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Post_grad-seminar_2015

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Emran Amin

This document provides an outline and summary of Emran Md Amin's post-graduate seminar on chipless RFID for ubiquitous sensing. The seminar covered 7 topics: 1) introduction to chipless RFID sensors, 2) state-of-the-art in RF sensors, 3) noninvasive RF detection and localization, 4) real time environment monitoring, 5) non-volatile RF memory sensor for event detection, 6) reader for chipless RFID sensors, and 7) conclusions. The goal of the research was to develop sub-cent chipless RFID sensors for low-cost ubiquitous sensing applications. Key aspects included designs for partial discharge sensing, environment monitoring using a multiple parameter sensing chipless RFID

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Chipless RFID for Ubiquitous Sensing Post-Grad Seminar Emran Md Amin# Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Nemai Karmakar # Co- supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Bjorn W. Jensen* # Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering * Department of Materials Engineering June, 2014
1. Introduction to Chipless RFID sensor 2. State-of-the-art in RF sensors 3. Noninvasive RF detection and localization 4. Real time Environment monitoring 5. Non-volatile RF memory sensor for event detection 6. Reader for chipless RFID sensors 7. Conclusions Outline
LABELS BARCODES RFID RFID SENSORS 1930’s 1st self adhesive Label manufactured by R Stanton Avery 1948 Prototype Barcode invented Using ultraviolet ink 1994 QR codes Invented in Japan To track vehicle Manufacturing process 1948 RFID Invented Late 70’s Early 80’s Railroads implement RFID to keep track of rolling stock 1980’s Inkjet printed & label software Programs developed 1974 First commercial Barcode scanned (10 pack of Wingley’s Juice fruit gum) Today Grocery, Retail, Patient identification, Postal service Nuclear security 7 Safety drives ‘tagging’ Of equipment & personnel Late 60’s Early 70’s Today Remote keyless entry, Security card, Passport, animal tracking 1992 Invention of tiny MEMS sensor called ‘Smart dust’ Active and passive RFID sensors used for temperature, humidity, Strain, fluid level, gas monitoring 2000’s Today Fully printable Chipless RFID sensor Evolution of Tracking ID Technology
To offer sub-cent chipless RFID sensors for low cost ubiquitous sensing platform Our Research Goal
Chipless RFID : The End Game IDTechEx • RFID tags that do not contain a silicon chip are called chipless tags. • It has the potential of printed directly for 0.1 cents and replace ten trillion barcodes yearly. RFID Market share By 2019 Chipless RFID will overtake major RFID market share1 Fig : Chipless and Chip share of total global market for RFID tags 1Printed and Chipless RFID Forecasts, Technologies & Players 2009-2029- IDTechEx
Chipless RFID Sensor Mark Roberti is the founder and editor of RFID Journal. In his article: The Many Flavors of RFID, he explains, (April, 2011) ‘Active and passive systems are the vanilla and chocolate of the RFID Ice-cream bar RFID, and there are exciting flavors (ie. Strawberry , Pastiche) coming up. One of them is ‘Chipless RFID Tag’ The Goal of Chipless RFID Sensor is to add another Thrilling flavor to this Bar
Chipless RFID Sensor: Applications Retails - Perishable products ie. Milk, juice pack, egg, groceries Food safety - Raw meat and fish, canned food etc. Pharmaceuticals – Storage and transport of drugs and biomedicine Advanced counterfeiting - Banknotes, books other valuables Smart city and Smart House - Multi-node, multi –mode integrated system , IOT Power industry - Smart Grid, Partial discharge monitoring
Ongoing Research on Chipless Sensors Single-wall carbon nano-tube based chipless RFID tag sensor [L. Yang et al] Wireless SAW based high-temperature measurement systems [R. Fachberger] Transmission delay line based sensor [S. Shretha et. al] Phased coded delay line based temperature sensor [Mandel et. al]
Current Chipless solutions could not achieve - Low-cost tagging per item - No Lumped Components - Passive and maintenance free - High Sensitive smart materials integration - Compact, high data density tag design - Independent reader unit
Aim of Thesis
Partial Discharge (PD) time time currentvoltage va vc 0 V+ B V- B High voltage stress across a void Localized breakdown PD Fig: Faulty dielectric Fig: Voltage and current waveform Phase I: Noninvasive RF detection and localization ‘A Chipless RFID based partial Discharge (PD) sensor is proposed for non-invasive condition monitoring of HV equipment’
