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- 1. www.pewcenteronthestates.org april 2011 In the midst of the Great Recession and severe investment declines, the gap between the promises states made for employees’ retirement benefits and the money they set aside to pay for them grew to at least $1.26 trillion in fiscal year 2009, resulting in a 26 percent increase in one year. State pension plans represented slightly more than half of this shortfall, with $2.28 trillion stowed away to cover $2.94 trillion in long-term liabilities—leaving about a $660 billion gap, according to an analysis by the Pew Center on the States. Retiree health care and other benefits accounted for the remaining $607 billion, with assets totaling $31 billion to pay for $638 billion in liabilities. Pension funding shortfalls surpassed funding gaps for retiree health care and other benefits for the first time since states began reporting liabilities for the latter in fiscal year 2006.1 Precipitous revenue declines in fiscal year 2009 severely depleted state coffers and constrained their ability to pay their annual retirement bills. States’ own actuaries recommended that they contribute nearly $117 billion to build up enough assets to fully fund their promises over the long term, but they contributed only $73 billion—or 62 percent of the total annual bill. This 2009 payment represents a five percentage point decline from the previous fiscal year’s contribution, when they set aside just under $72 billion toward a $108 billion requirement. The Widening Gap: The Great Recession’s Impact on State Pension and Retiree Health Care Costs the widening gap
- 2. Pew Center on the States2 And states’ ability to meet their annual payments may not improve anytime soon; most government finance experts expect state tax revenues to continue recovering slowly in the years ahead. The $1.26 trillion figure is based on states’ own actuarial assumptions. Most states use an 8 percent discount rate—the investment target that states expect to earn, on average, in future years. But there is significant debate among policy makers and experts about what discount rate is most appropriate for states to use when valuing pension liabilities. This is an important issue because, depending on how those liabilities are calculated, states’ total funding shortfall for their long- term pension obligations to public sector retirees could be as much as $1.8 trillion (using assumptions similar to corporate pensions) or $2.4 trillion (using a discount rate based on a 30-year Treasury bond). How states value long-term liabilities going forward will play an important role in defining the scale of their challenges and the actions they will have to take to meet them. Pensions In all, state pension systems were slightly less than 78 percent funded—declining six percentage points from the 2008 level of 84 percent. New York led the way with a funding level of 101 percent—the only state to enjoy a surplus—while Illinois and West Virginia were at the back of the pack, with just slightly more than half of their liabilities accounted for. Overall, this is a worrisome trend, because most experts, including the Government Accountability Office, advise states to have at least an 80 percent funding level. Thirty-one states were below this threshold in fiscal year 2009, a dramatic one-year increase from fiscal year 2008, when 22 states were less than 80 percent funded. In fiscal year 2000, when pension systems were well funded, states and participating local governments had to pay $27 billion to fund their promised benefits adequately. In fiscal year 2009, the annual pension payment requirement grew to $68 billion—a nominal (non-inflation- adjusted) increase of 152 percent over nine years. States paid $56.3 billion—83 percent—of this bill in fiscal year 2009. Many experts agree that making full annual contributions is key to effectively managing the long-term costs of state retirement systems. Far too many states are not responsibly managing the bill for their employees’ retirement.
