Pests of Cardamom.ppt
- 1. Pest of cardamom VINEETHA. V 2015-11-052
- 2. Cardamom thrips Sciothrips cardamomi Order -Thysanoptera Family -Thripidae • Active throughout the year except during monsoon • Population maximum during December to April • Adult: is minute, dark greyish brown with fringed wings
- 3. • Female lay 5 to 30 eggs in different parts of plants( 9 – 12 days) • Eggs kidney shaped • First two instars very active • Life cycle completed by 27 to 30 days
- 4. Nature of damage • The thrips feed and breed on unopened leaf spindles, leaf sheaths, flower bracts and flower tubes • They lacerate the surface tissues of the plant parts and suck the exuding sap.
- 5. Symptoms • Panicles become stunted • Shedding of flowers and immature capsules; reduces the total number of capsules formed. • Formation of corky encrustations on pods results in malformed and shrivelled condition.
- 6. Symptoms contd… • Scabs appear on the injured tissues • Both quantity and quality of the pods are affected • Such pods lack their fine aroma and the seeds within are also poorly developed. • Mysore variety more suceptible than malabar variety
- 8. Management • Regulate shade in thickly shaded areas. • Destroy alternate host like weeds , colacasia • Fish oil insecticidal soap (FOIS) + sodium (2.5%) + 2.5% tobacco extracts • KAU recommendation- Quinalphos 0.05%, dimethoate 0.05% ( Apply during December to May; pest population high)
- 9. • During summer dust formulation - quinalphos 0.025% • Use 250 – 500 ml spray fluid – should cover entire panicle also 1/3 rd portion from base of plant. • Remove dry drooping leaves, leaf sheath, old panicles, other dried parts before application of pesticide Management contd…
- 10. Leaf eating caterpillars Seven species of caterpillars feeding on cardamom leaves. They appear in large numbers during certain seasons causing extensive defoliation. Eupterote cardamomi, Eupterote canarica, Eupterote testacea, Eupterote fabia, Family - Eupterotidae Lenodera vittata Family – Lasiocampidae Alphaea biguttata Family - Arctiidae Euproctis lutifacia Family - Lymantriidae
- 12. • Moths are large stout, yellowish to brown in colour with black wavy markings. • Eggs laid in masses ( 400-500) on the leaves of the shade trees. • Full-grown possess brown hairs; irritating upon touch. • Larvae are injurious (140-150 days) – 10 instars • Nocturnal in habit and congregate at the base of tree trunks during the day. • Pupation is in the soil.( 7- 8 months) Eupterote sp.
- 13. Symptoms of damage • Appear sporadically in enormous populations at intervals • Caterpillars are gregarious • Congregate on the trunks of shade trees during day & drop down at night • Feed voraciously on leaves and defoliate completely • Damage is observed during Oct-Dec
- 16. Management • Incidence checked by lopping off and burning branches of shade trees in which eggs are laid. • Gradual elimination of shade trees favoured for egg laying will reduce the incidence. • Collect and kill caterpillars that congregate at the base of shade trees • Use of light traps • Spray quinalphos 3ml/l (TNAU) • Severe defoliation – spray chlorpyriphos(0.06 %)
- 17. Stem and capsule borer Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Egg: is pink, oval, flat and lays singly or in group on the tender part of the plant Larva: is long, pale purple body with minute hairs, black head Pupa: Pupation takes place in lose silken cocoon in larval tunnel. Adult: wings are pale yellowish with black spots
- 18. Nature of damage • Early stage of the larva bores the unopened leaf spindle/ immature capsule and feeds. • Leads to drying up of the portion from the affected spot • Feeds on young seeds inside rendering the capsules empty. • Late stage larvae bore the pseudostem and feed the central core of the stem
- 19. Symptoms • Drying of the terminal leaf and thus produce characteristic 'dead heart' symptom • Empty capsule with bore holes • Holes on panicle and stem • Bore holes plugged with excreta
- 20. Management • During day time collect adults which rests on the lower surface of the cardamom. • Tillers may be removed if the attack is fresh as indicated by extrusion of frass • Insecticides have to be targeted on early stages of the larvae, within 15-20 days after adult emergence in the field.
- 21. • Spraying fenthion 0.075% is effective in controlling this pest ( TNAU) • Injection of insecticide solution through bore holes • Quinalphos 25 EC (0.05 %) 4ml/l or fenthion 100 EC 1.25ml/l • Dimethoate 0.05 % (POP) (Once the late larvae bore and go deep inside the pseudostem, the chemical spray even in its higher dose becomes ineffective)
- 22. Root grub -Basilepta fulvicorne Coleoptera: Eumolpidae Eggs are laid on dry grasses, leaf sheaths or on dry cardamom leaves Grubs: Short, stout, 'C' shaped, pale white in colour. Pupation : soil Adult: Beetles are shiny, metallic blue, bluish green, greenish brown or brown.
- 24. Damage • Grubs feed on cardamom roots causing reduction in the uptake of nutrients leading to yellowing & drying of leaves. • They also feed on rhizomes. • The grubs feed on the roots in the form of irregular scraping. • Advanced stages entire root system damaged results in drying and rotting depending on the season of attack. • Seen on less shaded area
- 26. Management • Provide proper shade • Earthing up and cover exposed part of rhizome • Collect the beetle with hand nets or sticky traps at the time of mass emergence (March-April and August-September) and destroy. • Drench the soil with chlorpyriphos 0.04% @ 3-4 litres/clump to destroy early stages of the grubs present in the soil. • Light raking of soil before the insecticide application is essential for effective control of root grubs
- 27. Other pests
- 28. White fly - Dialeurodes cardamomi Hemiptera :Aleurodidae • Adult is a small soft bodied insect, about 2mm long and have two pairs of white wings. • Nymphs are elliptical and pale green. SYMPTOMS Nymphs and adults remain in colonies on lower leaf surface and suck the sap. Chlorotic patches appear on leaves, Gradual yellowing and get dried. Sooty mould development occurs due to honeydew secretion
- 30. Management: • Place yellow sticky traps between rows of cardamom plants to monitor and trap adults. • Spray lower surface of leaves with a mixture of neem oil (500 ml) in 100 L of water or acephate 0.075% or triazophos 0.04%. Repeat the spraying 2 or 3 times.
- 31. Cardamom aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Aphididae Hemiptera • Wingless aphid is dark brown, pyriform. • Winged aphids have wings having prominent black veins
- 32. Symptoms of damage • Nymphs and adults suck up plant sap. • Colonies of aphids are seen under concealed conditions inside leaf sheaths of the older pseudo stems. • The aphids act as a vector of the mosaic or 'Katte' virus of cardamom
- 33. KATTE DISEASE OF CARDAMOM
- 34. Management • Removal of Colocasia and other hosts in the vicinity of plantation. • Remove partly dried and decayed pseudostems which harbour the colonies of aphids • Foliar spraying with Dimethoate 2 ml/lit at an interval of 2 weeks in November and April gives adequate control
- 35. Lace wing bug: Stephanitis typicus Tingidae, Hemiptera • Nymph are gregarious in habit and found along with adult on lower surface of leaves • They suck cell sap resulting in greyish yellow spots on leaves
- 36. Cardamom scale insect Mytilaspis sp : Diaspididae • Scale infests lower surface of leaves, panicle stalks, and pseudostem within the leaf sheath. • Berries shrivel as a result of attack