Performance of Large Irrigation Schemes using the Example of the Gezira Scheme in Sudan
- 1. SOURCES 1 WWDR6 (2015) 2 WWAP (2016) 3 WWDR4 (2012) WE HAVE A GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY PROBLEM IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE has a higher potential than RAINFED AGRICULTURE WE NEED TO INCREASE AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT by 2050food demand will increase by100%due to: 1 This leaves us with two options: WHY? OR population growth use more land irrigated land has 2.7 times higher productivity than rainfed agriculture 3 irrigated agriculture is less vulnerable to rainfed- shortages and climate variabliity irrigation agriculture helps farmers gain more income due to larger harvest and lower risk of crop failure improve productivity of available land better markets and trade meaning plenty of accesable food changing lifestyles with higher income: people eat more you can produce more with less land irrigated rain fed irrigation agriculture is more resilient than rain-fed agricultureof cultivated land from irrigation produces ! 20% 40%of global food 2 IRRIGATION IS THE SOLUTION 1
- 2. SOURCES 1 FAO (2012) 2 Siebert et al. (2013) Global Economy over 1 billion people are employed in world agriculture 1 in 3 of all workers Agriculture is very important for least developed countries in Sub-saharan Africa over 60% of the entire workforce are involved in agriculture Developing Countries Least Developed Countries Central African Republic Chad Ethiopia Kenya AGRICULTURE IS IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND EMPLOYMENT While agriculture is not so significant for developed countries, it contributes a great deal to the economy of the least developed countries: 1 3% 10% 60% 53% 42% 30% ! 200,000,000 150,000,000 100,000,000 50,000,000 AFRICA AMERICA ASIA EUROPE OCEANIA AREAS EQUIPPED WITH AGRICULTURE BY CONTINENT 2 total area equipped for irrigation with ground water with surface water area actually irrigated 2
- 3. WHERE AND HOW IS IRRIGATION IMPORTANT The map below shows major river-based irrigation schemes around the world NILE DELTA, Egypt 3.4 million ha of cropped land 85% is irrigated Wheat, rice, clover, maize Main agricultural area of Egypt EUPHRATES-TIGRIS, Iraq Covers 879,790 km2 Wheat, Barley, other Feed Grains 6.5–7 million ha equipped for irrigation MISSISSIPPI, USA Covers 3.225 million km2 Rice, Corn, Soybeans, Cotton, Fish About 2% of cropped acres are irrigated in the Upper Mississipi River Basi ACONCAGUA RIVER, Central Chile The Basin covers 7.200 km2 Grapes, Avocado, Horticulture, Pasture Precipitation has decreased in the last century; rainfall is predicted to decline 25%-35% by 2040–2070 INDUS Irrigation System, Pakistan 15 million ha Wheat, Cotton, Rice, Fruits Contributes to a large portion of employment and export earnings GANGES, India, Nepal, Bangladesh Covers 1,087,300 km2 Sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds 34.1 million ha are irrigated HUANG HE (Yellow River), China 5,463 km long (2nd longest in China) Grains, Cotton, Oil 4,5 million ha of irrigated annual crops 5 million ha of irrigated land MISSOURI, USA Covers 820,700 km2 Corn, Soybeans, Wheat and other small Grain Crop About 14 % of cropped acres are irrigated PO RIVER, Italy 652 km long 1.1 million ha of irrigated area 2.7 mil ha UAA Forage & arboreal crops The predominant irrigation system is surface irrigation (almost 50%) YANGTZE RIVER, China Cover1.5 million km2 & 6,380 km long 13,5 million ha of irrigated land DANUBE RIVER BASIN, Europe Covers 800,000 km2 & flows 2,850 km Agricultural uses vary with the climate & different topology The main irrigated areas are in Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, and Bulgaria ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 3
- 4. Based on FAO (1985) WHAT IS AN IRRIGATION SCHEME? WATER CONTROL CONVEYANCE SYSTEM DIVERSION AND DISTRIBUTION DRAINAGE SYSTEM FIELD APPLICATION SYSTEM Weir schemes Pump schemes Resevoir schemes Dam Major Canal M inorCanal Minor Canal PERFORMANCE MONITORING IN IRRIGATION SCHEMES INFRASTRUCTURE PROCESS OUTPUT Maintainance, Status of structure and Control effectiveness Cropping area, Water use, Scheme developement Productivity, Yield The three dimensions of performance monitoring in irrigation schemes are:: 4
- 5. SOURCE Government statistics THE GEZIRA IRRIGATION SCHEME 0 100 km Main crops include cotton, wheat, groundnuts, sorghun and vegtables The scheme is managed by the Sudan Gezira Board Around 7000 government employees support the scheme The scheme comsumes 35% of Nile‘s water in Sudan and produces half of the country‘s agricultural output In 2005, participatory irrigation management was introduced by the Gezira Act, introducing Water User Associations and the freedom to choose crops There are four different types of farmers: Landowners, sharecroppers, renters and croppers 144000 tennant families 0.5 - 1 million causal workers With 1 million hectare, the Gezira Scheme is the largest irrigation scheme under one management in the world ! Roseires Dam Sennar Dam White Nile Rahad River Gunaid Scheme GEZIRA SCHEME Rahad Scheme Essuki Scheme Dinder River Blue Nile River Nile GEZIRA TIMELINE Construction of the Gezira scheme by the British Expansion of the Gezira scheme under the independent Sudan Gezira scheme contributes to one third of the economy and much of foreign exports Continuous deteoriation of the Gezira scheme Gezira Reform Act Water User Associations abolished Open future of the scheme 1914 - 1925 late 60s and early 70s 2005 Today 1958 - 1966 late 70s until early 2000s 2014 5