- 3. The Widening Gap: The Great Recession’s Impact on State Pension and Retiree Health Care costs 3 Exhibit 1 Thirty-one states were below the 80 percent funded threshold for a well-funded pension system. SOURCE: Pew Center on the States 2011. NOTE: Pew was able to obtain fiscal year 2009 data for all states except Hawaii and Ohio. For Hawaii, fiscal year 2008 data were used; for Ohio, 2009 data were projected using preliminary valuations. States’ Public Sector Pensions 78% Funded in FY09 States with less than 80% of pension liabilities funded State Pct. funded Latest liability Latest required contribution Pct. paid State Pct. funded Latest liability Latest required contribution Pct. paid VA WA OR CA UT NE ND IA NY TX MO FL NC GA PA HI Alabama $41,634,554 74% $1,214,983 100% Alaska 15,347,768 61 268,127 110 Arizona 44,078,394 78 1,141,602 101 Arkansas 22,698,906 78 534,954 103 California 490,585,000 81 12,422,673 82 Colorado 54,536,549 69 1,310,315 66 Connecticut 41,311,400 62 1,307,200 96 Delaware 7,615,166 94 148,940 97 Florida 141,485,280 84 2,928,569 108 Georgia 79,898,410 87 1,316,048 100 Hawaii 16,549,069 69 488,770 104 Idaho 12,057,500 74 235,626 132 Illinois 126,435,510 51 4,076,467 71 Indiana 36,924,845 67 1,293,765 103 Iowa 26,602,516 81 495,196 87 Kansas 21,138,206 64 660,833 68 Kentucky 35,686,737 58 964,979 58 Louisiana 39,657,924 60 1,375,288 97 Maine 14,410,000 73 331,700 100 Maryland 53,054,565 65 1,338,342 84 Massachusetts 61,140,335 68 1,968,259 66 Michigan 72,911,900 79 1,381,577 100 Minnesota 60,835,351 77 1,128,407 78 Mississippi 31,386,747 67 741,520 100 Missouri 55,314,996 79 1,225,512 90 Montana $10,271,027 74% $196,002 92% Nebraska 9,427,370 88 180,411 100 Nevada 33,148,347 72 1,344,489 90 New Hampshire 8,475,062 58 262,984 75 New Jersey 134,928,225 66 4,053,524 36 New Mexico 29,003,362 76 683,886 93 New York 146,733,000 101 2,456,223 100 North Carolina 76,976,542 97 762,442 100 North Dakota 4,475,800 81 83,339 80 Ohio 171,194,371 66 2,565,450 94 Oklahoma 34,815,244 57 1,346,040 77 Oregon 56,810,600 86 630,800 100 Pennsylvania 111,317,700 81 2,405,156 31 Rhode Island 11,500,425 59 320,173 100 South Carolina 42,050,701 69 966,538 100 South Dakota 7,494,895 92 95,280 100 Tennessee 35,198,741 90 836,911 100 Texas 155,679,204 84 2,611,397 99 Utah 24,299,183 86 665,235 100 Vermont 4,012,955 73 68,615 93 Virginia 69,135,000 80 1,608,466 82 Washington 57,754,700 99 1,829,700 73 West Virginia 14,266,419 56 541,482 96 Wisconsin 79,104,600 100 699,300 100 Wyoming 7,401,614 89 169,712 63 TN IL NV ID MT WY CO SD MN WI OH MI NM KS SC KY ME IN LA MS AZ OK AR AK WV AL 74% 61% 78% 78% 81% 69% 62% 59% 94% 66% 65% 68% 58% 73% 73%101% 81% 80% 97% 69% 87% 84% 67% 60% 84% 57% 64% 79% 77% 79% 100% 56% 66% 58% 67%51% 76% 90% 69% 86% 89% 88%72% 74% 99% 86% 81% 92% 81% 74% RI NJ MA NH VT CT DE MD States with at least 80% of pension liabilities funded in fiscal year 2008, but less than 80% in fiscal year 2009. Figures are in thousands.
- 4. Pew Center on the States4 Record investment losses characterized fiscal year 2009: The nation’s pension plans suffered a median 19.1 percent drop in their assets’ market value.2 For most states, whose fiscal year 2009 began on July 1, 2008 and ended on June 30, 2009, these data capture the worst effects of the financial crisis. More recently, many plans have reported double-digit investment gains for fiscal year 2010.3 Fiscal Year 2010 Numbers At this writing, fiscal year 2010 data are available for just 16 states, but the information suggests great variation.4 These states represented more than a quarter of the U.S. population in 2009. Collectively, the average funding level across the 16 states fell slightly, from 77 percent in fiscal year 2009 to 75 percent in fiscal year 2010. Ten of the states saw their pension funding levels further decline, ranging from 1 percentage point in Maryland and Texas to 9 percentage points in North Dakota. Three states’ pension systems rebounded, with funding level increases ranging from 2 percentage points in Vermont to a 5 percentage point upswing in Idaho. This variation reflects, in part, differences in the time of year that states recognized investment gains. It also is caused by states’ smoothing policies, which involve Mixed Picture: FY10 Data Show Investment Gains, Recession’s Legacy For the 16 states for which fiscal year 2010 data are now available, the average pension funding level fell slightly to 75 percent from 77 percent the previous year. Figures are in thousands. State Pension liability Pct. funded Required contribution Pct. paid FY10 FY09 FY10 FY09 FY10 FY09 FY10 FY09 Connecticut $44,826,900 $41,311,400 53% 62% $1,472,000 $1,307,200 87% 96% Delaware 7,922,174 7,615,166 92 94 148,586 148,940 97 97 Florida 148,116,907 141,485,280 82 84 2,860,448 2,928,569 107 108 Idaho 12,513,200 12,057,500 79 74 262,100 235,626 114 132 Iowa 27,057,850 26,602,516 81 81 524,877 495,196 89 87 Kentucky 37,006,999 35,686,737 54 58 1,023,898 964,979 58 58 Louisiana 41,356,966 39,657,924 56 60 1,599,612 1,375,288 84 97 Maine 14,799,200 14,410,000 70 73 330,300 331,700 103 100 Maryland 54,498,265 53,054,565 64 65 1,544,873 1,338,342 87 84 Minnesota 57,604,243 60,835,351 80 77 1,276,570 1,128,407 67 78 Nevada 35,163,755 33,148,347 70 72 1,394,802 1,344,489 92 90 New Hampshire 8,953,932 8,475,062 58 58 269,677 262,984 100 75 North Dakota 4,977,500 4,475,800 72 81 107,524 83,339 66 80 Tennessee 35,198,741 35,198,741 90 90 836,727 836,911 100 100 Texas 163,416,523 155,679,204 83 84 3,363,531 2,611,397 82 99 Vermont 4,090,328 4,012,955 75 73 89,514 68,615 94 93 SOURCE: Pew Center on the States 2011. Exhibit 2
- 5. The Widening Gap: The Great Recession’s Impact on State Pension and Retiree Health Care costs 5 spreading investment returns out over time to avoid extreme year-over-year changes in funding levels and required contributions. For example, because Idaho does not smooth returns, its unfunded liability increased by $2.4 billion between fiscal years 2008 and 2009, but then recovered by $471 million in fiscal year 2010. These were dramatic swings for a state with a relatively small pension system. Meanwhile, Maryland, which smoothes, experienced losses between fiscal years 2008 and 2009 that were milder, but the state continued to see its funding level drop in fiscal year 2010. Overall, these results suggest that while states benefited from better returns in fiscal year 2010, the legacy of the financial crisis—and the steady deterioration in the health of many public sector retirement benefit systems throughout much of the last decade—will remain an issue for years to come. Retiree Health Care and Other Benefits Retiree health care and other benefits made up the rest of the shortfall in fiscal year 2009. States had a total liability of $638 billion, but had saved only about $31 billion—slightly less than 5 percent of the total cost. The situation has worsened since fiscal year 2008, when states had $587 billion in liabilities and $32 billion in assets. Based on the most recent data, states made only 34 percent of the $49 billion in contributions required by their own actuaries for this long-term bill. Three states—Alaska, Arizona and North Dakota—made full contributions. Making matters worse, just two states— Alaska and Ohio—accounted for nearly 62 percent of all the money set aside to fund retiree health care as of fiscal year 2009. Nineteen states had set aside nothing to pay for these promises. These states continue to fund these benefits on a pay-as-you-go basis, covering medical costs or premiums as they are incurred by current retirees. For states offering modest benefits, this may cause little problem. But for those that have made significant promises, the future fiscal burden could be enormous if more savings are not set aside or costs are not better managed. Alaska and Ohio accounted for nearly 62 percent of all the money states had set aside to fund retiree health care.
