Polymers 22

A SEMINAR ON
BIODEGRADABLE AND NON-BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMERS
SARDAR BHAGWAN SINGH P.G. INSTITUTE OF BIO-MEDICAL SCIENCES
& RESEARCH, BALAWALA , DEHRADUN, (UTTARAKHAND)
PRESENTED BY- GUIDED BY-
DEEPALI MR. MANOJ K. SARANGI
M.Pharm II SEM (Pharmaceutics) Assistant Professor

CONTENTS
 Introduction of polymers
 Introduction of biodegradable polymers
 Advantages of biodegradable polymers
 Disadvantages of biodegradable polymers
 Selection criteria for polymers
 Biodegradation and Bioerosion
 Factors affecting biodegradation of polymers
 Classification of polymers
 Reference

INTRODUCTION OF POLYMERS
POLYMERS-
Polymers also known as macromolecules
are very large molecules consisting of many
repeating units and are formed by the process
called polymerization, which links small
molecules with each other known as
monomers.

INTRODUCTION OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
 Biodegradable polymers have property of degrading in
biological fluids with progressive release of dissolved or
dispersed drug.
 The most promising area of application involve
drug-composities which are implants, injects and inserts.
 Non-biodegradable polymers are never broken down or
decomposed by environmental factor.

BASED ON BIODEGRADABILITY , POLYMERS ARE
CLASSIFIED AS :
1. BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS-
 Do not require surgical removal
 Prefer drug delivery application
 Degrade to smaller absorbable molecules
 Monomers are non-toxic in nature
 Example- Collagen, Poly glycolic acid
2. NON-BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS-
 Non-biodegradable polymers are required for surgerys
 Removal of the implants is easy
 Example- Poly vinyl chloride, Polyethylene

ADVANTAGES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Constant release rate
Metabolized & Removed via normal
metabolic pathway
Easy depletion of the drug from
implanted device
Sustained delivery of drug

DISADVANTAGES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Burst effect
Ease of water & bio-molecules
absorption from sourrounding
Low mechanical properties
Difficult sterilization

SELECTION CRITERIA OF POLYMERS
1
• Regulatory approval
2
• Mechanism of degradation
3
• Bulk hydrophilicity
4
• Morphology
5
• Extent of drug polymer interaction
6
• Structure

BIODEGRADATION
 It is chemical process.
 Chemical changes that alter either the molecular weight or
solubility of the polymer.
BIOEROSION
 It is physical process.
 It results in weight loss of a polymer device.
 The possibility for a polymer to degrade and to have its
degradation by-products assimilated or excreted by living
system is designated as bioresorbable.
 The bioerosion of polymers is basically of two types-
Bulk Erosion and Surface Erosion

MECHANISM OF BIODEGRADATION
BIODEGRADATION
ENZYMAT IC
DEGRADATION
HYDROLYSIS COMBUSTION
BULK EROSION
SURFACE
EROSION

TYPE 1 EROSION
 It is evident that water-soluble polymers cross-link to form a
three-dimensional network.
 Erosion can occur by cleavage of cross-links(type IA) or cleavage of
the water-soluble polymer backbone(type IB)
TYPE 2 EROSION
 It occurs with polymers that were earlier water-insoluble but
converted to water-soluble forms by hydrolysis, ionization or
protonation of a pendant group.
TYPE 3 EROSION
 High molecular weight, water-insoluble macromolecules are
converted to small, water-soluble molecules by a hydrolytic cleavage
of labile bonds in the polymer backbone.

FACTORS AFFECTNG BIODEGRADATION OF
POLYMERS
Chemical structure and composition
Presence of ionic groups
Presence of low molecular-weight compounds
Physico-chemical conditions
Physical factors
Site of implantation
Processing conditions

SYNTHETIC BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
POLYESTER
 Polyester is a family of polymers which have ester linkage
connecting the polymers.
 The polyester family, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is
the world leading synthetic fibres and films.
 PET is considered to be biocompatible.
 It has very good mechanical properties.
 PET fibers and the structures made from fibers, such as
woven, knitted, felted and braided structures
 They also used as sutures, internal patches, pledgets, artificial
blood vessels, heart valve sewing cuffs etc.

