lazarevski, 2010) – 6,5 years of experience in average • Surveyed nonprofits are reporting to: UN or other international organization 0% 19 % National nonprofit body 0% 6% State / Local Government 23 % 10 % Board of trustees 42 % 9% Industry group 3% 3% Other 26 % 16 % None of these 6% 38 %
- 6. • In both types of countries almost 70% of NGOs’ funding comes from three main sources • In terms of other funding sources, all surveyed nonprofits did poorly in collecting service fees, getting investment income and receiving revenues from their products sales, related enterprises, and membership dues
- 7. Respondents’ estimation of the NGO’s marketing efforts Not much 39% 82%* A fair bit 48% 15% Very much 12% 4% * incl. 25 % that use no social marketing at all Respondents who indicated that their organization has done and / or is currently doing the following (in percents):
- 8. Does social marketing help to achieve NGOs mission more effectively? How often does your NGO get engaged in market research? Never 71% 47 % Every few years 10% 13% Less than once a year 2% 10% Approximately once a year 10% 11% More than once a year 7% 19%
- 9. Areas recognized by NGOs as a part of social marketing ( ) and those perceived as the most important ( )
- 10. H1 : Results • For both the developed and the post-Soviet countries H1 is rejected: NGOs are still dominated by an organization-centered mindset and guided by a narrow definition of social marketing • Minor role is given to consumer and market research: Services are mainly provided based not on the needs of the society, but on funding requirements organization is capable to meet • NGO employees in Ukraine are less awareness of social marketing efficiency. Non the less they are more willing to attribute all marketing components to their activity. This shows eagerness to study and to comply with the need of changes in the current functioning of the NGO
- 11. Does your NGO employ a marketing manager (s)? If yes, have they studied in marketing ( ), or not ( )? Where have they been trained in marketing? High school 4% 7% University 15 % 40 % Place of work 10 % 32% Other 71 % 21% In Ukraine NGOs offer additional internal marketing training more often then in developed countries (18 vs 10%)
- 12. H2 : Results • All surveyed nonprofits have a small proportion of marketing-trained staff, thus H2 is rejected for both developed and post-Soviet countries • While nonprofits in developed countries employed more staff members dedicated to marketing activities, the fact that only 1/5 of them has formal marketing training. This might explain why NGOs’ mindset remains unchanged • Having starting functioning since the early 1990-ies, the NGOs improved their marketing operations significantly. Thus, countries like Ukraine have higher number of NGO employees who don’t consider business-like techniques, including social marketing, productive
- 13. • Nearly 70 % of respondents believe that all countries have different conditions and this influences their functioning • The key difference is in the perception of competition Does your organization face competition? • However, in all the countries only 1/3 of NGOs take actions to secure or improve market position. • Interesting question is “Why is there no correlation between NGO’s estimation of completions and its reaction to it?” Possible answer is “NGOs prefer to treat others as cooperative organizations”
- 14. • The main competition is between NGOs with similar missions and the main object of competition is funding What are the NGOs competing for? Grants 21 % Volunteers 11 % Publicity 16 % Private donations 9 % Government funding 15 % Service fees 7 % Corporate donations 11 % Other 10 % • The majority of those who recognize competition in nonprofit sector is using performance indicators to track efficiency of their organization
- 15. H3 : Results • Nonprofits in all the countries experience the increasing competition for both volunteers and funding. The study of Dolnicar & Lazarevski (2010) implies the regulatory differences in the US, UK, and Australia have less effect on marketing than the market pressure. Thus, H3 cannot be rejected for the developed countries. Ukrainian NGOs do not take market pressure as a crucial part of the external operational environment. Thus, H3 should be rejected • Competition between the global NGOs may have negative effects on the society (Aldashev &Verdie, 2010). On the local scale competition mostly boosts the NGOs efficiency. In Ukraine, 60 % of respondents not recognizing existing competition do no conduct any type of marketing, thus limiting their NGOs efficiency
- 16. Conclusions • Nonprofits of the 21st century are expected to make transition from an organization-centered philosophy to a consumer-centered (market-oriented) philosophy, which includes constant study of societies’ needs, evaluation of possibilities to meet them, and construction of realistic tangible goals to monitor the NGO efficiency • Till now neither NGOs in the developed, nor those in the post-Soviet countries have been able to change their philosophy. The 20-years’ period was not enough to close the knowledge gap, but a lot has been done and principles of NGOs functioning in these countries became more similar • Professionalization of the workforce around the world should assist in increase of efficiency in a nonprofit sector