Radiometric PD detection and localization Features • The RF emission due to PD is captured and analyzed for PD level and location finding • The EM wave is produced from the acceleration of free electrons within the voids inside an insulator • The EM waves last for a very short time (< 1µs)[9]. • The frequency span of the emitted RF waves can be found between 300 MHz to 3 GHz on the UHF band [10] Challenges PD localization: Identifying the faulty HV equipment Limitations of existing time domain based systems • Requires antenna to capture the direct PD signal which is distorted due to multipath reflection while propagating through the environment • The fault location precision depends on the sampling rate of the oscilloscope as the time information is used for PD localization • Difficult to detect simultaneous PD Fig: Antenna array for TDOA Based PD localization[12]
Chipless RFID based PD detection and localization • Provides low cost, automated and battery-free condition monitoring • PD localization using frequency signature in the UWB pulse • Simultaneous PD detection possible Oscilloscope Unit 1 Unit 2 S 1 S 2 S K Unit K …………………….. Fig. General structure of proposed PD sensor Fig. Overview of proposed PD sensor system
Smart RF Design Two CPW SIR filter is designed operating at 775 MHz and 825 MHz Z1= 51.98Ω, Z2= 25.68Ω and Z3= 32.1Ω Fig: Layout of the tri section SIR filter for 775 MHz. Substrate, Taconic TLX-0, having relative permittivity εr= 2.45, tanδ= 0.0019 and substrate thickness, h= 0.5mm High Q Tri-step SIR Filter design Fig: Photo of fabricated SIR filters at 775 MHz 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 2 3 3 ( tan tan tan tan tan tan ) ( tan tan tan tan tan tan ) s Z Z j Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z                    Taking a= Z1/ Z2 and b= Z3/ Z2, the resonance condition for the SIR filter is, Ys = 0, thus 1 3 1 2 2 3tan tan tan tan ( )tan tan 1 a b a b         (2) (1) Solving (2) analytically we get a range of a, b for which the overall electrical length is minimum which is a> 1>b Details cane be found at Emran M. Amin and Nemai C. Karmakar ‘Multi-pole High Q bandstop Filter Design Using Compact Stepped Impedance Resonator (SIR)’ in PIERS: Progress In Electromagnetics Research Fig: Generic tri step SIR structure
Experimentation with PD Signals Patch Antenna (a) (b) Fig. Photo of the (a) antenna Rx (b) Measured reflection loss (S11) vs frequency PD calibrator CLA2B Semicircular Patch Antenna SIR filter DSA 72004 Oscilloscope EM absorber EM shielded enclosure Fig. Experimental set-upFig. Photo of the PD calibrator CAL2B
Results (a) (b) (c) Fig. Captured PD signal in time domain transmitting through sensor (a) S1, (b) S2 and (c) S3 (a) (b) (c) 0 1 1 0 0 0 Fig. Frequency spectrum of Captured PD signal transmitting through sensor (a) S1, (b) S2 and (c) S3 (a) Time, ns Frequency,GHz Frequency,GHz (a) Time, ns Frequency,GHz Frequency,GHz (a) Time, nsFrequency,GHz Frequency,GHz (b) (c) Fig. Spectrogram of Captured PD signal transmitting through sensor (a) S1, (b) S2 and (c) S3 (a)
Research Outcomes • A proof-of-concept passive, chipless RFID PD sensor is developed • The sensor addresses both aspect of PD detection: (i) RF level and (ii) fault identification • Time frequency analysis of captured PD signal has been performed • Validation of simultaneous PD detection has been carried out Publications Book Chapters 1. Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, “Chipless Radio Frequency Identification: Systems for Ubiquitous Tagging”, IGI Global, Chapter Title, “Chipless RFID Sensor for High Voltage Condition Monitoring”, 2011. Journals 1. Emran M. Amin and Nemai C. Karmakar ‘A Passive RF Sensor for Detecting Simultaneous Partial Discharge signals using Time Frequency Analysis’ in IEEE Sensors Journal, 2014. (Under review) 2. Emran M. Amin and Nemai C. Karmakar ‘Multi-pole High Q bandstop Filter Design Using Compact Stepped Impedance Resonator (SIR)’ in PIERS: Progress In Electromagnetics Research Journal, 2014. (Under review, received first revision) Conference papers 1 Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, “Partial Discharge Monitoring of High Voltage Equipment Using Chipless RFID Sensor”, in the 25th Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Melbourne, 2011. 2 Nemai Karmakar and Emran Md Amin, “Passive RFID Sensor for Remote Detection of Partial Discharge” in IEEE SENSORS 2011, Limerick, Ireland 28-31 October, 2011.
Phase II: Real time Environment monitoring ‘A Chipless RFID sensor platform is proposed for Multiple parameter sensing’ Fig(a) Paper based barcode (b) Illustration of EM Barcode/ chipless RFID tag and (c) Illustration of chipless RFID sensor • Direct Line of sight for reading ID • Short reading range • No security features • Non- line of sight for reading ID • Longer reading range • Anti- theft detection • Non- line of sight for reading ID • Longer reading range • Anti- theft detection • Physical parameter sensing (a) (b) (c) Smart material Strip for Sensing Metal Strip Dielectric strip Metal and Dielectric Strip for Data ID
W L L_gap S_w fill_a fill_b fill_c a b c Ex Hy Fig. Layout of Chipless RFID tag with length encoding [Amin et. al] High data density tag design Fig. Photo of fabricated tags Fig. Simulated RCS for tag1, tag2 and tag 3 Table: Allocated frequency band for data encoding Smart RF Design
Smart RF Design S S L_s G_s W_s Ex Hy Fig. Layout of ELC resonator at 7.2 GHz The dimensions are S= 6 mm; L_s= 1.75mm; G_s= 0.7 mm; W_s= 0.4 mm. Substrate Taconic TLX_0; height, h= 0.5 mm; εr= 2.45; tanδ= 0.0019 (a) (b) Fig. (a) Simulated E-field concentration at a frequency outside resonance. Figure (b) E-field concentration at resonance. |Amp| Freq. 50 % 40 % |Amp| Freq. 50 % 40 % 𝜀 𝑟 = 𝜀 𝑟 ′ + 𝑗 𝜀 𝑟 ′′ Fig. Illustration of dielectric sensing High sensitive EM metamaterial
Smart RF Design Fig. Simulated current density of high data density, compact tag at frequency, (a) 6.45 GHz (ELC resonator) (b) 7.5 GHz (Slot 1) (c) 8.4GHz (Slot 3) (d) 9.3 GHz (Slot 2) [E.M.Amin, IEEE MWCL] Fig. Photo of fabricated compact tag on taconic substrate and its simulated RCS response ELC Coupled Multi-slot Resonator
Smart Materials Humidity Sensing Polymers Polyvinyl- alcohol (PVA) • PVA is a hygroscopic polymer having an OH group • PVA can be added with other electrolyte polymers/ Ions for higher sensitivity • It shows humidity sensitivity at a wide frequency range (0.2- 20 GHz) • It creates H-H bonds in presence of water molecule which changes its dielectric and conductive properties. • PVA solution can be sprayed on the tag for incorporating humidity sensing Fig. Humidity sensitivity of PVA: Water solution [RJ Sengwa] 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 5 10 15 20 DielectricConstant Frequency GHz Water + PVA (30%) Water+ PVA(5%) Water Water+ PVA(15%) Kapton HN polyamide • During moisture absorption, hydrolysis effect takes place which modifies the internal electrical polarization. • The relative permittivity changes, • The dissipation factor changes from 0.0015 at 0% humidity to 0.0035 at 100 % 3.05 0.008r RH    Fig. Chemical formula of (a) PVA and (b) Kapton (a) (b)
Experimental Results Fig Experimental set-up of humidity controller. The sensor tag is placed inside the enclosed Esky chamber for measuring transmission coefficient. Fig Measured S21 vs frequencyfor different humidity conditions Fig (a) Experimental setup inside Esky chamber. The antennas Tx and Rx measures transmission coefficient S21 of the tag for different humidity conditions. (b) Photo of tag sensor with PVA coating
Fig (a) Measured S21 vs frequency of ELC resonator with PVA for different humidity conditions (35- 85 %). (b) Sensitivity curve for frequency shift Fig (a) Measured S21 vs frequency of ELC resonator with Kapton for different humidity conditions (35- 85 %). (b) Sensitivity curve for frequency shift Humidity sensitivity of PVA and Kapton
