Political Economy of defense in Pakistan.pptx
- 1. Military and politic in Pakistan
- 2. State is body of institutions. They coordinate and cooperate with each others to achieve the objectives of state i.e security and economic development. It is only possible if all the institutions are working in their defined boundaries and jurisdiction. On the other hand, if any institution is over developed and creates imbalance among them. The imbalances leads toward dis-functioning of state as a whole. Unfortunately in Pakistan, since its inception, efforts were made to make Political institution weak and non-political institutions like military and bureaucracy powerful. Military in Pakistan has pivotal importance. It is one of the most powerful institutions that decide the future of the state of Pakistan. Some time it works as a powerful agent to influence the decision making while on the other hand it rules the state. Introduction:
- 3. There are different models with respect to the military and its role in Politics. Democratic Model: in this model all the governmental institutions works under the direction of the political elites. (USA, UK, Israel etc) Mixed system. In this system military has been given political role by the constitution but it limits or jurisdiction has been defined. (Turkey) Authoritarian democratic: in this model military has been given assign function by the constitution but when it feels that civilian institutions are not working under their instruction it brings military coup data. Pakistan and Bangladesh are the classical examples Global perspectives
- 4. Different theoretical understanding regarding political economy of defence: 1. Hamza Alvi: over developed state institution 2. Aysha Siddiquia: imbalancing among state institutions. 3. Hassan Askari Rizvi: Military Bureaucratic oligarchy 4. Military intervention in the politics of Pakistan, in International political economy context. Dr Tahir Kamran mentioned about the authoritarian Survey of American foreign policy in his book democracy and governance in Pakistan as,’’ In many of the countries to which they extend foreign aid, the army is the best organization in the country and frequently one to the most forward looking.” Theoretical Frameworks:
- 5. Factors strengthening military as an institution: 1. Its colonial role and position. 2. Well-structured institution with defined functions. 3. Concept of Mojahid. Honest instituion 4. In this context ‘Milbus’ that means military capital plays a vital role. a. Defence Budget. 70-100% b. Housing Society. DHA and EME c. FWO construction company d. Fauji Foundation e. Weapon selling f. Defence service to UNO g. Educational services. Defence University h. Health services i. Askari Bank j. Askari insurance k. Army welfare trust.e
- 6. 1.Political chaos: After the demise of Quaid, there were political chaos because There were confrontations among various political groups for state power. Between civil-military and political elite Between non-political (civil military bureaucracy) and political elites 2. Divided and Rule: Yes it is right that divide and rule was the principle that was adopted by colonial master to rule the sub-continent but after the demise of Quaid, new leaderships were not trained enough to handle all political and non-political forces. In this situation political un-rest was created in all the provinces of Pakistan. 3. Weaken civil institutions: Army hegemonies state affairs through its personal control of state and politics and did not left space for political institutions to grow. Ayesha Siddiqa concluded from the writings of Ayesha Jalal, Saeed Shafqat, Hussain Haqquni and Hassan Abbas that military deliberately acquired its multiple roles and left no space for other state institutions. It weakened the state and its political system for its own interest. Initial phase (1947-1958):
- 7. 4. Bureaucracy- Military oligarchy. Ideally speaking bureaucracy tends to be obligatory institution to the civilian elites but in Pakistan, since its inception it prefers to be aligned with Military. In 1954 Gulam Muhammad requested Ayub to take up the government at the place of Muhammad Ali Bogra. Muhammad Ali Bogra (Bureaucrat) as defence minister April 1953 to October 1954. Then prime minster 1954 to 1955. Ayub khan as defence minister form October 1954 to August 1955 is a clear sign of collaboration between civil and military bureaucracy. Saeed Shafqat points it out when he talks about Ayub-Mirza ties. Sinkander Mirza gave 2 time extensions to Ayub khan 1954-1958. When Mirza thought that the then P.M did not extended Ayub for third time, He imposed Martiala. 5. Political aggregation: a. Defence minster b. Foreign Affairs 6. Defame Political elite: a. In-competent c. Corrupt d. Driven by Greed.