- 6. Pew Center on the States6 Exhibit 3 Nineteen states had set aside no funds as of fiscal year 2009 to pay their bills coming due for retiree health care and other non-pension benefits. Only seven states had funded at least a quarter of their liability. NOTE: Data are the most recent available, ranging from 2007 to 2010. Figures for Nebraska are not available. SOURCE: Pew Center on the States 2011. States’ Retiree Health Benefits 5% Funded in FY09 Percent of Liability Funded State Pct. funded Latest liability Latest required contribution Pct. paid State Pct. funded Latest liability Latest required contribution Pct. paid FL 50% and above 0.1% to 49% 0% Alabama $14,919,073 5% $1,313,998 84% Alaska 17,407,621 32 564,051 104 Arizona 2,219,542 69 137,703 100 Arkansas 1,865,809 0 193,770 24 California 69,351,300 0.1 5,520,943 31 Colorado 2,043,914 13 106,456 35 Connecticut 26,018,800 0 1,820,379 26 Delaware 5,636,000 1 498,300 35 Florida 3,742,846 0 254,754 32 Georgia 20,284,637 4 1,782,998 30 Hawaii 10,791,300 0 822,454 36 Idaho 493,746 1 45,494 39 Illinois 43,949,729 0.1 3,159,254 25 Indiana 524,859 0 54,290 13 Iowa 538,200 0 56,844 42 Kansas 236,910 0 26,769 34 Kentucky 8,754,555 15 901,848 33 Louisiana 11,512,100 0 1,196,387 18 Maine 2,625,963 6 157,005 52 Maryland 16,098,602 1 1,184,552 28 Massachusetts 15,166,300 2 1,221,500 29 Michigan 41,419,600 2 3,977,478 33 Minnesota 1,136,601 0 121,722 34 Mississippi 727,711 0 55,991 62 Missouri 3,321,637 3 276,686 52 Montana $540,894 0% $53,276 0% Nebraska NA NA NA NA Nevada 1,874,005 1 214,937 21 New Hampshire 3,226,105 5 272,378 42 New Jersey 66,792,900 0 5,335,500 25 New Mexico 3,116,916 5 286,538 32 New York 56,286,000 0 4,133,000 31 North Carolina 33,814,515 3 2,752,730 33 North Dakota 161,376 28 6,085 106 Ohio 43,360,893 31 2,649,286 40 Oklahoma 359,800 0 48,200 0 Oregon 555,047 68 39,285 44 Pennsylvania 16,303,617 1 1,088,997 56 Rhode Island 788,189 0 46,125 62 South Carolina 9,667,187 5 736,548 51 South Dakota 67,100 0 7,676 40 Tennessee 1,746,879 0 170,142 39 Texas 53,890,544 1 4,370,235 26 Utah 480,752 12 56,168 95 Vermont 1,628,934 0.5 116,964 19 Virginia 5,830,000 26 523,161 75 Washington 7,618,372 0 634,652 20 West Virginia 6,362,640 4 148,000 69 Wisconsin 2,326,834 28 225,362 45 Wyoming 174,161 0 20,431 69 Figures are in thousands. WV NH VT MA RI CT NJ DE MD IL VA OR CA NV UT CO NE NO DATA AVAILABLE SD ND MN IA WI OH MI NY NM TX KS MO AL SC KY NC ME LA MS TN GA AZ OK AR AK HI IN PA MT WA ID WY
- 7. The Widening Gap: The Great Recession’s Impact on State Pension and Retiree Health Care costs 7 Potential Consequences and Recent Reforms Just as failing to meet a monthly payment on a personal loan can result in higher payments down the road, a state’s failure to pay the annual bill for retirement benefits can mean it will have to pay more in the future. A comparison of New York and New Jersey provides a good example. Both states had fully funded pension plans in 2002. In subsequent years, the Garden State failed to make more than 60 percent of its annual contribution in each year and its funding gap grew to $46 billion. The Empire State, on the other hand, continued to be disciplined about funding its annual bill. Today, New York has a $147 billion liability, compared to New Jersey’s $135 billion obligation, but its annual required contribution is $1.6 billion less. To put this in context, consider that New York increased K-12 education spending by $1.7 billion from fiscal year 2008 to 2009. New Jersey, meanwhile, reduced state education spending by $557 million during the same period.5 While annual pension payment requirements grew 152 percent from 2000-2009, state general fund spending as a whole rose only 44 percent.6 If states’ annual retirement system contributions continue to rise faster than overall general fund spending, they increasingly could compete for resources with other important priorities such as education, human services and infrastructure. Given these and other serious implications, many states have taken steps recently to address these rising costs. In November 2010, drawing on information collected by the National Conference of State Legislatures, the Pew Center on the States released an analysis of reforms states have adopted in their pension plans since 2001 to reduce benefits and/or increase employee contributions. In 2010, at least 19 states took action to reduce their liabilities, acknowledging that the costs they face for these benefits exceed what they are willing or able to pay. Additional states are likely to do so in their 2011 legislative sessions. While annual pension payment requirements grew 152 percent from 2000 to 2009, state general fund spending as a whole rose only 44 percent.
