peer tutorial for body systems and anatomy
- 1. PEER TUTORIAL BODY SYSTEMS 1/SURGERY 1 BY S. NOUR
- 2. WHAT WE WILL COVER • Skeletal system: cartilage and bones. • Classification of bones and joints
- 3. SKELETAL SYSTEM • The skeletal system is divided into two functional parts. This is the Axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. • 1. axial skeleton = consists of the bones of the head, neck, and trunk. The head refers to the cranium or skull, the neck refers to the hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae and the trunk is the ribs, sternum, vertebrae and sacrum. • 2. appendicular skeleton = consists of the bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles.
- 4. CARTILAGE AND BONES • The skeleton is composed of cartilages and bones. Cartilage is a resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is required – for instance; the costal cartilages attach the ribs to the sternum. • Blood vessels do not enter the cartilage, but its cells obtain oxygen and nutrients by diffusion. • • • • • •
- 5. CARTILAGE AND BONES CONTINUED… • A fibrous connective tissue covering surrounds each skeletal element like a sleeve, except where articular cartilage occurs. Around the bones it is called the periosteum, and around cartilage it is called the perichondrium. Their functions are laying down more cartilage or bone – especially during fracture healing. • There are two types of bones, these are compact bones and spongy bones. They are distinguished by the amount of solid matter and by the number and size of the spaces they contain. Compact bones are present in the outer layer of long bones, they are dense and sold and provide strength and protection. Spongy bones are present in the middle of long bones and have a porous structure, they make. Bones lighter so that muscles can move them more easily.
- 6. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES • 1. long bones = are tubular or a cylinder like shape, however, keep in mind it describes the shape not the size (humerus, ulna and radius in the arm) (femur, tibia and fibula of legs) (metacarpals and phalanges of fingers) (metatarsals, phalanges in toes). • 2. short bones = are cuboidal and found only in the tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist). Mostly equal in length, width and thickness. • 3. flat bones = usually serve protective functions. It is typically thin but also curved. (flat bones of the cranium skull) (the scapula – shoulder blades) (the sternum – breastbone) and the ribs. Flat bones serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs. • 4. irregular bones = have various shapes other than long, short or flat (bones of the face or the vertebrae). • 5. sesamoid bones = usually small and round (shaped like a sesame seed) develop in certain tendons, and are found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limb; they protect the tendons from compressive forces and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments (e.g. the patella or knee-cap)
- 7. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS • 1. Synovial joints = the articulating bones of synovial joints are united by a joint capsule composed of an outer fibrous layer and lined by a serous synovial membrane. The joint cavity of a synovial joint (e.g. the knee) Is a potential space that contains a small amount of lubricating synovial fluid, secreted by the synovial membrane. 2. fibrous joints = The articulating bones of a fibrous joint is united by fibrous tissue. The amount of movement that happens at a fibrous joint depends on the length of the fibers that unite the articulating bones. These bones are close together, either interlocking along a wavy line or overlapping. A syndesmosis type of fibrous joint unites the bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue, either a ligament or a fibrous membrane. Consequently, this type of joint is partially movable. The interosseous membrane in the forearm is a sheet of fibrous tissue that joins the radius and ulna in a syndesmosis. 3. Cartilaginous joints = The articulating structures of cartilaginous joints are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. In primary cartilaginous joints, or synchondroses, the bones are united by hyaline cartilage, and this allows slight bending during early life. Primary cartilaginous joints are usually temporary unions, such as those present during the development of a long bone. Secondary cartilaginous joints, or symphyses, are strong, slightly movable joints united by fibrocartilage. The fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs between the vertebrae consist of binding connective tissue that joins the vertebrae together.
- 8. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME ANY QUESTIONS?