Quarks are elementary particles that are the building blocks of the universe. There are six types of quarks - up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom - each with different masses and charges. Quarks combine to form hadrons like protons, made of two up quarks and one down quark, and neutrons, made of two down quarks and one up quark. The quark model was first proposed independently in 1964 by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig and later confirmed experimentally in 1968.