- 8. Ayub Khan 1958-1969: Profile: Mr Ayub was born in 1906. He got commission in army in 1928. He was first C-In-C (Commander In Chief) in country’s arm in 1951. In 1954 Muhammad Ali Bogra appointed him as his Defence Minister. Imposed Military Rule in 1958 and became the 2nd president of the country. Ayub continued his predecessors' policy of an alliance with the United States during the Cold War, joining CENTO, and allowing the U.S. and Britain access to facilities inside Pakistan, most notably the airbase outside of Peshawar, from which U-2 intelligence flights over the Soviet Union were launched. After defeating Fatima Jinnah in the controversial presidential elections of 1965, Ayub's standing began to slide amid allegations of widespread vote rigging Died in 1975
- 9. 3 principles: Dr Tahir Kamran in his book Democracy and governance in Pakistan classified this era as an era of praetorianism: Praetorianism means excessive or abusive political influence of the Armed Forces in a country. 1. Accountability (EBDO) Elective Bodies Disqualification order About 7000 individuals were relegated to ignominy/humiliation through EBDO in 1959 But Hussein Shaheed Suharwardy, Qazi Isa and Sahibzada Hassan Mehmud opted to face the trial. Hence they were arrested and faced prosecution. Control of Media/ Military State narrative. Ayub Khan made a best use of media to malign the politicians. In 16th April 1959 A martial law ordinance empowered government to take over newspapers which published or contained matters likely to endanger the The defence, external affairs or security. Public safety ordinance was executed with letter and spirit to control new items. 1963 press and publication ordinance was promulgated to patriotism. No subject was allowed to be published that was beyond the context of this subject. Bengali Under-representation in National politics. Once under Ayub regime step was taken to have national consensuses on the issue of Tashkent Declaration. 700 personal attended the conference. Only 21 were form East Pakistan. Most of the members of Ayub cabinet were from West Pakistan. Bengal was military colony of West Pakistan. Grass Root democracy in the form of Basic Democracy)
- 10. 2. Methodologies: Appointment of Retired Military officers on important positions. Civil Bureaucracy was used as the second partner of the government. Cleansing of Politician at national level. COII (Council of Islamic ideology). Dr Fazal was its director. Controversy was on his Book title Islam. No conservative Mulla was its member. Technocrats form judiciary and bureaucracy were its members. American support. 1959 Mutual defence agreement. Industrial boom. Green Revolution and capitalization of agriculture. 3. Out Come: Military as the only institution of Power. Military was the state of Pakistan. Infusion of military officers in different departments of Pakistan. They not only hegemonies the governmental rather other institutions of Pakistan
- 11. Profile: Born: Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan was born on 4th February 1917 in Chakwal, Punjab. Commission: He got commission in 1939 Yahya was made the army's Commander-in-Chief in 1966. He was Appointed as the president by outgoing president Ayub Khan in 1969. Yahya dissolved the government and declared martial law for the second time in Pakistan's history President: 26 March 1969 – 20 December 1971 Died : 10 August 1980 (aged 63) in Rawalpindi. Yahya Khan 1969-1971
- 12. He held the country's first free and fair elections in 1970. As a result, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League party won the majority votes in East Paksitan while Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s party won in West Pakistan. Yahya delayed handing over power to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. As a result, civil unrest erupted all over East Pakistan. Yahya initiated Operation Searchlight to quell the rebellion. The atrocities were made by the Pakistan Army against Bengali civilians. The crisis grew deeper under Yahya. on 16 December 1971, with approximately ninety thousand of its army officers and other ranks in Dhaka turning prisoners of war. Yahya handed over the presidency to Bhutto and stepped down as army chief in disgrace.
- 13. Profile: He was born in 1924. He joined Commission in Indian army in 1943. In 1976 he was appointed as chief of army staff by Z.A Bhutto. He died in 1988 in Air crash. He got his military training under colonial pattern. International politics and Zia Ul Haq Army and civilian institutions- they were confronting with each other for power sharing Containment of soviet and islamization. Domestic politics: Democratic Alliance against Bhutto. Bhutto’s policy of marginalization of Chief of army staff. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee March 1, 1976. Zia Ul Haq: 1977-1988:
- 14. Disqualification of politician by military court in the name of accountability. 180 members of the last parliament were disqualified. Political underdevelopment. LGO (Local Government Ordinance 1979). Politics of LGO 8th Amendment to counter P.M. 1985 1985 revival of democracy for economic assistance. Non-party election. Appointment of retired officers. Military council. National Security Council. Fuji Foundation. Use religion for his interests. Sectarianism and religious extremism Containment and consolidation of power policy:
- 15. Profile He was born in 1943 in Delhi India. He joint commission in Pakistan army in 1961. In 1998, Mr. Nawaz Sharif the then P.M appoint him as chief of army staff. Chief Executive of Pakistan 12 October 1999-21 November 2002. President of Pakistan 20 June 2001-18th August 2008. Founder of a political party known as All Pakistan Muslim league in 2010. Pervaiz Musharaf 1999-2010
- 16. Objectives of his military coup: Economic revival Poverty alleviation Political re-structuring Devolution of power at grass root level Methodology to achieve the objectives: To achieve these objectives he has given 7 point agenda. 1. Re-building National confidence and morale. 2. Strengthen the federation/ Removal inter-provincial disharmony. 3. Revive the Economy 4. Ensure Law and Order situation in the country 5. De-politicize state institutions. 6. Devolution of Power. 7. Ensure Accountability
- 17. NAB (National Accountability Buru) 1999 9/11/2001 and new trends in international p0litics. War against terror. District Government system.2001 Referendum 2002 General Election 2002 and PML(Q) 17th Amendment 2003 (B.A) Education. NRO (National Reconciliation Ordinance) 5th October 2007 It granted amnesty to politicians, political workers and bureaucrats who were accused of corruption, embezzlement, money laundering and murder. It also allow them to contest upcoming election of 2008. After the 2008 election, the political environment was not in his favour and he resigned in August 2008. Containment and consolidation of power policy: