Phyllanthus in liver dysfunction
- 2. Natural Products as Medicine • From the existence of human race, nature has provided him all he needs. • Drugs are no exception. • Various treditional systems viz Indian, Chinese, African, etc are rich with the drugs and all being natural in origin. • Till today many of the drugs belonging to natural origin are in use. • They have also served as inspiration for drug discovery.
- 3. LIVER DYSFUNCTION • Liver is the heaviest gland and second largest organ of the human body. • Primary functions of liver include Detoxification, Energy production, Energy storage, Nutrients conversion, Immunity, Hormonal balance, Digestion, Fat regulation etc. • Liver dysfunction is a condition in which liver is not working efficiently and/or is overloaded with toxics or slugs.
- 4. • Continued…. • Other diseases of liver includes acute or chronic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Tumors, Hematochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, Sclerosing cholingitis, Primary biliary cirrhosis etc. LIVER DYSFUNCTION
- 5. PHYLLANTHUS • Phyllanthus is a large genus of shrubs, trees and rare herbs of the family Euphorbiaceae, comprising more than 600 species. • of which P.accuminatus, P.amarus, P.pulcher, P.niruroides, P.anisolobus, P.orbiculatus, P.emblica, P.oxyphyllus, P.flexuosus, P.raticulatus, P.fraternes, P.simplex, P.mullernus, P.urinaria, P.mytrifolis, P.virgatus, P.niruri and P.watsonii were investigated for their phytochemical and pharmacological properties. • The genus is found in almost over all warmer parts of the world. INTRODUCTION
- 6. Phyllanthus niruri • Biological source: It consists of all aerial parts of the plant Phyllanthus niruri, belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. It contains not less than 0.25% of total phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin on dried basis. PHYLLANTHUS
- 7. • Geographical source: Plant is indigenous to the Amazon rainforest and other tropical areas, including South East Asia, Southern India and China. • Plant is found abundantly throughout india mainly in Maharashtra, UP, Punjab, Bihar, Orisa, AP, and some parts of MP, karnataka and Bengal. PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri
- 8. Description: • Among the Phyllanthus species, P. niruri is a small erect annual herb growing up to 30–40 cm in height. • Its leaves are7–12 cm long and they are alternate, sessile oblong. • It has small off-white-greenish flowers, which are solitary, auxiliary, pedicellate, apetalous and monoecious. PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri
- 9. • Historical use as medicine: • P. niruri has a long history in herbal medicine systems such as Indian Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine and Indonesian Jamu. • The whole plant is used as remedies for many conditions such as dysentery, influenza, vaginitis, tumours, diabetes, diuretics, jaundice, kidney stones and dyspepsia. PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri
- 10. • Historical use as medicine: • Contineued… • The plant is useful for treating hepatotoxicity, hepatitis B, hyperglycemia and viral and bacterial diseases. • P. niruri has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 2000 years and has a wide number of traditional uses for jaundice, gonorrhoea, frequent menstruation and diabetes. PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri
- 11. • Phytochemistry: • Many of the active constituents to which the biological activity of P. niruri has been attributed include lignans, tannins, coumarins, terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and phenylpropanoids. • these are found in the leaves, stem and roots of this plant. • Common lipids, sterols and flavonols also occur in the plant. PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri
- 12. PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri Chemical class Phytochemicals present Flavonoids Rutin, quercetin, quircitrin, astragalin, catachin Terpenes Limonene, p-cymene, lupeol, Coumarins Ellegic acid, methyl brevifolincarboxylate Tannins Rependucinic acid, geraniin, corilagin Saponins Diosgenin, Lignans Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin,niranthin, nirtetralin, phyltetralin, linletralin, isolintetralin, cubebin, urinatetralin Alkaloids Norsecurinine, nirurine, phyllanthine, phyllochrysine
- 13. PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri Pharmacological effects and responsible constituents phytochemicals Effects Tannins Reverse transcriptase inhibitor, antihypertensive, antifungal Saponins Anti fungal, cardiovascular Alkaloids Antispasmodic, antimalarial, antimicrobial,
- 14. phytochemicals Effects Lignans Hepetoprotective, antigenotoxic, anti HIV, antiinflammatory Flavonoids Blood vessel strengthener, anti-oxidant, anticancer, anti- inflammatory, antiseptic, anti leishmanial, antidiarrhoeal, diuretic, Terpenes Anticarcinogenic, antioxident, antimicrobial, anti- inflammatory Coumarins cancer chemopreventive, vasorelaxent, PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri
- 15. • Mainly Lignans are responsible for Hepetoprotective and anti-hepatitis activities. • Constituents contribute at most to its hepetoprotective activity are phyllenthin and hypophyllanthin. • Both have exhibited a significant protection against CCl4 - and galactosamine-induced elevation in liver transferase enzymes levels and significantly increased protein levels. PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri
- 16. • They have also reported to inactivate hepatitis B, both in-vitro and in-vivo. • Phyllanthin possesses anti-viral activity against HIV by inhibiting reverse transcriptase. • Phyltetralin, nirtetralin and niranthin exhibited anti- inflammatory activity by inhibiting carrageenan- induced pawoedema and neutrophil influx PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri
- 17. PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri Structures of lignans:
- 18. • Summery: • P. niruri has many effective traditional uses for a wide variety of diseases. • The phytochemicals exhibited different structural characteristics with various pharmacological actions: – lignans had excellent hepatoprotective and anti- viral properties. PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri
- 19. • Summery: • Continued… – Terpenes exhibited anti-cancer, as well as anti- microbial activity. – Flavonoids showed anti-oxidant activity. – Alkaloids exhibited anti-spasmodic activity. • There have been no side effects or toxicity reports from many years of research. PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri
- 20. • References: – Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhale S.B., ‘Pharmacognosy’, edition 43rd, 2009, Nirali Prakashan, Pp 13.89-13.91. – Bagalkotkar G., Sagineedu S.R., Saad M.S., Stanslas J., (2006) Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. and their pharmacological properties: a review, JPP, 1559-1570. – Srirama S., Deepak H.B., Senthilkumar U., Ravikanth G., Gurumurthy B.R., Shivanna M.B., Chandrasekaran C.V., Agarwal A., Uma Shaanker R.,(2012) Hepatoprotective activity of Indian Phyllanthus,Phar.Bio., 948-953. PHYLLANTHUS Phyllanthus niruri