PHYSICAL DESIGN AND MODELING OF 25V DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER FOR STAND ALONE SOLAR PV APPLICATION IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM

Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3, Number 3, September 2014
DOI : 10.14810/ecij.2014.3301 1
PHYSICAL DESIGN AND MODELING OF 25V DC-DC
BOOST CONVERTER FOR STAND ALONE SOLAR PV
APPLICATION IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
SYSTEM
Priyadarshi1
Samina Elyas Mubeen2
and Rajneesh Karn3
1,2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Radharaman Engineering
College Bhopal
3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering SAM College of Engineering and
Technology Bhopal
ABSTRACT
As per the present development the shortage in power all over the world seems to be abundance.
Renewable energy sources are the capable energy source along with the accessible resources of energy.
Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar PV technology is most acceptable due to its
considerable advantage over other form of renewable sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a key
aspect. The main principle of this paper is to present physical modeling and simulation of solar PV system
and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it
models the system physically and the outcome obtains from it will be considering all the physical result. In
this paper the output of solar cell has been interfaced with the boost converter. The system model in
SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware for implement for actual time application.
KEYWORDS
Solar panels, DC-DC boost converter, solar system, renewable energy, continuous conduction mode
(CCM).
1. NOMENCLATURE
e Electron charge (1.602 ×〖〗10 ^(-19) C),
k Boltzmann constant,
I Cell output current, A,
phI Photon generated current,
0I Reverse saturation current for diode D,
02I Reverse saturation current for diode D2,
sR Series resistance of cell,
shR Shunt resistance of cell,
V Cell output voltage,
tV Thermal voltage = VT=(Ns*N*k*T)/q ,
T Cell operating temperature,

2
max,inP Maximum power obtain from solar PV
pvV Voltage of solar PV for maximum power
∆ percentage of ripple current to load output
current
( )maxoutI Maximum output current
outV∆ Desired output voltage ripple
sF Switching frequency
D Duty cycle
max,pvV Maximum output voltage from PV array
LI∆ Desired ripple Current
inV Input voltage of the boost converter
outV Average output voltage of the boost converter
ont Switching on time of the MOSFET
offt Switching off time of MOSFET
η Efficiency of the converter
inV Input voltage of the boost converter
offt Switching off time of MOSFET
q Charge on an electron,
N Diode emission coefficient or quality factor of
the diode
N2 Diode emission coefficient or quality factor of
the diode D2.
2.INTRODUCTION
At present time most of the Renewable energy sources like photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cells (FC)
wind energy require power electronic conditioning. In the view of various concern such as
environment, global warming, energy security, technology improvements and decreasing costs ,
installation of the PV system growing rapidly . Generated energy by PV system considered like a
hygienic and ecological sources of energy [1].
In the last several years photovoltaic system makes more attention as suitable and capable
renewable energy because of its copious magnitude existing in environment. High installation
cost and worse renovation efficiency are the main drawback of PV system. The newer technique
of manufacturing crystalline design has been adopted to make cost effectively PV system. PV
energy system will have more impact in the upcoming year due to the development of cost-
effective power translation apparatus [2].
In the earlier examine [3],out of all energy sources mostly PV can be simply incorporate
with obtainable topology of switch mode DC-DC power converters. Usually 36 cells with
series combination consisting in a solar panel will produces around 21V in highest daylight
situation and for the charging of batteries up to 12V the upper limit of power generation by
the panel will be restricted [4].

