Performance Evaluation Cognitive Medium Access Control Protocols

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 4 Issue 2, February 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29894 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 88
Performance Evaluation:
Cognitive Medium Access Control Protocols
Shimaa Abdzaher1, Imane Saroit2
1Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
2Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Cairo University, Suez, Egypt
ABSTRACT
A comprehensive study and an accurate comparison are introduced about
what are the integrated features of medium access control protocols for
cognitive radio ad hoc wireless networks. This study Also provides
comparison of thirty medium access control protocols designs according to
the mentioned features. Finally, we evaluate the performance of two systems
for medium access control protocols; common control-multi channels
cognitive medium access control protocol and non-common control -multi
channels cognitive medium access control protocol using Network Simulator
2. This study shows the impact of increasing the packet size on the
performance metrics such as network throughput and the packet delivery
ratio. Simulation results prove that common control-multi channels cognitive
medium access control protocol outperforms non-common control-multi
channels cognitive medium access control protocol in all aspects of
performance metrics with increasing the packet size.
KEYWORDS: Cognitive radio, cognitiveradionetworks, dynamicspectrumaccess,
medium access control protocols, opportunistic spectrum access, spectrum
sharing, Performance evaluation
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INRODUCTION
The Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network (CRAHN),
comprehensively investigated in [1] [2], is a hopeful
wireless network and it is considered asuggestedsolution
to cope with the great increase requirements on modern
communications. CRAHN, alsoknowndistributed wireless
network, can solve the issues of fixed policies of the
spectrum regulation such as an inefficient usage of whole
spectra [3]. In this review, we comprehensively
concentrate on the CRAHNs based on the Opportunistic
Spectrum Access Concept (OSA). In OSA, each user is
called unlicensed user or Secondary User (SU). Each SU is
allowed to opportunistically exploit the free licensed
bands (LCs) under the following condition: the absence of
the owner of the licensed band ’Primary User’(PU) [4]. In
literature, features of Cognitive Medium Access Control
protocols (CR-MACs) have been widely discussed and
several surveys have been shown. The best of our
knowledge, is [2] considered the first survey which
exhaustively investigates CRAHNs. In [2], the key features
and current research issues of CRAHNs are addressed and
studied. In [5], the pros and the cons of several existing
CR-MACs are implicitly provided on basic functions of CR-
MAC. In [6], an efficient discussion has been shown where
twenty-two CR-MAC protocols are compared. Nana et.al.
[7] concentrate on two major perspectives related to the
designs of CR-MAC protocols. The authors also reviewed
the functions of Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA)fromthe
point of MAC protocol design. In DSA, every user can
dynamically exploit the free channels. In [8], the authors
introduced the important features of CRMACs by general
classification and systematization for CRMACprotocols.of
CR-MACs features and introduce more integrated insight
of how CR-MACs can perform their functions. In section 3,
a comprehensive review anddetailedcomparison ofthirty
conventional CR-MACs found in literature are given
according to the proposed features. The authors in [9],
provided a surveyed study of the cooperative medium
access control protocol. In [10], thepaperconcentrated on
the literature problems which affect the CRAHNs and the
processing standardization efforts are mentioned. In
section 2, we extend the study and analysis of CR-MACs
features and introduce more integratedinsightof how CR-
MACs can perform their functions. In section 3, a
comprehensive review and detailed comparison of thirty
conventional CR-MACs found in literature are given
according to the proposed features.
Integrated Features for Cognitive Medium Access
Control Protocols
Number of Radios
The efficient CR–MAC design should basically depend on
the number of used radios /transceivers. The number of
required radios can be divided into three types: CR–MAC
based on single transceiver, CR-MAC based on only two
transceivers one for exchanging control data and another
one for data transmission and CR-MAC based on Multi-
IJTSRD29894

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Radios It is preferable that CR-MACs possess one radio
rather than two or multi- radios in order to save energy
consumption and reduce the cost.
Prior Knowledge of Licensed Bands
There are two categories of PUs systems: one-way
communication systems such (TV band, radio broadcasts)
and two-way communications’ system in which there are
bidirectional communications between PU transmitter
(PU Rx), PU receiver (SU Rx) used for spectrum sensing
[11]. However, the CRMAC designer must determine in
which PU Systems, the CRMAC can operate. A prior
knowledge of the PUs systems may affect MAC designs
where the number of used antennas of PUs system
influences on selecting perfect transmit strategy of SUs.