Research Outcomes • A compact, printable, one-sided chipless RFID humidity sensor is developed • The sensor tag can incorporate multiple parameter sensing • PVA polymer shows high humidity sensitivity Publications Journals 1. Emran M. Amin, Shakil Bhyuan, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘Development of a Low Cost Printable Chipless RFID Humidity Sensor’ in IEEE Sensors Journal, 2012. 2. Emran M. Amin, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘Polyvinayl-Alcohol (PVA)-based RF Humidity Sensor in Microwave Frequency ’ in PIERS: Progress In Electromagnetics Research Journal 3. Emran M Amin, Jhantu Saha and Nemai Karmakar, ‘Smart Sensing Materials for Low cost Chipless RFID Sensors’ in IEEE Sensors Journal. (Accepted in March 2014) Conference Papers 1. Emran M. Amin, Shakil Bhyuan, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘A Novel EM Barcode for Humidity Sensing’ in IEEE RFID 2013, Orlando, Florida, USA. 2. Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, ‘ Development of A Low Cost Printable Humidity Sensor for Chipless RFID Technology’, in IEEE RFID TA 2012, Nice, France, 5- 7 November, 2012. 3. Emran Md Amin, Nemai Karmakar and Stevan Preradovic, “Towards an Intelligent EM Barcode”, I n 7th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE) , Dhaka, Bangladesh,. 4. Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, “Development of a Chipless RFID Temperature Sensor Using cascaded Spiral Resonators”, in IEEE SENSORS 2011, Limerick, Ireland 28-31 October, 2011.
Principle • Uses the irreversible dielectric behavior of specific materials Phase III: Non-volatile RF memory sensor for event detection ‘A Chipless RFID sensor is proposed for event detection’ Material having reversible dielectric Change with temperature Material having irreversible dielectric Change with temperatureI F
Smart Materials Materials for Temperature Threshold Sensing Sublimate materials have threshold temperature, Tc with high dielectric change Naphthalene (TC= 267K), Benzene (TC= 191K), Anthracene (TC= 351K) Phenanthrene, (TC= 355K) Temperature sensor with Multiple phase transition Ionic Plastic Crystal N-Methyl-N-alkyl pyrrolidinium Hexafluorophosphate (P14PF6) salts have rapid phase transition near glass transition Fig Dielectric constant vs temperature for Phenanthrene Fig Thermogram of P14PF6
• 1 mole of Phenanthrene (1.78 gm) is dissolved into 200 ml Tetrahydrofuran (THF) by heating at around 60 degree C and magnetically stirred for about 10- 15 mins. • Afterwards, the solution is masked on the tag sensor and heated at around 50 degree C for about 10 mins and the THF evaporated to make a nice Phenanthrene crystal Phenanthrene solution preparation Fig. Phenanthrene solution preparation Setup at Monash Materials Eng. Lab Smart Materials
Experiment for Temperature Threshold Sensing Hot plate Tag sensor with Phenanthrene (a) Fig (a)Photo of tag sensor attached to a water beaker (b) transient response before and after temperature threshold violation. sample 1, sample 2 and sample 3 has phenanthrene thickness of 0.2 mm; 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm (b)
Experiment for Temperature Threshold Sensing (a) (b) (a) (b) Fig. Measured insertion loss for temperature sensor at 85 degree C Fig. Measured insertion loss for ELC resonator at 85 degree C
Chipless RFID Reader Architecture
Chipless RFID Reader Operation Flowchart
Research Outcomes • Novel temperature sensor with memory effect is presented • Novel reader architecture for chipless RFID sensor is presented Publications Journals 1. Emran M. Amin, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘A Temperature Sensing EM Barcode with Memory ’ in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Communications Letters, 2013 (Under review, received first revision ) Conference Papers 1. Emran M. Amin, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘Novel Multi-parameter chipless sensor’ in IMS 2015, (Drafted)