3
At a emission intensity of 1000 W/m2
normally PV systems are designed in such a manner to
contain rated power just about 160 W and at maximum power point (MPP) the output voltage is
around 23-38 V. After that DC-DC converter are coupled to the PV system. At this point by the
help of maximum power point algorithm tracking of maximum power are possible keeping the
output stay synchronize with load. [2]
PWM control can be controlled DC-DC boost converter and this method will be applied among
the solar panel and the batteries, to improve the voltage level of solar panel for charging the
batteries at every instant yet while the panel voltage be a smaller amount than battery
charging voltage. Even though the preliminary cost of solar cell is too high, DC-DC boost
converter is significant for solving this condition [1].
At this conditions power electronics device are introduces as a necessary division for renewable
energy systems (RES). To convert DC into AC and for increases value of generated voltage an
inverter and boost converter are employed in the system therefore desired voltage level is
obtained.
In this paper a fundamental circuit of DC-DC boost converter is projected which has been made
in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB .The benefit of SIMSCAPE is that it provide enhanced
practical model of substantial element. Thus implementation of the physical modeling on
hardware is easier in this way.
In different solar radiation and temperature level solar cell have been simulated in SIMSCAPE
library for different values of load resistor therefore outcome of load variation can be analyzed
simply for emergent appropriate designing of boost converter. Between PV system and load the
second component which is employed are DC-DC boost converter.
2. SOLAR POTENTIAL IN INDIA
According to Energy Informative, in a year solar radiations attainment the plane of the earth
would be double of every non-renewable resources, as well as fossil fuels and nuclear uranium.
The solar energy that hits the earth each second is corresponding to 4 trillion 100-watt glow bulb.
Moreover, the solar energy that hits 1 square mile in a year is equal to 4 million barrels of oil.
Hence, the probable of solar energy is enormous [5].
India is one of the sun’s most preferential countries, sanctified with reference to 5,000 kwh of
solar radiation all year with nearly all part getting 4-7 kwh per square per meter per day.
Therefore, asset in solar energy is a expected choice for India.

4
3. DISTRIBUTED ENERGY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
For the sustainable development of the developing countries there will be incrimination of
renewable energy resources and at the same time minimization of the global GHG emissions. DG
might be a feasible scheme to support on the whole developing countries. Modern study have
shown that extensive acceptance of distributed generation (DG) technologies in power systems be
able to cooperate in making clean, consistent energy with significant environmental and other
reimbursement. In 1999, a British investigate approximate reduction of CO2 emissions up to 41%
with a combined heat and power based DG technology. In the report of Danish power system,
30% greenhouse gas emissions minimize from 1998 to 2001, with DG technologies [6]. In recent
times, distributed generation technologies have inward much global interest; and fuelling this
interest have been the possibilities of intercontinental agreements to condense greenhouse gas
emissions, electricity sector reformation, high power consistency needs for assured performance,
and concern on moderation transmission and distribution capability bottlenecks and congestion,
among others.
Different types of DG system developed in our world and that are:-
• Photovoltaic systems (PVs)
• Wind energy
• Bio-mass energy
• Fuel cells
• Gas turbines
• Small hydropower
• Geothermal Energy
4. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION BY DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Adjacent to the electricity needs for industrial development, much more needed to satisfy
domestic energy consumption. At present, around 2 billion of populations around the world live
without access to electricity and about 98% of them dwelling in developing countries. In
developing countries rural areas are the major victims. Rural electricity supply in India is
suffering both in terms of availability for measured number of hours & penetration level. Out of
the 27 Indian States, more than 24 States have more than 25% of their rural households yet to
have an access to electricity [7]. A major blockage in the growth of the power sector is the poor
economic state of the State electricity boards (SEBs), which can be attributed to the lack of
satisfactory revenues & high Transmission &Distribution losses to the tune of over 25 %. Due to
high T&D losses and low collection effectiveness state utilities have very little incentive to
supply electricity to rural areas. This condition of energy deficiency intensely justifies the socio-
economic inequality between industrialized and developing countries on wider geographical
range.
Distributed power generation, based on locally existing energy resources and supply of this
additional electricity into the rural electricity grid, can be an significant part of the solution to
deliver reliable electricity supply to rural population [8]. In few years, an increased environmental
concern has driven DG to become a clean and efficient choice to the conventional electric energy
sources [9].