For example, when PU Rx and SU Rx have only single
antenna, the cognitive beam-forming [12] can be used in
transmit strategy. Another Example, in TV bands, many
TVs Programs may be previously determined in some
areas. Hence, the free spectrum information can be
broadcast to SUs. Another observation provided in [13] is
that the delay of all CR- MAC classes becomes higher with
increasing PU packet size. When the PU signal waveform,
the noise power, and the cyclic frequency of the PU signal
are all known to theSU users, this may help SUs for
rapidly detecting the PU signal. If no information is
allowed about licensed networks, a suitable spectrum
sensing schedule must be taken into consideration.
Prior Knowledge of Secondary Users Systems
Around
Based on the topology information such as one-hop
neighbor information, two-hop neighbor information,
whole the network topology information, SU can select
the efficient broadcast mechanism for saving the energy
consumption [14].
Single/parallel rendezvous
In CRAHNs, when two SUs need to establish a link and
initialize communications, they need to find each other
first. This process is basically known as rendezvous or
neighbor discovery [15]. A rendezvous is basically a
meeting at an appointed time and place [16]. Since a
channel only presents an opportunity to the SU pair ifitis
available at both the transmitter and the receiver,
spectrum opportunities need to be identified jointly by
both the SU transceiver and the SU receiver. This is
known as spectrum Opportunity identification
(rendezvous) problem in [59]. In literature, there are a
single rendezvous common channel (SRCC) and parallel
rendezvous common channel (PRCC) schemes for
exchanging control information.
• In SRCC protocols, the exchange of control
information happens on only one channel at any
time.
• In PRCC schemes, also known as multiple
rendezvous in [17], utilize available channels in
parallel such that multipleSUscanexchangecontrol
information at the same time,usingall freechannels
[18]. Each SU knows the hopping pattern of the
other SUs which easily makes control exchange
potential by following the intended SU receiver’s
hopping pattern. PRCC highly distributes both
control and data exchanges across the LCs by using
random way.
Efficient sensing Schedule
Sensing techniques are divided into two categories:
cooperative-based technique(C-based) and self -based
technique(S-based). In c-based sensing techniques, all SUs
cooperate for constructing the sensing results table by
exchange their sensing information about free channels.
In s-based sensing technique, each SU should collect the
sensing results and construct the sensing result table by
itself. This table contains the free channels.
Control channel in licensedbandorunlicensedband
Common control channels (CCC) may be in licensed band,
in unlicensed bans, or constructin both. CR-MACs designs
should clarify in which bands will operate.
Spectrum Allocation method for free channels
In which SUs should make a wise decision for selecting
the best available channels (the best opportunity) with
efficient transmission parameters [19]. After successful
sensing mechanism, all available free channel should be
determined in list. Then, each SU can select the best free
opportunity from the list. The accuracy of spectrum
allocation process has typically important effects on both
the network throughput and the overall spectrum
utilization [20]. CR-MAC must decide which channel or set
of channels to use among the potentially large pool of
spectrum available for opportunistic use.
Spectrum Access Techniques
In literature, the access to the spectrum is usually
occurred through" sense-before-transmit” concept, i.e., a
channel is sensed before any transmission and another
one is searched if the PU is active on this channel. There
are three conventional spectrum access schemes;
contentions-based, time slotted and hybrid) [21]:
• Random access scheme is generally based on the
collision multiple accesses with collision avoidance
(CSMA/CA) concept and No time synchronization is
needed. Each secondary user scans the spectrum
band to detect when there is no transmission from
the rest of SUs and from the PU side. Then, SU
transmits after a back off duration to prevent collision
among other secondary users. These Schemes also
need to spend more time in exchanging control
information massage [22]. Hence, the method may
waste opportunities.
• Time-slotted also known Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA) Scheme, requires general
synchronization among all secondary users, where
time is slotted into slots for both the control messages
and the data transmission.
• Hybrid scheme uses a partially slotted portions, in
which the control information messages generally
occur over synchronized time slots. Then, the data
transmission may have random access methods
without time synchronization. Another form of hybrid
CRMAC protocol is in which the for control and data
transmission may have predefined constituting a
super frame. Each super frame is common to all SUs
in the network. Within each control or data duration,
the access to the available channel may be completely
random. Hybrid CR-MAC protocols and time slotted
CRMAC protocols require synchronization among the
SUs in the CRAHNs which is a challenge withoutusing
a centralized unit.

Secondary user Adaption with PrimaryUsersudden
Appearance
CR-MAC protocols for such CRAHNs must overcome the
sudden presence of the PUs in available channels. They
must be sensitive to the presence or absence of PUs in
particular bands because the SUs must vacate any band
soon after a PU starts transmission in it [23]. In existing
literature, there are three strategies to show how the SU
copes with the sudden appearance of the PU as shown in
Figure 1. In the following subsections, three strategies are
discussed.
1. NO Buffer and No Switch strategy
Each SU should vacate operational channel due to the
sudden appearance of the PU in this channel and the
transmission is lost. This leads to high depletion of all
network performance.
2. Buffer strategy
The SU buffers its transmission in case of the PU
appearance until the PU ends its transmission. Then, it
resumes its transmission at the same channel. A buffered
connection time expires after specific time. The SU may
not be able to re-establish its transmission due to the PU
which is still in this channel also results to high delay
[24,25]. The SUs connection is discarded.
3. Switch Strategy
When PU suddenly appears on the operational channel
used by SU, the SU should rapidly vacate thischannel,
select and switch to new available channel [26-32].
Energy Consumption Efficiency
The battery consumption is generally one of the basic
design issues in ad hoc networks If Cognitive Radio
technology is applied on the Ad hoc devices like laptop,
smart phones, and wireless sensors networks, it will
cause battery consumption issue [33] and [34] due to
spectrum sensing requirements, coexistence and mobility
processes. The battery consumption is one of the major
issues in ad hoc/mobile devices. Hence, developing
efficient CR-MAC design with energy saving mechanism
for CRAHNs is now today’s need. CRMAC design should
take into consideration the efficient usage of energy
consumption in order to typically accommodate less
power consumption, high transmission rate and high
throughput [35]. Therefore, one of the most important
targets in CR- MAC protocol design is how to efficiently
use available channels and limited power budget in order
to increase the whole network throughput.
Quality of Service Provisioning
CRAHNs should meet the quality of servicerequirements.
Bootstrapping
It means that how the new secondary user (SU fir) joints
the CRAHNs. Bootstrapping is the process during which a
new SU wants to starts or joins CRAHN and decides which
PU channels are suited to opportunistic spectrum
communication. Each SU senses those channels. Next to
finding the free channels, each SU should inform its set of
free channels to other SUs in the network [13]. In
perspective of Q. o. S, A bootstrapping delay is also very
important factor [37].
Fairness issue
The solution to achieve the fairness requirement among
SUs in CRAHNS, is that CR- MAC design incorporate the
enhanced version of bake-off scheme of IEEE802.11.
CRMAC design should grantee how to achieve the fairness
among all the secondary users in the CRAHNs.
Comparison of Twenty Cognitive Medium Access
Control Protocols
Thirty CR-MACs are studied and analyzed based on the
previous properties in tables [I-IV].
Simulation Scenario
Simulation Tools
Enhancement version of network simulator (NS2) is
proposed to be efficient for the proposed simulation
stages. The proposed simulation model is set by using a
combination of (NS2-CRAHN) [60] an extension of NS2
and the simulation framework for cognitive radio
network (CogNS) [61]. Then, the performanceof the multi
channels cognitive medium access control protocol (CM-
CMAC) and the performance of the multi channels
Cognitive medium access control protocol (Non-CM-CMAC)
protocol for the proposed CRAHN are tested, and
analyzed. Finally, the results are compared and evaluated.
Simulation Model
In simulated CRAHN, twenty-six SUs are participated used
ten licensed channels. The used propagation model of SU
is Two-ray ground model. The used routing protocol is
the dynamic source routing protocol. Each simulation is
executed 11 times and results are averaged. The
simulation run time for each simulation is 100s. The
number of PUs is 10.
Simulation Results
Simulation results introduces that CM-CMAC protocol
outperforms the non-CM-CMAC protocol in all aspects of
performance metrics with increasing the packet size. In
next Parts, we typically illustrate the impact of increasing
the packet size on the CRAHN’s performance metrics such
as average throughput and packet delivery ratio.
• The impact of increasing the packet size on the
average throughput
“Fig. 1,” displays the impact of increasing the packet size
on the network throughput. It is noticed that the average
throughput of the simulated system using the CM-CMAC
protocol is better than it using Non-CM-CMAC protocol.
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Throughput
(kbps)
Packet Size (bytes)
Fig.1. the impact of increasing the packet size on
network throughput for both protocols

• The impact of increasing the packet size on the packet delivery ratio
“Fig. 2,” shows the impact of increasing the packet size on the packet delivery ratio. It is noticed that the packet delivery
ratio of the simulated scenario using the CM-CMAC protocol is better than it using Non-CM-CMACs-protocol.
Fig.2. the impact of increasing the packet size on packet delivery ratio for both protocols
Conclusion
The integrated features of CR-MAC protocols for CRAHNS are introduced. A comparison of Thirty CR-MAC protocols
designs is provided according to the mentioned proprieties. Theimpactofincreasingthepacketsizeaffectstheperformance
of whole CRAHNs. Simulation results prove that common control-multi channels C- MAC outperforms non-common control-
multi channels C-MAC in every aspect of the performance metrics with increasing the packet size.
TABLE I TABLE STYLES
properties Protocols
Table Head
SWITCH
[20]
Wang et.al
[30]
CREAM-MAC
[27]
A-MAC
[38]
EECR-MAC
[39]
No. of Radio 2 - Multi 2 1
Radio Interface
Prior knowledge of LCs
SDR
No
Not discussed
No
Multi
Sensors + SDR
No
GNU Radio +
Wi-Fi
No
Not
discussed
No
period knowledge of
networks around
No No No No No
SR/PR
SR PR SR SR SR
Efficient sensing Schedule c-based C-based C-based C-based C-based
Control Channel in Licensed
Channel LC/ Unlicensed
UC UC UC UC UC
Channel UC
Control Information Exchange
CCC CCC CCC CCC CCC
Spectrum Allocation method
for free channel
Not
discussed
Random
Smart Ch.
selection
Random Access
Use aggregation
method
Random Access
Not
discussed
Hybrid
CDA
method
Time -
slotted
Adaption of Primary User
sudden Appearance
Access
Switch
With
Switch Stop Stop Stop
Energy Consumption
BC
Not Not discussed Not discussed
Not
discussed
Yes
Quality of. Service
Provisioning
discussed
Not
Not discussed Not discussed Yes
Not
discussed
Bootstrapping
discussed
Not
Not discussed Not discussed Yes
Not
discussed
Fairness issues
discussed
Yes
No Yes No Yes
Inefficient Spectrum
Utilization
Try to
solved
Not Solved Not Solved Not Solved
Try To
solved

TABLE II A Comprehensive Analysis of Conventional Cognitive Radio Medium Access Control Protocols
Properties
Protocols
DDH-MAC
[40]
OSABR
[16]
MCRN
[41]
ACAP-
MAC [42]
SAMAR-
MAC [43]
No. of Radio 2 1 2 1 1
Radio Interface Half-duplex DSR - - -
Prior knowledge of licensed band No No No Yes No
period knowledge of networks around No No No No No
Single/parallel rendezvous SR/PR PR SR SR SR SR
Efficient sensing Schedule C-based C-based C-based C-based C-based
Control Channel in Licensed Channel
LC/ Unlicensed Channel UC
UC+LC UC +LC LC LC LC
Control Information Exchange CCC No CCC CCC CCC CCC
Spectrum Allocation Not Not discussed discussed discussed
method for free channel discussed discussed
Spectrum Access Techniques Hybrid
Random
Access
Random
Access
Hybrid Hybrid
Adaption of Primary User sudden
Appearance
Stop Switch Stop Stop Switch
Energy Consumption
Try To
solved
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Quality of. Service Provisioning
Try To
solved
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Yes
Bootstrapping Yes
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
No
Not
discussed
Fairness issues Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
TABLE III A Comprehensive Analysis of Conventional Cognitive Radio Medium Access Control Protocols
Proprieties
Protocols
DSATMAC
[44]
DOSS
[45]
Mehanna
et.al [46]
ECRQ
MAC [47]
C-MAC
[48]
No. of Radio 1 Multi 1 1 1
Radio Interface
Not
discussed
Not discuss Not discussed Half-duplex Half duplex
Prior knowledge of
licensed band
No No No No No
period knowledge of
networks around
No No No No No
SR/PR
SR SR SR PR PR
Efficient sensing Schedule Self-based C-based Self -based C-based C-based
Control Channel in
Licensed Channel LC/
Unlicensed Channel UC
LC LC LC UC LC
Control Information
Exchange
No CCC No CCC No CCC No CCC No CCC
Spectrum Allocation
method for free channel
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Ch. with the lowest
statistics of
primary traffic
Ch. with
best quality
Ch. with the
Lowest load 0f SUs
Spectrum Access
Techniques
Hybrid
Random
Access
Time slotted
Time
slotted
Time slotted
Adaption of Primary User
sudden Appearance
Switch Stop Stop Switch Stop
Energy Consumption
Efficiency
Yes
Not
discussed
Not discussed
Try To
solved
Not discussed
Quality of. Service
Provisioning
Yes
Not
discussed
Not discussed Yes Yes
Bootstrapping Yes Yes Not discussed Yes Yes
Fairness issues Yes Yes No No No
Hidden Incumbent Device
Problem
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not discussed Solved Try to solved

TABLE IV A Comprehensive Analysis of Conventional Cognitive Radio Medium Access Control Protocols
Proprieties
Protocols
Su et.al
[49]
Zhao et.al
[50]
SYN-MAC
[51]
DRA-MAC
[17]
EDA-MAC
[22]
No. of Radio 1 Multi 2 1 1
Radio Interface SDR
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
SDR Half-duplex
Prior knowledge of li censed band No Yes No Yes No
Single/parallel rendezvous SR/PR PR PR SR SR PR
Efficient sensing Schedule c-based C-based c-based C-based C-based
LC/Unlicensed Channel UC
LC LC LC LC LC
Control Information Exchange No CCC No CCC No CCC No CCC No CCC
Spectrum Allocation method for free
channel
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
The Ch. With the
highest data rate
Ch. With
lowest load
Spectrum Access Techniques Hybrid Hybrid
Time
slotted
Hybrid Time slotted
Appearance
Buffer Stop Stop Buffer Stop
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not discussed Yes
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not discussed Not discussed
Bootstrapping Yes
Not
discussed
Yes Yes Yes
Fairness issues No Yes Yes Yes No
TABLE V A Comprehensive Analysis of Conventional Cognitive Radio Medium Access Control Protocols
Proprieties
Protocols
DH-MAC
[54]
DOFDM
[52]
CA-MAC [53]
SHCH MAC
[37]
RODMAC
[23]
Radio Interface SDR DOFDM+DSR Not discussed Half duplex Half duplex
Prior knowledge of licensed band No No No No No
Single/parallel rendezvous SR/PR PR SR PR PR PR
Efficient sensing Schedule C-based C-based C-based C-based C-based
LC LC LC LC LC
channel
Dynamic Hop
sequence
method
Not
discussed
Ch. with the
least common
among SUs
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Spectrum Access Techniques Hybrid Time slotted
Random
Access
Hybrid
Random
Access
Appearance
Switch Stop Stop Stop Switch
Energy Consumption Efficiency Not discussed Not discussed Not discussed solved
Not
discussed
Quality of. Service Provisioning Not discussed
Not
discussed
Not discussed
Not
discussed
Yes
Bootstrapping Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Fairness issues Not discussed Yes Yes Yes Yes

TABLE VI A Comprehensive Analysis of Conventional Cognitive Radio Medium Access Control Protocols
Proprieties
Protocols
Cog MAC
[55]
Cog MAC+
[59]
C2R MAC
[56]
J. Ahn et.al
[57]
SPMAC
[58]
Radio Interface Half duplex DSR - DSR USRP
Prior knowledge of licensed band No No No No No
period knowledge of networks around No No No No Yes
Single/parallel rendezvous SR/PR PR PR SR PR SR
Efficient sensing Schedule c-based C-based C-based C-based C-based
LC LC LC LC LC
channel
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Random
Access
Random
Access
Time
slotted
Time slotted
Time
slotted
Appearance
Buffer Buffer Stop Stop Stop
Not
discussed
Yes
Not
discussed
Yes
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Not
discussed
Bootstrapping Yes Yes Not discuss Yes
Not
discussed
Fairness issues Yes Yes Yes Yes
Not
discussed
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