This document discusses phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which were first isolated from rat brain in 1972 and inhibit the breakdown of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). It describes several subtypes of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, including non-selective inhibitors like caffeine and theophylline, as well as selective inhibitors of PDE1-5 that are used to treat conditions like erectile dysfunction, pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and intermittent claudication.