5
5. MODELLING OF P-V SYSTEM
Fig. 1. Electrical equivalent circuit of a PV cell
The output equation of PV cell shown below which is a function of photon current. It is also find
out by load current depending upon the solar radiation through its operation.
‫ ܫ‬ = ‫ܫ‬௣௛ − ‫ܫ‬଴ ቂ݁‫ ݌ݔ‬ ቀ
௏ାோೞூ
ே×௏೅
ቁ − 1ቃ − ‫ܫ‬଴ଶ ቂ݁‫݌ݔ‬ ቀ
௏ାோೞூ
ேమ×௏೅
ቁ − 1ቃ −
௏ାோೞூ
ோೞ೓
(1),
Thus output of PV system is reliant on solar radiation and temperature. In MATLAB
‘SIMSCAPE’ library a two diode model has been projected and by simulation in different
irradiation and temperature outcome or characteristic of solar cell has been obtain.
Fig.3 shows the I-V and P-V characteristic of solar cell
Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 shows I-V Characteristic of Solar Cell with different insolation at 250
C
Fig. 3. I-V Characteristic of solar cell
Fig.5 shows I-V Characteristic of Solar Cell with 1000 W/m2
insolation at temperature equals
to 00C, 300C and 600C
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Voltage (volt)
Current(Amp)/Power(Watt)
Power
Current
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Current (Amp)
Voltage(Volt)
100 w/m2
200 w/m2
300 w/m2
500 w/m2
600 w/m2
700 w/m2
800 w/m2
900 w/m2
1000 w/m2
400 w/m2

6
Fig. 4. I-V characteristic of solar cell
Fig.6 shows P-V Characteristic of Solar Cell with 1000 W/m2
solar radiation or insolation at
temperature equals to 00C, 300C and 600C and constant solar radiation or insolation i.e 1000
w/m2
.
Fig. 5. PV characteristic of a solar cell
6. DESIGNING OF BOOST CONVERTER
Mainly two modes are used by the DC-DC boost converter. First one is continuous conduction
mode being used for capable power renovation and second one is discontinuous conduction mode
used for small power or set in process.
Fig. 6. Electrical equivalent circuit DC-DC Boost Converter
6.1.Continuous Conduction Mode
(a) Mode-1(૙ ≤ ‫ܜ‬ ≤ ‫)ܖܗܜ‬
Fig. 7. equivalent circuit Boost Converter for CCM For ૙ ≤ t ≤ ton
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
Voltage (Volt)
Power(Watt)
1000 w/m2
0 C
30 C
60 C
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Voltage (Volt)
Power(Watt)
1000 w/m2 0 C
30 C
60 C

7
At t=0 MOSFET is switched on and mode 1 is commence i.e. Continuous conduction mode.
The equivalent circuit is shown in figure. In ON condition inductor current is larger than zero
and it will linearly ramp up. For mode 1 equivalent circuit has been shown above.
(b) Mode-2 (‫ܖܗܜ‬ ≤ ‫ܜ‬ ≤ ‫)܎܎ܗܜ‬
Fig. 8. equivalent circuit of boost Converter for (‫ܖܗܜ‬ ≤ ‫ܜ‬ ≤ ‫ܗܜ‬ff)
At t = ton, MOSFET is switched off and at t = toff, it will be terminated. From here Mode 2 will
begins i.e. discontinuous conduction mode. Mode 2 corresponding circuit diagram has been shown
in the above figure. At this condition the inductor current decreases whenever the MOSFET is turn
on for the upcoming cycle.
( ) 0=−+ offoutinonin tVVtV

(2)
Converter equation for these function is specified below
out
in
v
v
D −= 1 (3)
7. ASSORTMENT OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
The choice of semiconductor must exist in such approaches where it can survive at nastiest
condition of voltage and current. For the toggle maximum voltage stress will be occurred by the
maximum voltage of photovoltaic system.
max,max, pvstress VV = (4)
Photovoltaic system provides predominately power therefore maximum current stress will take
place that is single condition for the current stressing in PV system. RIPPLEOUTPUTPEAK III += (5)
pv
in
pv
in
PEAK
V
P
V
P
I max,max, ∗∆
+= ( 5)
1-Selection of inductor
It must be ensure that inductor have little dc resistance. Existence of inductor on the basis of
maximum ripple current flows at minimum duty cycle in the PV system. By the given equation
inductor value can be resolute