Patent: 1 Radio Frequency Transponder, Nemai Karmakar; Emran Md Amin, International patent filing number PCT/AU2013/001276, Date: 4th November, 2013. Journals 2 Emran M. Amin, Shakil Bhyuan, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘Development of a Low Cost Printable Chipless RFID Humidity Sensor’ in IEEE Sensors Journal, 2012. 3 Emran M. Amin, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘Polyvinayl-Alcohol (PVA)-based RF Humidity Sensor in Microwave Frequency ’ in PIERS: Progress In Electromagnetics Research Journal, 2012. 4 Emran M Amin, Jhantu Saha and Nemai Karmakar, ‘Smart Sensing Materials for Low cost Chipless RFID Sensors’ in IEEE Sensors Journal. (Accepted in March 2014) 5 Emran M. Amin, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘A Temperature Sensing EM Barcode with Memory ’ in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Communications Letters, 2013 (Under review, received first revision ) 6 Emran M. Amin and Nemai C. Karmakar ‘A Passive RF Sensor for Detecting Simultaneous Partial Discharge signals using Time Frequency Analysis’ in IEEE Sensors Journal, 2014. (Under review) 7 Emran M. Amin and Nemai C. Karmakar ‘Multi-pole High Q bandstop Filter Design Using Compact Stepped Impedance Resonator (SIR)’ in PIERS: Progress In Electromagnetics Research Journal, 2014. (Under review, received first revision) Book Chapters 8 Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, “Chipless Radio Frequency Identification: Systems for Ubiquitous Tagging”, IGI Global, Chapter Title, “Chipless RFID Sensor for High Voltage Condition Monitoring” 9 A. K. M. Baki, Nemai Chandra Karmakar , Uditha Wijethilaka Bandara and Emran Md Amin, ‘Beam Forming Algorithm with Different Power Distribution for RFID Reader’, IGI Global, Chapter Title, “Chipless RFID Sensor for High Voltage Condition Monitoring” Conference Papers: 10 Emran M. Amin, Rahul Bhattacharyya, Sanjay Sarma and Nemai Karmakar, ‘Chipless RFID Tag for Light Sensing’, in 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Tennessee USA 11 Emran M. Amin, Rahul Bhattacharyya, Sumeet Kumar, Sanjay Sarma and Nemai Karmakar, ‘Towards Low-cost Resolution Optimized Passive UHF RFID Light Sensing’, in IEEE WAMICON 2014, Florida, USA. 12 Emran M. Amin, Shakil Bhyuan, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘A Novel EM Barcode for Humidity Sensing’ in IEEE RFID 2013, Orlando, Florida, USA. 13 Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, ‘ Development of A Low Cost Printable Humidity Sensor for Chipless RFID Technology’, in IEEE RFID TA 2012, Nice, France, 5- 7 November, 2012. 14 Emran Md Amin, Nemai Karmakar and Stevan Preradovic, “Towards an Intelligent EM Barcode”, in 7th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE) , Dhaka, Bangladesh, 20- 22 December, 2012. 15 Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, “Development of a Chipless RFID Temperature Sensor Using cascaded Spiral Resonators”, in IEEE SENSORS 2011, Limerick, Ireland 28- 31 October, 2011. 16 Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, “Partial Discharge Monitoring of High Voltage Equipment Using Chipless RFID Sensor”, in the 25th Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Melbourne, 5-8 Dec. 2011. 17 Nemai Karmakar and Emran Md Amin, “Passive RFID Sensor for Remote Detection of Partial Discharge”, in IEEE SENSORS 2011, Limerick, Ireland 28-31 October, 2011. 18 Stevan Preradovic, Nemai Karmakar, Emran Md Amin, ‘Chipless RFID tag with integrated resistive and capacitive sensors’ in the 25th Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Melbourne, 5-8 Dec. 2011. Publications
Ongoing Book Project Title: Chipless RFID Sensors Authors: A/P Nemai Chandra Karmakar, Emran Md Amin and Jhantu Kumar Saha Publisher: Wiley (Complete by December, 2014) Book Chapter Contributions Chapter 2.1: Review on RFID Sensors Chapter 2.2: Review on Chipless RFID Sensors Chapter 3: Chipless RFID Sensing Principle Chapter 4: EM Metamaterial Design for RF Sensing Chapter 5: High data capacity Tag Design Chapter 6: EM Simulation of Physical Parameters Chapter 10: Integration & Sensor Calibration Chapter 11: RF propagation and Reader Architecture
