Physical examination of cattle lecture
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The document provides information on procedures for handling dystocia or difficult births in animals. It discusses taking a case history, performing a general and specific examination of the animal, using various obstetric equipment and restraint techniques, and outlines procedures that may be used including repulsion or repositioning of the fetus, forced extraction, fetotomy (reducing the size of the fetus), and caesarean section. The goals of any intervention are to ensure the survival of both the cow and calf and maintain the cow's future fertility.
Physical examination of cattle lecture
- 1. Procedure preliminary to handleProcedure preliminary to handle dystociadystocia PresentedPresented byby Dr ILIYASU, D., (DVM, MSc)Dr ILIYASU, D., (DVM, MSc) Department of Theriogenology andDepartment of Theriogenology and ProductionProduction Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Ilorin.University of Ilorin. Course title Veterinary GynaecologyCourse title Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetricsand Obstetrics Course Code VST 507Course Code VST 507
- 2. IntroductionIntroduction It is important to have the history that willIt is important to have the history that will guide the clinician to arrive on reliableguide the clinician to arrive on reliable diagnosis and achieved desired treatment.diagnosis and achieved desired treatment. The design of the physical facilities shouldThe design of the physical facilities should allow easy entry of animals and minimizeallow easy entry of animals and minimize the stress of handling and restraint duringthe stress of handling and restraint during assistance.assistance.
- 3. History of the caseHistory of the case Asked the breeding records of the animalsAsked the breeding records of the animals identify the stage of parturition and relate itidentify the stage of parturition and relate it to the dystocia.to the dystocia. History of any previous parturition and ofHistory of any previous parturition and of dystocia, infertility, metabolic disease,dystocia, infertility, metabolic disease, genital tract disease.genital tract disease. The clinician should review the history ofThe clinician should review the history of previous births and the general healthprevious births and the general health record of the patient.record of the patient.
- 4. Previous occurrence.Previous occurrence. Gestation length.Gestation length. Progress of the case.Progress of the case.
- 5. General ExaminationGeneral Examination This should be thorough and comprehensiveThis should be thorough and comprehensive assessment of the animal’s health status andassessment of the animal’s health status and signs of any adverse effects of parturition.signs of any adverse effects of parturition. Physical condition of the damPhysical condition of the dam Degree of abdominal distensionDegree of abdominal distension Character of vaginal dischargeCharacter of vaginal discharge Character and amount of fetal membranesCharacter and amount of fetal membranes showingshowing Fetal parts showingFetal parts showing
- 6. Specific ExaminationSpecific Examination Facilities – Require in large Animals:Facilities – Require in large Animals: Animals caught and restrained.Animals caught and restrained. Good lightingGood lighting Protection from the weatherProtection from the weather Warm waterWarm water Clean area to work in.Clean area to work in. Inspect:Inspect: Inspection of vulva, vagina and fetus.Inspection of vulva, vagina and fetus.
- 7. Obstetrics equipment andObstetrics equipment and anaesthesiaanaesthesia Obstetrics equipment’sObstetrics equipment’s are of different types :-are of different types :- Obstetric hook/obstetricObstetric hook/obstetric eye hookeye hook Obstetric chain-chromeObstetric chain-chrome platedplated Crutch repellerCrutch repeller Vaginal speculumVaginal speculum RopesRopes
- 8. Obstetrics equipment andObstetrics equipment and anaesthesiaanaesthesia AnesthesiaAnesthesia SedationSedation Epidural anesthesiaEpidural anesthesia Reginal anaesthesiaReginal anaesthesia General anaesthesiaGeneral anaesthesia
- 9. Restraint and prognosisRestraint and prognosis Restraint is necessaryRestraint is necessary for proper evaluation offor proper evaluation of the animal health.the animal health. This can be achievedThis can be achieved by physical restraintby physical restraint that involves the use ofthat involves the use of ropes, chute andropes, chute and crushes.crushes. while the chemicalwhile the chemical restraints involves therestraints involves the use of anaesthesia anduse of anaesthesia and sedatives.sedatives. Prognosis is thePrognosis is the determination ofdetermination of treatment outcome.treatment outcome. The prognosis usuallyThe prognosis usually depends on the:depends on the: Condition of the damCondition of the dam Length of dystociaLength of dystocia Condition of theCondition of the reproductive tractreproductive tract
- 10. MutationMutation Repulsion of the fetus is possible only to a smallerRepulsion of the fetus is possible only to a smaller degree that when cases are presented early.degree that when cases are presented early. If the animal receives epidural anesthesia,If the animal receives epidural anesthesia, repulsion can be easily done.repulsion can be easily done. However, in cases presented after a delay ofHowever, in cases presented after a delay of more than 24 hours (which is usual) repulsion ismore than 24 hours (which is usual) repulsion is extremely difficult.extremely difficult. Partial rotation (45˚ to 90˚) of the fetus has beenPartial rotation (45˚ to 90˚) of the fetus has been described to be possible to correct shoulder lockdescribed to be possible to correct shoulder lock (in anterior presentation) and hip lock (in posterior(in anterior presentation) and hip lock (in posterior presentation) but is difficult in cases presentedpresentation) but is difficult in cases presented after delay.after delay.
- 11. Forced ExtractionForced Extraction Pulling on a calf should only be donePulling on a calf should only be done when the normal presentation, positionwhen the normal presentation, position and posture of the calf are observed.and posture of the calf are observed. The force to be applied should be minimalThe force to be applied should be minimal always to avoid complete removal of thealways to avoid complete removal of the reproductive organs.reproductive organs.
- 12. FetotomyFetotomy Reduces the size of the fetus by dividing it or removing someReduces the size of the fetus by dividing it or removing some of its parts.of its parts. Most useful on a dead or deformed fetus when mutation fails.Most useful on a dead or deformed fetus when mutation fails. Also used when a dead or deformed fetus is too large for theAlso used when a dead or deformed fetus is too large for the birth canal (sometimes requires a complete fetotomy) .birth canal (sometimes requires a complete fetotomy) . The birth canal and uterus must be in satisfactory conditionThe birth canal and uterus must be in satisfactory condition Epidural anesthetic required for cows and mare.Epidural anesthetic required for cows and mare.
- 13. Indications for CSIndications for CS Fetomaternal or fetopelvic disproportion (eitherFetomaternal or fetopelvic disproportion (either relative or absolute fetal oversize)relative or absolute fetal oversize) Incomplete dilatation or induration of the cervixIncomplete dilatation or induration of the cervix Uterine torsion that cannot be corrected otherwiseUterine torsion that cannot be corrected otherwise Fetal monstersFetal monsters Fetal monstersFetal monsters Faulty fetal disposition (presentation, position orFaulty fetal disposition (presentation, position or posture)posture) Fetal emphysema.Fetal emphysema.
- 14. Goals for CSGoals for CS There are three main goals for CS:There are three main goals for CS: Survival of the cowSurvival of the cow Survival of the calfSurvival of the calf Maintenance of fertility.Maintenance of fertility.
- 15. Thank you for listeningThank you for listening