POLYCAPROLACTONE
 Polycaprolactone (PCL) undergoes ring opening polymerization was
studied in 1930.
 The biodegradable property of this synthetic polymers was first
identified in 1973.
 PCL is suitable for controlled drug delivery due to its high
permeability to many drugs and non-toxicity.
 PCL is a semi crystalline polymer melting in the range of 59-64
degree Celsius.
 It depends on crystalline size.
 PCL and PCL composites have been used as tissue engineering
scaffolds for regeneration of bone, ligament, cartilage, skin, nerve
and vascular tissues.

 Polyamide polymers (nylon) have amide linkages in their
polymer chains.
 The first polyamide synthesized was Nylon-66.
 It was synthesized through the polycondensation of
hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid.
 Nylon has been used as surgical sutures.
POLYAMIDES

 Polysulfones are a family of polymers which have linkages in
their backbones.
 Polysulfones have excellent mechanical properties and
chemical resistance.
 Heat resistant: Heat deflection temperature (HDT) is 174
degree Celsius.
 Excellent hydrolytic stability to hot water and steam
sterilization.
 Food, water and medical contact compliance.
 They are used as membranes for hemodialysis , orthopedic
biomaterials due to their excellent mechanical properties, to
improve their bone-bonding properties.
POLYSULFONES

POLYCARBONATES
 Polycarbonates family polymers have carbonates linkages in their
polymer chains.
 Polycarbonates can be synthesized by the reaction of phosgene with
bisphenol A [2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenl) propane].
 The obtained polycarbonate is a tough and transparent plastic
commercially available.
 Polycarbonate is used to make components of oxygenator for open
heart surgery, venous reservoir, and arterial filter due to its
sterilizability.

NATURAL BIODEGEADABLE
POLYMERS
COLLAGEN
•Collagen have unique structural properties.
•It has been fabricated into a wide variety of forms
including cross-linked films ,meshes, fibers and sponges.
•Solid ocular inserts have also been prepared from purified
animal tissues.

STARCH
 Polysaccharides for drug delivery system have been prepared by a
variety of routes.
 Starch is usually derivative from acrylic groups.
 Poly(acryl) starch microspheres.
 They are example of semisynthetic polymer system.
 In addition to starch, dextran, insulin, and cellulose have frequently
been used as drug carries by covalently bonding the drugs,
antibiotics and enzymes to reactive derivatives of available
functional groups.

GELATIN
 Gelatin is a natural polymer that is derived from collagen.
 Gelatin is attractive for use in controlled release due to its nontoxic,
bioactive properties and inexpensive price.
 It is also a polyampholyte having both cationic and anionic group
along with hydrophilic groups.
 Mechanical properties, swelling behavior and thermal properties of
gelatin depend significantly on its cross linking degree.

CHITOSAN
 Chitosan is obtained by deacetylation of chitin, which is the
structural element in the exoskeleton of crustaceans (crabs,
shrimp,etc.) and cell walls fungi.
 It is a cationic and biodegradable polysaccharide consisting of
repeating D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units, linked
via (1-4) glycosidic bonds.
 Chitosan has mucoadhesive properties owing to its positive charge
that allows to its positive charge that allows interaction with the
negatively-charged mucosal surface.
 Chitosan is used as a matrix or as a coating material in drug
encapsulation.

REFERENCES
 Abedalwafa Mohammed, Wang Fujun , Wang Lu and Li Chaojing, (2012) “
Biodegradable Poly-epsilon-caprolactone (Pcl) For Tissue Engineering
Applications” Rev.Adv. Mater. Sci. 34 (2013)
 Phale T., AgnihotrJ. i, Khale A. (2013), “Technical Advancement In
Biodegradable Polymers And Their Recent Patents” from International Journal
of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences Vol. 3, No.1, pp
766-774
 Nimish Shah, R..K.Mewada and Tejal Shah,2011,Application of biodegradable
Polymers in Controlled drug Delivery, Institute Of Technology, Nirma
University, Ahmedabad
 Nikam Aarti P. , Ratnaparkhiand Mukesh. P., Chaudhari Shilpa P. (2014)
“Nanoparticles” from International Journal of Research and Development in
Pharmacy and Life Sciences Vol. 3, No.5, pp 1121-1127
 Krushnakumar J Gandhi, Subhash V Deshmane, Kailash R Biyani ( 2012)
“Polymers In Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery System from Int. J. Pharm. Sci.
Rev. Res., 14(2), 2012; 10, 57‐66
 Kumar A. Ashwin , Karthick. K, and Arumugam K. P., (2011)
“Biodegradable Polymers and Its Applications” from International Journal
of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Vol. 1, No. 3

Polymers 22

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