Original Contributions The summary of novel contributions from this research is as follows; 1. A novel fully printable low-cost chipless RFID tag sensor is developed for multiple parameter sensing 2. A comprehensive systematic review of RFID sensor is performed. The review highlights the fundamental limitations of traditional RFID sensors and the potential of chipless RFID sensor as solution to low cost item tagging and condition monitoring. 3. Design of novel EM metamaterial structure for dielectric sensing 4. Study the effect of dielectric and conducting properties of superstrate material on RCS response of EM metamaterial 5. Design of high data density, compact chipless RFID tag using multi-slot FSS structure 6. Novel smart polymer material (Kapton and PVA) for humidity sensing in mm and µ- wave frequency 7. RF characterization of humidity sensing material for sensitivity optimization 8. Comparative study of humidity sensing polymers for high sensitive chipless RFID humidity sensor 9. High sensitive chipless RFID humidity sensor development for real time environment monitoring 10. Novel non-volatile memory sensor for event detection realized through chipless RFID platform 11. Dielectric study of temperature sensing material for irreversible temperature sensing properties 12. A novel chipless RFID sensor system for partial discharge (PD) detection of high voltage (HV) equipment 13. Design and optimization of compact, high Q stepped impedance resonators for chipless RFID sensor 14. Time frequency analysis and parameter optimization for simultaneous PD signal detection 15. A novel chipless RFID reader architecture and system level flowchart for data decoding
References [1] K. Finkenzeller, Introduction: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. [2] M. H. Antti Ruhanen, Fabrizio Bertuccelli, Annamaria Colonna, Westy Malik, Damith Ranasinghe ,Tomas Sánchez López , Na Yan, Matti Tavilampi. Sensor-enabled RFID tag handbook [Online]. [3] F. Xia, "Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications," Sensors, vol. 9, pp. 8824-8830, 2009. [4] R. Want, "Enabling ubiquitous sensing with RFID," Computer, vol. 37, pp. 84-86, 2004. [5] D. Sen, et al., "RFID for Energy and Utility Industries," ed: PennWell. [6] B.-J. Y. Young-Il Kim, Jae-Ju Song, Jin-Ho Shin, and Jung-Il Lee, "Implementing a Prototype System for Power Facility Management using RFID/WSN," International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences, 2006. [7] RFID News Roundup [Online]. Available: http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/8161 [8] S. A. Boggs, "Partial discharge: overview and signal generation," Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE, vol. 6, pp. 33-39, 1990. [9] E. Gulski, "Digital analysis of partial discharges," Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 2, pp. 822-837, 1995. [10] Y. N. R. Dieter König, Partial discharges in electrical power apparatus: Berlin : VDE-Verlag 1993. [11] F. H. Kreuger, Partial discharge detection in high-voltage equipment, 1st ed.: Butterworths, 1989. [12] D. A. Nattrass, "Partial discharge. XVII. The early history of partial discharge research," Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE, vol. 9, pp. 27-31, 1993. [13] A. E. W. Austen and W. Hackett, "Internal discharges in dielectrics: their observation and analysis," Electrical Engineers - Part I: General, Journal of the Institution of, vol. 91, pp. 298-312, 1944. [14] I. J. Kemp, "Partial discharge plant-monitoring technology: present and future developments," Science, Measurement and Technology, IEE Proceedings -, vol. 142, pp. 4-10, 1995.

