Plasmonics-A New Device Technology

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 9, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1870
Plasmonics-A New Device Technology
Rishabh Chickballapur Nagaraj1
Sativada Monica2
Dr. M. N. Thippeswamy3
1, 2, 3
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
1, 2, 3
Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, India
Abstract—Electronic circuits provide us with the ability to
control the transport and storage of electrons. However, the
performance of electronic circuits is now becoming rather
limited when digital information needs to be sent from one
point to another. Photonics offers an effective solution to
this problem by implementing optical communication
systems based on optical fibers and photonic circuits.
Unfortunately, the micrometer-scale bulky components of
photonics have limited the integration of these components
into electronic chips, which are now measured in
nanometers. Surface plasmon–based circuits, which merge
electronics and photonics at the Nano scale, may offer a
solution to this size-compatibility problem. Here we review
the current status and future prospects of plasmonics in
various applications including plasmonic chips, light
generation, and nanolithography.
Key words: plasmonics, Surface Plasmon’s, Invisibility
Cloaks, Localized Surface Plasmons, Nano shells.
I. INTRODUCTION
Today’s state-of-the-art microprocessors use ultrafast
transistors with dimensions on the order of 50 nm. Although
it is now routine to produce fast transistors, there is a major
problem in carrying digital information to the other end of a
microprocessor that may be a few centimeters away.
Whereas copper wire interconnects carry digital
information, interconnect scaling has been insufficient to
provide the necessary connections required by an
exponentially growing transistor count. Unlike transistors,
for which performance improves with scaling, the delay of
interconnects increases and becomes a substantial limitation
to the speed of digital circuits .This limitation has become
more evident over the past 1 to 2 years, as the annual
increase rate of the clock speed of microprocessors slowed
greatly.
Optical interconnects such as fiber optic cables can
carry digital data with a capacity 91000 times that of
electronic interconnects. Unfortunately, fiber optic cables
are È1000 times larger compared with electronic
components, and the two technologies are difficult to
combine on the same circuit. External optical interconnects
that can connect different parts of the electronic chips via air
or fiber cables have also been proposed. However, the
resulting bulky configuration has limited the implementation
of this idea. The ideal solution would be to have a circuit
with Nano scale features that can carry optical signals and
electric currents. One such proposal is surface Plasmons,
which are electromagnetic waves that propagate along the
surface of a conductor. The interaction of light with matter
in nanostructure metallic structures has led to a new branch
of photonics called plasmonics. Plasmonic circuits offer the
potential to carry optical signals and electric currents
through the same thin metal circuitry, thereby creating the
ability to combine the superior technical advantages of
photonics and electronics on the same chip. Thus
development of chip-scale electronics and photonics has led
to remarkable data processing and transport capabilities that
permeate almost every facet of our lives.
Plasmonics is an exciting new device technology
that has recently emerged. It exploits the unique optical
properties of metallic nanostructures to enable routing and
manipulation of light at the Nano scale. A tremendous
synergy can be attained by integrating plasmonic, electronic,
and conventional dielectric photonic devices on the same
chip and taking advantage of the strengths of each
technology.
II. WHAT IS PLASMONICS?
Definition: A technology that squeezes electromagnetic
waves into minuscule structures may yield a new generation
of superfast computer chips and ultrasensitive molecular
detectors.
Mechanism: Light beam striking a metal surface generates
Plasmons, electron density waves that can carry huge
amounts of data.
If focused on surface etched with circular groove
the beam produces concentric waves organizing electrons
into high & low density rings.
Fig. 1: Movement of Electrons
The ever-increasing demand for faster information transport
and processing capabilities is undeniable. Our data-hungry
society has driven enormous progress in the Si electronics
industry and we have witnessed a continuous progression
towards smaller, faster, and more efficient electronic devices
over the last five decades. The scaling of these devices has
also brought about a myriad of challenges. Currently, two of
the most daunting problems preventing significant increases
in processor speed are thermal and signal delay issues
associated with electronic interconnection.
Optical interconnects, on the other hand, possess an
almost unimaginably large data carrying capacity, and may
offer interesting new solutions for circumventing these
problems. Optical alternatives may be particularly attractive
for future chips with more distributed architectures in which
a multitude of fast electronic computing units (cores) need
to be connected by high-speed links. Unfortunately, their
implementation is hampered by the large size mismatch

(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 9/2013/0045)
between electronic and dielectric photonic components.
Dielectric photonic devices are limited in size by the
fundamental laws of diffraction to about half a wavelength
of light and tend to be at least one or two orders of
magnitude larger than their Nano scale electronic
counterparts. This obvious size mismatch between electronic
and photonic components presents a major challenge for
interfacing these technologies. Further progress will require
the development of a radically new chip-scale device
technology that can facilitate information transport between
Nano scale devices at optical frequencies and bridge the gap
between the world of Nano scale electronics and micro scale
photonics.
III. COMPONENTS OF PLASMONICS
There are two main components of plasmonics:
1) Surface Plasmon (sp) Polaritons
2) Localised Surface Plasmons(LSP)
In Fig2 SPs are associated with surface charge oscillation
having frequency almost equal to light. The energy required
to receive and send a SP pulse can be less than that needed
for the electric charging of metallic wire. This could allow
the Plasmons to travel along Nano scale wires (called
interconnects) to carry information from one part of
microprocessor to another with high bit rate. Plasmonics
interconnects would be a great boom for chip designers
which have been able to develop ever smaller and faster
transistors that can move data quickly across the chip.
Plasmon-based waveguides are not only a mode by which
light can be guided on Nano scale, but also promise a path
for chip scale device integration. Here, we provide a
qualitative discussion on the factors that manage Plasmon
excitation by different methods along with a brief
description on some theoretical aspects of plasmonics .The
article ends with a concise dialogue of promising
applications of plasmonics in communication. It is hopeful
that this will inspire the detailed study of plasmonics devices
in the field of communication.
Fig. 2: Localized surface Plasmons
IV. FEATURES OF PLASMONICS
Surface Plasmons are associated with surface charge
oscillations. Their frequency is almost equal to that of light;
optical frequencies are about 105
times greater than the
frequency of today’s electronic microprocessors. So light
can be used to excite them on the surface of a material in a
localized regime. The energy required to receive and send a
surface plasmon pulse can be less than for electric charging
of a metallic wire. This could allow Plasmons to travel along
Nano scale wires (called interconnects) carrying information
from one part of a microprocessor to another with a high bit
rate. Surface Plasmons can be excited on a flat nano-film,
Nano strip or other shaped nanoparticles such as Nano
sphere, Nano rod, and nanotube and Nano star. When
nanoparticles are used to excite surface Plasmons by light,
these are known as localized surface Plasmons. Silver and
gold are of particular interest due to their high field
enhancement and resonance wavelength lying in the visible
spectral regime.
The speed of these surface Plasmons is almost
equal to that of light with wavelength of the order of tens of
nanometers. Plasmonics can thus generate signals in the soft
x-ray range of wavelengths (between 10 and 100
nanometers) by exciting materials with visible light. The
wavelength can be reduced by more than a factor of 10
relative to its free-space value, and yet the frequency of the
signal remains the same. (The fundamental relation between
the two—frequency times wavelength equals the speed of
light-- is preserved because the electromagnetic waves slow
as they travel along the metal-dielectric interface.) This
striking ability to shrink the wavelength opens the path to
Nano scale plasmonic structures that could replace purely
electronic circuits containing wires and transistors.
Plasmonic circuits would be even faster and more useful if
researchers could devise a "plasmonster" switch--a three-
terminal plasmonic device with transistor like properties.
V. PLASMONICS APLLICATIONS
Plasmonic LED:A.
Plasmonic materials may also revolutionize the lighting
industry by making LEDs bright enough to compete with
incandescent bulbs. Beginning in the 1980s, researchers
recognized that the plasmonic enhancement of the electric
field at the metal-dielectric boundary could increase the
emission rate of luminescent dyes placed near the metal's
surface. More recently, it has become evident that this type
of field enhancement can also dramatically raise the
emission rates of Quantum dots and quantum wells—tiny
semiconductor structures that absorb and emit light--thus
increasing the efficiency and brightness of solid-state LEDs.
It is demonstrated that coating the surface of a gallium
nitride LED with dense arrays of plasmonic nanoparticles
(made of silver, gold or aluminum) could increase the
intensity of the emitted light 14- fold.
Furthermore, plasmonic nanoparticles may enable
researchers to develop LEDs made of silicon. Such devices,
which would be much cheaper than conventional LEDs
composed of gallium nitride or gallium arsenide, are
currently held back by their low rates of light emission. It is
found that coupling silver or gold plasmonic nanostructures
to silicon quantum-dot arrays could boost their light
emission by about 10 times. Moreover, it is possible to tune
the frequency of the enhanced emissions by adjusting the
dimensions of the nanoparticle. Careful tuning of the
plasmonic resonance frequency and precise control of the
separation between the metallic particles and the
semiconductor materials may enable us to increase radiative
rates more than 100- fold, allowing silicon LEDs to shine
just as brightly as traditional devices.

Invisibility cloaks:B.
The most fascinating potential application of plasmonics
would be the invention of an invisibility cloak. A material's
refractive index is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum
to the speed of light in the material. Exciting a plasmonic
structure with radiation that is close to the structure's
resonant frequency can make its refractive index equal to
air, meaning that it would neither bend nor reflect light.
The structure would absorb light, but if it were
laminated with a material that produces optical gain--
amplifying the transmitted signal just as the resonator in a
SPASER would--the increase in intensity would offset the
absorption losses. The structure would become invisible, at
least to radiation in a selected range of frequencies.
Fig. 3: Invisibility cloaks
Cloaking simulation in two dimensions:
1) The black disc blocks the light coming from the left and
reflects it back, leaving a shadow towards the right
(green/yellow).
2) The surrounding ring of cloaking material guides the
light around the disc and thereby fills in the shadow.
Spaser-plasmonic analog of laser:C.
The acronym SPASER stands for Surface Plasmon
Amplification of Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It can
be fabricated using semiconductor quantum dots and metal
particles. Radiative energy from the quantum dots would be
transformed into Plasmons, which would then be amplified
in a plasmonic resonator. Because the Plasmons generated
by a SPASER would be much more tightly localized than a
conventional laser beam, the device could operate at very
low power and selectively excite very small objects. As a
result, SPASERs could make spectroscopy more sensitive
and pave the way for hazardous- materials detectors that
could identify minute amounts of chemicals or viruses.
Cure for Cancer:D.
The potential uses of plasmonic devices go far beyond
computing. Nanoshells that consist of a thin layer of gold--
typically about 10 nanometers thick--deposited around the
entire surface of a silica particle about 100 nanometers
across. Exposure to electromagnetic waves generates
electron oscillations in the gold shell; because of the
coupling interaction between the fields on the shell's inner
and outer surfaces, varying the size of the particle and the
thickness of the gold layer changes the wavelength at which
the particle resonantly absorbs energy.
In this way, investigators can design the Nanoshells
to selectively absorb wavelengths as short as a few hundred
nanometers (the blue end of the visible spectrum) or as long
as nearly 10 microns (the near infrared). This phenomenon
has turned Nanoshells into a promising tool for cancer
treatment.
Halas, working with her Rice colleague Jennifer
West, injected plasmonic Nanoshells into the bloodstream of
mice with cancerous tumors and found that the particles
were nontoxic. What is more, the Nanoshells tended to
embed themselves in the rodents' cancerous tissues rather
than the healthy ones because more blood was circulated to
the fast-growing tumors. The Nanoshells can also be
attached to antibodies to ensure that they target cancers.
Fortunately, human and animal tissues are
transparent to radiation at certain infrared wavelengths.
When the researchers directed near-infrared laser light
through the mice's skin and at the tumors, the resonant
absorption of energy in the embedded Nanoshells raised the
temperature of the cancerous tissues from about 37 degrees
Celsius to about 45 degrees C.
Plasmonster A Faster Chip:E.
Slot waveguides could significantly boost the speed of
computer chips by rapidly funneling large amounts of data
to the circuits that perform logical operations. The
Plasmonsters are composed of slot waveguides that measure
100nm across at their broadest points and only 20nm across
at the intersection.
Biosensors:F.
1) Plasmonics has also been used in biosensors. When a
particular protein or DNA molecule rests on the surface
of a plasmon-carrying metallic material, it leaves its
characteristic signature in the angle at which it reflects
the energy. Currently the biggest application for
Plasmons is in gold-coated glass biosensors, which
detect when particular proteins or DNA are present - the
bio-matter changes the angle at which light hitting the
surface produces the most intense Plasmons.
2) Drawing blood is a daily reality for most people
with diabetes. And while checking glucose levels
probably isn’t the worst part of the disease, it’s such a
pervasive nuisance that someone from nearly every
scientific discipline has tried to invent a better way to

do it. They’ve pasted transdermal patches to the skin
and shone near-infrared light through the earlobes, but
still nothing can beat the accuracy of a little drop of
blood.  A plasmonic interferometer that can detect very
low concentrations of glucose in water and, with some
reengineering, may also work with saliva. If things go
as hoped, people with diabetes will one day measure
glucose levels by spitting instead of sticking.
Nano particles Inspire Solar Cells:G.
As demand grows for greener power generation and energy
conservation, how can renewable technologies take on the
might of goliaths of the fossil fuel industry?
In the case of thin-film solar cells, the weapon of
choice comes in the diminutive form of metallic
nanoparticles. Thanks to a combination of the resonant
plasmonic properties of metallic nanoparticles with thin-film
photovoltaic technology, a new generation of plasmonic
solar cell has evolved with similar performance to silicon
cells but at potentially a fraction of the cost.
Today, plasmonic solar cells are emerging as
promising candidates amongst many solar energy
technologies spurring continuing research to improve device
performance. One leading research group in this area is
based at the Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems at the
Australian National University (ANU) who are working
alongside other principal groups led by Harry Atwater and
Albert Polman at Caltech, California, US and the FOM-
Institute, AMOLF, the Netherlands, respectively. The group
at ANU measured an enhanced photocurrent attributed to
the increased trapping of light scattered into a thin-film
silicon cell by silver metal nanoparticles excited at their
surface plasmon resonance. Now, leading scientists in the
field are looking to drive plasmonic solar cells out of the
science of the small into the next big thing in the
photovoltaic industry.
Plethora of Benefits:H.
Plasmon waves are of particular interest because these are at
optical frequencies. The higher the frequency of the wave,
the more the information we can transport. Optical
frequencies are about 100,000 times greater than the
frequency of today’s electronic microprocessors.
The key is using a material with a low refractive
index, ideally negative, such that the incoming
electromagnetic energy is reflected parallel to the surface of
the material and transmitter along its length as far as
possible. There exists no natural material with a negative
refractive index, so nano-structured materials must be used
to fabricate effective plasmonic devices. For this reason,
plasmonics is frequently associated with nanotechnology.
VI. LIMITATIONS
The potential of plasmonics right now is mainly limited by
the fact that Plasmons can typically travel only several
millimeters before they peter out. Chips, meanwhile, are
typically about a centimeter across, so Plasmons can’t yet go
the whole distance. The distance that a plasmon can travel
before dying out is a function of several aspects of the
metal. But for optimal transfer through a wire of any metal,
the surface of contact with surrounding materials must be as
smooth as possible and the metal should not have any
impurities.
For most wavelengths of visible light, aluminum
allows Plasmons to travel farther than other metals such as
gold, silver and copper. It is somewhat ironic that aluminum
is the best metal to use because the semiconductor industry
recently dumped aluminum in favor of copper – the better
electrical conductor – as it is wiring of choice. Of course, it
may turn out that some kind of alloy will have even better
plasmonic properties than either aluminum or copper.
Another classic semiconductor issue that the
researchers will have to address is ‘heat’. Chipmakers are
constantly striving to ensure that their electronic chips don’t
run too hot. Plasmonics also will generate some heat, but the
exact amount is not yet known.
Even if plasmonics runs as hot as electronics, it
will still have the advantage of higher data capacity in the
same space.
VII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
As highlighted in the review, plasmonic components are
rapidly evolving from discrete, passive structures towards
integrated active devices. Such integrated active devices
could revolutionize the bandwidth, speed, size, cost, power
requirements of modern computational networks, enabling
more efficient solutions to increasing complex problems.
But, the primary goal of plasmonics is to develop
new optical components and systems that are of the same
size as today’s smallest integrated circuits and that could
ultimately be integrated with electronics on the same chip
.The next step will be to integrate the components with an
electronic chip to demonstrate plasmonic data generation,
transport and detection. Plasmon waves on metals behave
much like light waves in glass .That means we can use
multiplexing. Plasmon sources, detectors, wires, splitters
and power monsters can be developed. Applications mainly
depend on controlling the losses and the cost of
nanofabrication techniques. Finally, plasmonic Nano circuits
combine a high bandwidth with a high-level compaction and
make plasmonic components promising for all optical
circuits. Plasmons can ferry data along computer chips.
Plasmonic switches required for this are under development.
Rotaxanes molecule is being used for this purpose. Change
in shape of molecule is the principle of this molecular
switch.
VIII. CONCLUSION
The ideas of Plasmonics illustrate the rich array of optical
properties that inspire researchers in this field. By studying
the elaborate interplay between electromagnetic waves and
free electrons, investigators have identified new possibilities
for transmitting data in our integrated circuits, illuminating
our homes and fighting cancer. Further exploration of these
intriguing plasmonic phenomena may yield even more
exciting discoveries and inventions interactions between
electromagnetic waves and matter. That includes laser-
plasma and laser-solid interactions, nano-photonics, and
plasmonics. The future challenge may be (a) developing
high-gradient accelerators of charged particles (table-top
colliders), and (b) designing novel nanostructures that will

contribute to Nano scale optical imaging and spectroscopy
of chemicals and biomolecules.
REFERENCES
[1] Articles from website http://www.sciencedaily.com
[2] Plasmonic technology and its applications by Dr. S. S.
Verma, professor in Dept of Physics, SLIET,
Longolwal, Punjab.
[3] Plasmonics, the next chip-scale technology – Rashid
Zia, Anu Chandran and Geballe Laboratory for
Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford,
California USA
[4] Fundamentals and applications of Plasmonics by Dr.
Stephen Maier
[5] Plasmonics Promises Better Biosensors - IEEE
Spectrum

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