- 8. Pew Center on the States8 Impact of Investment Return Assumptions In recent years, a debate has emerged about the appropriate investment return rate that states should assume when calculating liabilities and contribution requirements. States typically assume an average annual return of around 8 percent, and Pew’s analysis is based on those and other actuarial assumptions employed by each state. Most states have exceeded this expectation over the long term; from 1984 to 2009, the median investment return for public pension plans was 9.3 percent.7 Still, some observers, including renowned financier and investor Warren Buffett, argue that current assumptions are too optimistic.8 From 1990 to 2009, states had a median investment return of 8.1 percent. But in the most recent decade, from 2000 to 2009, that figure was 3.9 percent. The stakes of this debate are high because when a state lowers its investment return assumptions, the projected value of its liabilities and the annual contributions required to meet them increase dramatically. This, in turn, expands the gap between liabilities and assets. While there is no consensus among state officials or experts in the field about what the appropriate discount rate should be, it is useful to understand the impact of various assumptions. At the heart of the debate surrounding the appropriate discount rate assumption is whether states should calculate the current value of these long-term promises using an expected rate of return. In other words, if investment returns are disappointing and do not meet expectations, states are still required to pay retirees the benefits they have earned. Therefore, some experts recommend that states employ a “riskless rate” that might be analogous to a 30-year Treasury bond when valuing their future pension liabilities, arguing that pension obligations are legally binding and guaranteed to recipients.9 Based on the Treasury bond’s rate of 4.38 percent as of mid-March 2011, the states’ cumulative liability for pension benefits would grow to $4.6 trillion, with an unfunded liability of $2.4 trillion.10 Another benchmark suggested by some experts is the investment return required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), a private counterpart to the Government Accounting Standards Board.11 FASB requires that private sector defined benefit plans use investment return assumptions based on the rate on corporate bonds: 5.22 percent as of mid- March 2011.12 Based on this assumption, states’ pension benefit liabilities would grow to $4.1 trillion, $1.8 trillion of which would be unfunded.
- 9. The Widening Gap: The Great Recession’s Impact on State Pension and Retiree Health Care costs 9 Methodology The main data sources used for this project were the Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports produced by each state and pension plan for fiscal year 2009. Another key information source was state actuarial valuations. In total, Pew collected data for 231 pension plans and 162 other post-employment benefit plans. Pew was able to obtain fiscal year 2009 data for all major state pension plans for all states except Hawaii and Ohio. For Hawaii, fiscal year 2008 data were used; for Ohio, data for the Public Employees’ Retirement System were projected using preliminary valuations released by the plan. For more information, please see page 52 of Pew’s February 2010 report, The Trillion Dollar Gap. One analysis in this brief that was not included in the The Trillion Dollar Gap is Pew’s alternative discount rate calculations. Because pension and retiree health care liabilities will be paid out over many years, it is important for states to estimate the current value of those future costs. States use various investment rate of return assumptions, the most common of which is 8 percent. In other words, they calculate the amount that, were investments to generate 8 percent returns each year, would be equal to the eventual cost when the bill comes due. For retiree health care, states use a lower discount rate, as they typically do not have substantial assets generating returns to pay for those benefits. Pew re-estimated pension liabilities by assuming they will come due in even increments over the next 50 years. Based on that assumption, Pew calculated an undiscounted liability and applied the new discount rate to that stream of payments. Beyond the discount rate calculations, Pew adopted each state’s actuarial assumptions. Some of the relevant assumptions states make include estimates of employee life spans, retirement ages, salary growth, marriage rates, retention rates and other demographic characteristics. States also use one of a number of approved actuarial cost methods and also may smooth gains and losses over time to manage volatility.
- 10. Pew Center on the States10 1 Some organizations, such as the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, the National Association of State Retirement Administrators, the National Conference of State Legislatures and the National Association of State Budget Officers, among others, have suggested that it is not appropriate to combine the unfunded liabilities of state pensions and retiree health care benefits. They contend that because retiree health care benefits do not enjoy the same level of constitutional and statutory protections as pensions, the unfunded liabilities for those benefits should be considered separately. 2 Keith Brainard, “Public Fund Survey Summary of Findings for FY2009,” National Association of State Retirement Administrators, November 2010, 9, http:// www.publicfundsurvey.org/publicfundsurvey/pdfs/ Summary%20of%20Findings%20FY09.pdf (accessed March 21, 2011). 3 An August 2010 review by Stateline, a news service within the Pew Center on the States, found that many plans experienced double-digit gains in fiscal year 2010. 4 States for which Pew was able to collect complete fiscal year 2010 pension data are Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Tennessee, Texas and Vermont. 5 Calculations on K-12 education expenditures from general funds and other state funds were derived using data from the National Association of State Budget Officers, Fiscal Year 2009 State Expenditure Report, Table 7, 16. 6 Pew Center on the States analysis of expenditure data from the National Association of State Budget Officers’ Expenditure Reports from fiscal years 2000 and 2009. National Association of State Budget Officers, Fiscal Year 2000 State Expenditure Report, Table 1, 6. National Association of State Budget Officers, Fiscal Year 2009 Expenditure Report, Table 1, 6. 7 Keith Brainard, “Public Pension Plan Investment Return Assumptions,” National Association of State Retirement Administrators, March 2010, 1, http:// www.nasra.org/resources/InvReturnAssumption_Final. pdf (accessed March 21, 2011). 8 “Warren Buffett Says That Pension Accounting Encourages Cheating,” Bloomberg.com, July 17, 2009, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarch ivesid=aCb9PTevRP3grefer=news_index (accessed March 21, 2011). 9 Andrew G. Biggs, “Proposed GASB Rules Show Why Only Market Valuation Fully Captures Public Pension Liabilities,” Financial Analysts Journal, March/April 2011, http://www.aei.org/docLib/ BiggsFinancialAnalysisJournal.pdf (accessed March 21, 2011); Joshua D. Rauh, “Are State Public Pensions Sustainable?”, Kellogg School of Management and the National Bureau of Economic Research, December 31, 2009, http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/events/upload/ Rauh-ASPSS-USC-20091231.pdf (accessed March 21, 2011). 10 Based on the 30 Year Treasury yield curve for March 16, 2011, available through the U.S. Department of the Treasury, http://www.treasury.gov/ resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/Pages/ TextView.aspx?data=yieldYearyear=2011 (accessed March 17, 2011). 11 Josh Barro, “Unmasking Hidden Costs: Best Practices for Public Pension Transparency,” Civic Report, No. 63, February 2011, http://www. manhattan-institute.org/html/cr_63.htm (accessed March 21, 2011); Orin S. Kramer, “Unfunded Benefits Dig States’ $3 Trillion Hole,” Bloomberg.com, January 19, 2010, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid= newsarchivesid=aKQk6SUcSr3A (accessed March 21, 2011). 12 Based on the yield of a Moody’s AA-rated 20-year corporate bond, available through the Society of Actuaries, http://www.soa.org/professional-interests/ pension/resources/pen-moody-rates.aspx (accessed March 17, 2011). Endnotes
- 11. The Widening Gap: The Great Recession’s Impact on State Pension and Retiree Health Care costs 11 April 2011 The Pew Center on the States is a division of The Pew Charitable Trusts that identifies and advances effective solutions to critical issues facing states. Pew is a nonprofit organization that applies a rigorous, analytical approach to improve public policy, inform the public and stimulate civic life. PEW CENTER ON THE STATES Susan K. Urahn, managing director Project Team David Draine Lori Grange Kil Huh Matt McKillop Data Collection David Combs Kylie Patterson Aidan Russell Jessica Wang Communications Nicole Dueffert Matt Mulkey Margie Newman Publications and Web Carla Uriona Sergey Nesterov Julia Hoppock Lauren Orsini Jennifer Peltak For additional information on Pew and the Center on the States, please visit www.pewcenteronthestates.org. This report is intended for educational and informational purposes. References to specific policy makers or companies have been included solely to advance these purposes and do not constitute an endorsement, sponsorship or recommendation by The Pew Charitable Trusts. ©2011 The Pew Charitable Trusts. All Rights Reserved. 901 E Street NW, 10th Floor 2005 Market Street, Suite 1700 Washington, DC 20004 Philadelphia, PA 19103
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