![REFERENCES
[1] Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 2009. BioCAS 2009.
IEEE.
[2] Intelligent Systems, 2006 3rd International IEEE Conference on
capsule endoscopy.
[3] Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on Dec. 2008.
[4] Sidhu, Reena, et al. " Gastrointestinal capsule endoscopy: from
tertiary centers to primary care". BMJ, March 4 2006. 332:528-531.
doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7540.528.
[5] "Capsule Endoscopy in Gastroenterology". Mayo Clinic. Accessed
October 5 2007.
19](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pillcamera-170604140507/85/Pill-camera-19-320.jpg)
Pill camera
- 1. Seminar Topic: PILL CAMERA Presented By: LENORA MICHAEL THE OXFORD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Bommanahalli, Bangalore-560068 1
- 2. CONTENTS Introduction Conventional Method What is Pill camera? Capsule architecture Endoscopy procedure Advantages Disadvantages Applications Conclusion References 2
- 3. INTRODUCTION The pill camera in the size of a large vitamin pill is used in a procedure known as capsule endoscopy It is a non-invasive and painless way of diagnosing the esophagus and small intestine Once swallowed, the capsule is propelled through the small intestine by peristalsis, transmits pictures to a sensor array attached to the patient’s abdomen, through a recording device worn on a belt stores the images, to be examined and reviewed. 3
- 4. 4
- 5. CONVENTIONAL METHOD To diagnose and examine the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract of the patients upper/lower endoscopy is used. Inserts an 8mm tube through the mouth, with a camera at one end, and images are shown on nearby monitor, allowing the medics to carefully guide it down to the stomach. DISADVANTAGE: Pain stacking process, costly(4000$) 5
- 6. WHAT IS PILL CAMERA ? Capsule Endoscopy lets the doctor to examine the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the three portion of the small intestine(duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). A pill sized video camera is given to swallow. This camera has its own light source and takes picture of small intestine as it passes through. It produces two frames per second with an approximate of 56,000 high quality images. These pictures are send to recording device, which has to wear on the body. 6
- 7. 7 5 7 Optical Dome Lens holder Lens Illuminating Led’s CMOS Image Sensor Battery ASIC Transmitter Antenna CAPSULE ARCHITECHURE
- 8. Optical Dome This shape results in easy orientation of the capsule axis along the central axis of small intestine and so helps propel the capsule forward easily. The Optical Dome contains the Light Receiving Window 8 Lens Holder The Lens Holder is that part of the capsule which accommodates the lens. The lens is tightly fixed to the holder so that it doesn’t get dislocated anytime. Optical Dome Lens Holder
- 9. 9 Lens The Lens is an integral component of the capsule. It is arranged behind the Light Receiving Window. Lens Illuminating LED’s Around the Lens & CMOS Image Sensor, four LED’s (Light Emitting Diodes) are present. These plural lighting devices are arranged in donut shape. Illuminating Led’s
- 10. 10 CMOS Image Sensor CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) Image Sensor is the most important part of the capsule. It is highly sensitive and produces very high quality images. It has 150º field of view and can detect objects as small as possible CMOS Image Sensor
- 11. 11 Battery CMOS Battery used in the capsule is button shaped and are two in number as shown. The batteries are arranged together just behind the CMOS Image Sensor. Silver Oxide primary batteries are used (Zinc/Alkaline Electrolyte/Silver Oxide). Such a battery has a even discharge voltage, disposable and doesn’t cause harm to the body. Battery
- 12. 12 ASIC Transmitter The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) Transmitter is arranged behind the Batteries as shown. Two Transmitting Electrodes are connected to the outlines of the ASIC Transmitter. These electrodes are electrically isolated from each other. ASIC Transmitter Antenna Antennae is arranged at the end of the capsule. It is enclosed in a dome shaped chamber. Antenna
- 13. ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURE Capsule is swallowed by the patient like a conventional pill. It takes images as it is propelled forward by peristalsis. A wireless recorder, worn on belt, receives images transmitted by the pill. A computer workstation processes data and produces a continuous still images 13
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- 15. ADVANTAGES Painless, no side effects. Miniature size. Accurate, precise (view of 150 degree). High quality images. Harmless material. Simple procedure. High sensitivity and specificity. Avoids risk in sedation. Efficient than X-ray CT-scan, normal endoscopy. 15
- 16. DISADVANTAGES Gastrointestinal obstructions prevent the free flow of capsule. Patients with pacemakers, pregnant women face difficulties. It is very expensive(500$) and not reusable. Capsule endoscopy does not replace standard GI diagnostic endoscopy. It cannot be controlled once it has been ingested, cannot be stopped or steered to collect close-up details. It cannot be used to take biopsies, apply therapy or mark abnormalities for surgery 16
- 17. APPLICATIONS Pill cam ESO can detect esophageal diseases, gastrointestinal reflex diseases, and barreff’s esophagus. Pill cam SB can detect Crohn’s disease, small bowel tumors, small bowel injury, celiac disease, ulcerative colitis etc. 17
- 18. CONCLUSION The Given Endoscopy capsule is a pioneering concept for Medical Technology of the 21st century. The endoscopy system is the first of its kind to be able to provide non-invasive imaging of the entire small intestine. It has revolutionized the field of diagnostic imaging to a great extent and has proved to be of great help to physicians all over the world. 18
- 19. REFERENCES [1] Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 2009. BioCAS 2009. IEEE. [2] Intelligent Systems, 2006 3rd International IEEE Conference on capsule endoscopy. [3] Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on Dec. 2008. [4] Sidhu, Reena, et al. " Gastrointestinal capsule endoscopy: from tertiary centers to primary care". BMJ, March 4 2006. 332:528-531. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7540.528. [5] "Capsule Endoscopy in Gastroenterology". Mayo Clinic. Accessed October 5 2007. 19
- 20. THANK YOU 20