- 6. SOURCE 1,2,3 Al Zayed et al. (2015) 4 Bushara (2010) PERFORMANCE OF THE GEZIRA SCHEME INFRASTRUCTURE PROCESS OUTPUT The performance of the scheme has been deteroriating in all three categories: Reasons why: Result: Increased sedimentation in the canals is a major problem Relative Irrigation Supply (RIS) 1.4 is the highest level in surface irrigation allowed *The same for Relative Water Supply (how much water altogether, irrigation and precipitation is allocated to the crops) (RWS) has deteriorated from 1.7 to 2.6 in the same period. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) is much less than the global average 2 Increased erosion in the Blue Nile catchment in Ethopia Use of water during the rainy season (July - August) Diversion of too much water Reduced trapping of the Roseires and Sennar resevoirs Between 1970 and 1994, the RIS in Gezira was 1.4 Between 1994 and 2010 the RIS was 2.23 The quantity of silt removed from the canals has been declining since the mid 1990s Land productivity Productivity of Cotton Max RIS 1.4 The average yield of main crops Gezira is much less than the attainable yield internationally 3 The productivity of cotton at country level is no exception. It is only...4 Too much water is applied!* 1 0.6 to 1.7 kg/m3 3.3 - 4.1 t/ha 35 % of Australian 47 % of China 53 % of Egypt 61 % of Pakistan Gezira scheme Mean yield of Gezira scheme Global WUE Attainable yields 0.26 kg/m3 1.3 t/ha 0.4 kg/m3 1.6 t/ha wheat wheat sorghum sorghum 0.3 to 2.2 kg/m3 3.8 - 5.7 t/ha 6
- 7. Al Zayed , I. S., Elagib , N. A. , Ribbe, L. , Heinrich, J. (2015). Spatio-temporal performance of large-scale Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan, Agricultural Systems, Vol. 133, pp. 131–142. Bushara, M.O., Barakat, H.E., (2010). Decomposing total factor productivity change of cotton cultivars in the Gezira Scheme (1991– 2007) Sudan, in 2010 AAAE Third Conference/AEASA 48th Conference, September 19–23, 2010, South Africa, African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE) & Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA). Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) (2012), Statistical Year Book 2012, Food and Agricultural Organisation document repository, FAO. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) (1985), Irrigation Water Management: Training Manual No. 1 - Introduction to Irrigation, FAO. Siebert, S., Henrich, V., Frenken, K., Burke, J. (2013): Update of the Global Map of Irrigation Areas to version 5. Project report. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), University of Bonn. World Water Development Report (WWDR6) (2015). Water for a Sustainable World, UN Water, United Nations (UN). World Water Development Report (WWDR4) (2012). Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk, UN Water, United Nations (UN). World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) (2016). Facts and Figures 24: Irrigated Land, UNESCO, United Nations (UN). COPYRIGHTS AND ACKNOWLDEGEMENTS Design and implementation by Antonia Fedlmeier | afedlmeier@gmail.com Scientific development by Dr. Mohammad Al-Saidi | alsaidi20@yahoo.com For third-party contents, sources are indicated. Citation Format for the Info-graphics: Al-Saidi, Mohammad, Fedlmeier, Antonia (2016): Info-graphics on Performance Management of Large-Scales Irrigation Schemes in Developing Countries with the Example of the Gezira Scheme, Nexus Research Focus, TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences. Thanks for the contributions and the support of the following people: Anna Goelnizt, Farah Taleb, Amna Omar, Mohammad Ibrahim, Dr. Nadir Elagib, Aline Bussmann, Dr. Islam Al Zayed, Claudia Raquel Aguilera Verga Special thanks to the support of the Water Research Center of the Khartoum University, Director Prof. Dr. Gamaleldin Mortada Abdo Abdrabo Contact and Project Leader: Prof. Dr. Lars Ribbe | lars.ribbe@th-koeln.de Institute for Technology in the Tropics and Subtropics (ITT), TH-Köln (University of Applied Sciences) Betzdorfer Straße 2, 50679 Köln Technology Arts Sciences TH Köln CHALLENGES OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT REFERENCES LOW PERFORMANCE TRAP IRRIGATION GOVERNANCE AND REGULATION HIGH PERFORMANCE PATHWAY Low irrigation productivity and efficiency Design equitable land ownership regulations Achieve farmers‘ and civil society‘s participation Make sustainable irrigation management a political priority Increase transparency and law enforcement Ensure coordination & collaboration among different state and private institutions Promote access to local and international food markets Low cost production & high yield Poor livelihoods of farmers & stakeholder (conflict) Regional growth & income generation Low collection rate & scheme income Lack of investment & maintenance Poor irrigation infrastructure & scheme management Optimal cropping & water use system Investment in irrigation infrastructure & monitoring system Technology transfers, modern infrastructure, good data 7 The performance of large-scale irrigation schemes like the Gezira scheme is determined by many interdependent factors. A comprehensive approach of performance management is essential while irrigation governance and regulation reforms determine performance success.