8
SL
in
FI
Dv
L
×∆
×
= (6)
2-Selection of Capacitor
The choice of capacitor depends upon the minimum value of equivalent series resistance. Lesser
ESR value will reduce the ripple in output voltage.
An estimated equation for formative the value of capacitance is specified below.
oLs RVF
D
C
×∆×
= (7)
oR =
o
o
I
V
(8)
9. PHYSICAL MODELLING OF SOLAR CELL WITH BOOST CONVERTER IN
SIMSCAPE
Fig. 9. Matlab Simulation Model of a 36 solar cell fed to BOOST CONVERTER
developed in SIMSCAPE Library
Table-1
Specifications of Boost Converter
Parameter Value Unit
Input voltage 25 Volt
Output voltage 250 Volt
Switching
frequency
10000 Hz
Duty cycle 90 %
Inductor value 0.0075 ‫ܪ‬
Capacitor value 0.0000072 ‫ܨ‬
Ripple .025
Load resistance 250 Ohm

9
Table-2
Specification of Solar cell
Open circuit
voltage
25 Volt
Shot circuit
Current
10 Amp
No of Solar Cells 36
10. SIMULATION RESULTS BY USING SIMSCAPE
Fig. 10. Simulated response of Boost voltage at radiation of 1000w/m2
11. SIMULATION RESULTS BY USING SIMULINK
Fig. 11. Simulated response of Boost output voltage using Simulink
Table-3
Specifications of Boost Converter
Input voltage 50 Volt
Output voltage 250 Volt
Switching
frequency
10000 Hz
Duty cycle 80 %
Inductor value 0.0133 ‫ܪ‬
Capacitor value 0.0000064 ‫ܨ‬
Ripple .025
Load resistance 250 Ohm

10
Table-4
Specification of Solar cell
12. SIMULATION RESULTS BY USING SIMSCAPE
Fig.12.Simulated response of Boost voltage at radiation of 1000w/m2
13. SIMULATION RESULTS BY USING SIMULINK
Fig.13.Simulated response of Boost output voltage using Simulink
Fig.14.Simulated response of pulses fed to MOSFET
Open circuit
voltage
50 Volt
Shot circuit
Current
10 Amp
No of Solar Cells 36

11
Fig.15.Simulated response of MOSFET Current
Fig.16.Simulated response of Inductor Current
CONCLUSION
The power taming is a necessary stage for photovoltaic system .The output Voltage is not
enough for most of the appliance that’s why power bumper i.e. DC-DC renovation step is playing
significant function in case of solar PV relevance as well as in case of highest power Point
tracking DC-DC translation stage is most important division of the system . Major concern of this
paper is to propose the physical modeling of photovoltaic system and has been interfaced with
DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB. The major benefit of dealing with
physical signal is simplicity of execution with hardware which is significant part of any research.
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Authors short biography
Priyadarshi born on 1983 in india. He received B.E. degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from Radharaman Institute of Technology and Science, Bhopal in 2009.He is
working towards the M.Tech degree in Power System from Radharaman engineering
college, Bhopal under Rajeev Gandhi Technical university, Bhopal.

Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 3
Samina. E. Mubeen received her B.E degree in Electrical Engine
University, Raipur, M.Tech degree in Heavy electrical equipments
Technical University Bhopal, and PhD in Power system
Institute of Technology, Bhopal. Her field of
transmission network. She has number
is Head of Department of Electrical and Electronics in REC, Bhopal under Rajeev Gandhi
Technical university, Bhopal (M.P)
Rajneesh Kumar Karn received his
Ph.D. degree in power system from Maulana Azad National Institu
Bhopal. Presently he is working as principal in
Technology, Bhopal, India. His research interests are in area of optimization technique in
Electrical Distribution Systems.
received her B.E degree in Electrical Engineering fromRavishankar
University, Raipur, M.Tech degree in Heavy electrical equipments from Rajeev Gandhi
Technical University Bhopal, and PhD in Power system from Maulana Azad National
Institute of Technology, Bhopal. Her field of work is application of FACTS devices in
transmission network. She has number of Publications in reviewed journal. At present she
Electrical and Electronics in REC, Bhopal under Rajeev Gandhi
received his M.Tech degree in Heavy Electrical Equipment and
from Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
principal in SAM College of Engineering and
research interests are in area of optimization technique in
, Number 3, September 2014
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PHYSICAL DESIGN AND MODELING OF 25V DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER FOR STAND ALONE SOLAR PV APPLICATION IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM

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PHYSICAL DESIGN AND MODELING OF 25V DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER FOR STAND ALONE SOLAR PV APPLICATION IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM