polymers-chapter, classifications, metho
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Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units and can be classified based on source, structure, polymerization method, or molecular forces. They are used widely in pharmaceutical applications such as controlled drug delivery systems due to their ability to control drug release through diffusion, degradation, or swelling. Common polymers used include PLGA, PLA, cellulose derivatives, and polyacrylates. They are applied in oral, transdermal, and ocular drug delivery systems to control and sustain drug release.
polymers-chapter, classifications, metho
- 1. Polymers used in pharmaceutical industry
- 2. Presented by- Marzeea Ahmad Raka Mir Tasnia Noshin Suraiya Ahmed Kazi Samira Pinash
- 3. Content INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM POLYMER BIO DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS POLYMERS USED IN FORMULATION OF DIFFERENT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM. APPLICATION OF POLYMERS
- 4. INTRODUCTION Polymers are complex and giant molecules usually with carbons building the backbone, different from low molecular weight compounds. The small individual repeating units/molecules are known as monomers(means single part). A polymer with two different monomers is known as a copolymer or homopolymer
- 5. DEFINITION Polymers are very large molecules made when hundreds of monomers join together to form long chains The word ‘polymer’ comes from the Greek words poly (meaning ‘many’) and meros (meaning ‘parts’). Example: POLYBUTADIENE = (BUTADIENE+ BUTADIENE+......)n Where n = 4,000
- 6. CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL POLYMER 1. Low Density. 2. Low coefficient of friction. 3. Good corrosion resistance. 4. Good mould ability. 5. Excellent surface finish can be obtained. 6. Can be produced with close dimensional tolerances. 7. Economical. 8. Poor tensile strength. 9. Low mechanical properties. 10. Poor temperature resistance. 11. Can be produced transparent or in different colours
- 7. CLASSIFICATION 1. classification based on source 2. classification based on structure 3. classification based on polymerisation 4. classification based on molecular force
- 8. Classification based on source 1. Natural polymers - The definition of a natural polymer is a polymer that results from only raw materials that are found in nature. Example - Proteins, Cellulose, Starch, Rubber. 2. Semi-synthesis polymers – The polymer can obtained both Natural as well as Synthetic origin is known as Semisynthetic polymer. Example - Cellulose derivatives - Cellulose acetate (Rayon). 3. Synthesis polymers - This are the polymer was prepared by Laboratory is known as Synthetic Polymer. Example - Buna-S, Buna-R, Nylon, Polythene, Polyester.
- 9. Classification based on structure 1. Linear polymers - the smallest repeating unit arrange in straight line path is known as Linear polymer. Example - pvc. 2. Branched chain polymers - contain linear chains having some branches, Example - low density polymer. 3. Cross linked chain polymers - formed from bi-functional and tri-functional monomers and contain strong covalent bonds. Example - bakelite, melamine
- 10. Linear polymers Cross linked chain polymers Branched chain polymers
- 11. Classification based on polymerization • Addition polymers formed by the repeated addition of monomer molecules possessing double or triple bonds n(CH2=CH2) -(CH2 -CH2 )- Ethylene polyethylene One from of polymer is converted into anther from of polymer loss of atoms, ion, from Molecule. • Condensation polymers formed by repeated condensation reaction between two different bi-functional or tri- functional monomeric units. e.g. terylene (dacron), nylon 6, 6, nylon 6. One polymer can converted into anther from of polymer without loss of atoms, ion, from molecule.
- 12. Classification based on molecular force Nylon :- Nylon is used as general name for all synthetic fiber forming polyamides,i.e., having a protein like structure. These are the condensation polymers of diamine and dibasic acids A number is usually suffixed with the Nylon which refers to the number of carbon atoms present in the diamine and the dibasic acids respectively. example: nylon 6,6, nylon-6,6: Nylon-6,6 is obtained by the polymerization of adipic acid with hex methylene diamine. Thermoplastic Polymers: • These are linear or slightly branched long chain polymers, which can be softened on heating & reversibly hardened on cooling repeatedly. Their hardness is a temporary property & varies with temperature. • The polymer under heating it can convert one stare to anther state and after cooling it can again convert its original state. example:- polyvinyl chloride
- 13. Classification based on molecular force Thermosetting polymers: Initial Mixture of Reactive, Low Molar Mass Compounds Reacts Upon Heating In The Mold To Form An Insoluble, Infusible Network. Example: Bakelite Bakelite: Bakelite Is Formed of Phenol And Form- aldehyde Polymerization.
- 14. GENERAL MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM POLYMER • Three primary mechanism for drug release , namely: Diffusion Degradation Water penetration(Swelling) Any of these mechanism can occur in a given release system
- 15. Drug release from polymer by diffusion • Rate limiting step is diffusion of drug through inert water insoluble membrane barrier. • There are two types, a) Reservoir b) Matrix
- 16. Reservoir diffusion system In membrane-controlled reservoir devices, the drug is contained in a core, which is surrounded by a polymer membrane, and it is released by diffusion through this rate- controlling membrane e.g. Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone),Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate).
- 17. Matrix diffusion system In these devices, the drug is released either by passing through the pores or between polymer chains, and these are the processes that control the release rate. Such as polyethylene , polyvinylacetate
- 18. Degradation The drug molecules, which are initially dispersed in the polymer, are released as the polymer starts eroding or degrading. The four most commonly used biodegradable polymers in drug delivery systems are poly(lactic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polyanhydrides, poly(ortho esters), and poly(phosphoesters).
- 19. Water penetration (swelling) •This type of systems are initially dry and when placed in body, absorb water or other fluid and it swells. •Swelling increases aq. solvent content within the formulation as well as the polymer mesh size, enabling the drug to diffuse through the swollen network into external environment. •E.g(N-isopro-pylacrylamide), Ethylene-vinyl alcohol
- 20. Bio degradation of polymers - • Bio degradation is the chemical changes that alter the molecular weight or solubility of the polymers. • Bio erosion may refer to as physical process that result in weight loss of a polymer device. • The erosion of polymers basically takes place by two methods:- 1.Hydrolytic mechanism 2. Enzymatic mechanism
- 21. Hydrolytic Mechanism • Hydrolytic degradation of polymers may be defined as the breaking of chemical bonds in the polymer backbone by the attack of water to form oligomers and finally monomers. • This kind of hydrolysis could not require of specific biological compounds as proteases. • All biodegradable polymers contain hydrolysable bonds like glycosides, esters, orthoesters, anhydrides, carbonates, amides • Rate of hydrolytic degradation is modulated by hydrophilic characteristics of the polymers
- 22. Enzymatic mechanism • Enzymes are biological catalysts • They accelerate reaction rates in living organisms without undergoing themselves any permanent change. • Hydrolysis reactions may be catalyzed by enzymes known as hydrolases, which include proteases, esterases, glycosidases, and phos‐ phatases, among others. • Enzymatic surface degradation occurs when enzymes cannot penetrate the interior of the polymer, due to high cross-link density or limited access to cleavage points, forcing the surface or exterior bonds to cleave first.
- 23. Initiation (birth) Propagation (growth) Termination (death) Synthesis of Polymers The first step in chain polymerization- Initiation involves the formation of a free radical. Each initiating radical has the ability to attack the double bond of a monomer. In this way, the radical is transferred to the monomer and a monomer radical is produced. Addition can occur at either end of the monomer. INITIATION
- 24. PROPAGATION: The monomer radical is also able to attack another monomer and then another monomer, and so on and so forth. This step is called propagation by which a macro radical is formed. The entire propagation reaction usually takes place within a fraction of a second. TERMINATION Chain termination is the chemical reaction that ceases the formation of reactive intermediates in a chain propagation step in the course of polymerization, effectively bringing it to a halt.
- 25. APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS IN FORMULATION OF CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM 1. ORAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: Here, the drug gets released at controlled rate when administered orally. For that several mechanisms are involved. a) Osmotic pressure controlled GI delivery system b) Gel diffusion controlled GI delivery system c) Muco-adhesive GI delivery system
- 26. a) Osmotic pressure controlled GI delivery system:
- 27. b) Gel diffusion controlled GI delivery system
- 28. c) Muco-adhesive GI delivery system
- 29. 2.Transdermal drug delivery system: • TDDS is defined as self contained, self discrete dosage forms, which when applied to the intact skin delivers the drug at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation. In this, polymer matrix plays a major role. It releases the drug from the device to the skin.
- 30. 3.Ocular Drug Delivery System • It allows prolonged contact of drug with corneal surface of eye. The example for ODDS is pilocarpine in the treatment of glaucoma. In this muco-adhesive polymers are used as barriers to control the drug release. • E.g. Polyacrylic acid Co polymers of acetate vinyl & ethyl Others: Drug delivery and the treatment of diabetes Drug delivery of various contraceptives and hormones
- 31. Application of polymers 1)DRUG DELIVERY OF VARIOUS CONTRACEPTIVES & HORMONES: E.g. medroxyprogesterone acetate–vaginal contraceptive ring It consists of a drug reservoir & polymer coating material. Through this layer the drug releases slowly. 2)DRUG DELIVERYAND THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES Here the polymer will act as barrier between blood stream & insulin. E.g. polyacrylamide or N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate
- 32. 3)APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS IN SOLID DOSAGE FORMS: IN TABLETS • Polymers like methyl cellulose, hydroxyl ethyl cellulose, hydroxyl ethyl methyl cellulose are used as binders. • Polymers like carboxyl methyl cellulose sodium is used as disintegrating agent. • Polymers like all the cellulose derivative are used as coating materials. • Polymers like cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate are used as enteric coating material. INCAPSULES • Gelatin, a natural polymer which is the major ingredient in the manufacturing of capsules
- 33. 4)APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS: IN SUSPENSIONS • Polymers like Acacia, Tragacanth, Cellulose derivative, Xanthum gum are used as suspending agents. They should be selected based on their characters like PH, solubility & concentration. They enhances the dispersion of solids in liquids. IN EMULSIONS • Polymers like Tragacanth, Spans, Tweens are used as emulsifying agents
- 34. Continue 5)Polymers can be used as film coatings to mask the unpleasant taste of a drug & to modify drug release characteristics. 6)Polyanhydrides are used in CDDS because of their unique property of surfaceerosion. 7)Hyaluronic acid is used in controlled release ophthalmic preparations. 8)Wide variety of polymers like natural gums are using as thickening agents. E.g. poly ethylene glycol, carbomer 9)Some of the polymers are using as protective colloids to stabilize suspensions & emulsions. E.g . Sodium alginate 10)Some polymers can be used as suppository bases E.g. poly ethylene glycol
- 35. Continue 11)Some polymers are used in uterus therapeutic system E.g.silicone 12)Copolymers of lactide & glycolide, silicone are using in implantation therapeutic system. 13)Polyurethanes can be used for elasticity 14)Polymethyl methacrylate for physical strength & transparency. 15)Polyvinyl alcohol for hydrophilicity & strength 16)In addition to polymers being used as excipients, some drugs themselves are polymers including insulin, heparin & its antagonist, protamine sulfate, plasma expander like dextran, normal human serum albumin, bulk laxatives like methyl cellulose & sodium carboxy methyl cellulose.
- 36. References • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4559470 • http://www.nature.com/subjects/polymer-synthesis • https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3- 091sc-introduction-to-solid-state-chemistry-fall-2010/organic- materials/29-polymers-synthesis-properties-applications/ • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_degradation