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Post_grad-seminar_2015

  • 1. Chipless RFID for Ubiquitous Sensing Post-Grad Seminar Emran Md Amin# Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Nemai Karmakar # Co- supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Bjorn W. Jensen* # Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering * Department of Materials Engineering June, 2014
  • 2. 1. Introduction to Chipless RFID sensor 2. State-of-the-art in RF sensors 3. Noninvasive RF detection and localization 4. Real time Environment monitoring 5. Non-volatile RF memory sensor for event detection 6. Reader for chipless RFID sensors 7. Conclusions Outline
  • 3. LABELS BARCODES RFID RFID SENSORS 1930’s 1st self adhesive Label manufactured by R Stanton Avery 1948 Prototype Barcode invented Using ultraviolet ink 1994 QR codes Invented in Japan To track vehicle Manufacturing process 1948 RFID Invented Late 70’s Early 80’s Railroads implement RFID to keep track of rolling stock 1980’s Inkjet printed & label software Programs developed 1974 First commercial Barcode scanned (10 pack of Wingley’s Juice fruit gum) Today Grocery, Retail, Patient identification, Postal service Nuclear security 7 Safety drives ‘tagging’ Of equipment & personnel Late 60’s Early 70’s Today Remote keyless entry, Security card, Passport, animal tracking 1992 Invention of tiny MEMS sensor called ‘Smart dust’ Active and passive RFID sensors used for temperature, humidity, Strain, fluid level, gas monitoring 2000’s Today Fully printable Chipless RFID sensor Evolution of Tracking ID Technology
  • 4. To offer sub-cent chipless RFID sensors for low cost ubiquitous sensing platform Our Research Goal
  • 5. Chipless RFID : The End Game IDTechEx • RFID tags that do not contain a silicon chip are called chipless tags. • It has the potential of printed directly for 0.1 cents and replace ten trillion barcodes yearly. RFID Market share By 2019 Chipless RFID will overtake major RFID market share1 Fig : Chipless and Chip share of total global market for RFID tags 1Printed and Chipless RFID Forecasts, Technologies & Players 2009-2029- IDTechEx
  • 6. Chipless RFID Sensor Mark Roberti is the founder and editor of RFID Journal. In his article: The Many Flavors of RFID, he explains, (April, 2011) ‘Active and passive systems are the vanilla and chocolate of the RFID Ice-cream bar RFID, and there are exciting flavors (ie. Strawberry , Pastiche) coming up. One of them is ‘Chipless RFID Tag’ The Goal of Chipless RFID Sensor is to add another Thrilling flavor to this Bar
  • 7. Chipless RFID Sensor: Applications Retails - Perishable products ie. Milk, juice pack, egg, groceries Food safety - Raw meat and fish, canned food etc. Pharmaceuticals – Storage and transport of drugs and biomedicine Advanced counterfeiting - Banknotes, books other valuables Smart city and Smart House - Multi-node, multi –mode integrated system , IOT Power industry - Smart Grid, Partial discharge monitoring
  • 8. Ongoing Research on Chipless Sensors Single-wall carbon nano-tube based chipless RFID tag sensor [L. Yang et al] Wireless SAW based high-temperature measurement systems [R. Fachberger] Transmission delay line based sensor [S. Shretha et. al] Phased coded delay line based temperature sensor [Mandel et. al]
  • 9. Current Chipless solutions could not achieve - Low-cost tagging per item - No Lumped Components - Passive and maintenance free - High Sensitive smart materials integration - Compact, high data density tag design - Independent reader unit
  • 11. Partial Discharge (PD) time time currentvoltage va vc 0 V+ B V- B High voltage stress across a void Localized breakdown PD Fig: Faulty dielectric Fig: Voltage and current waveform Phase I: Noninvasive RF detection and localization ‘A Chipless RFID based partial Discharge (PD) sensor is proposed for non-invasive condition monitoring of HV equipment’
  • 12. Radiometric PD detection and localization Features • The RF emission due to PD is captured and analyzed for PD level and location finding • The EM wave is produced from the acceleration of free electrons within the voids inside an insulator • The EM waves last for a very short time (< 1µs)[9]. • The frequency span of the emitted RF waves can be found between 300 MHz to 3 GHz on the UHF band [10] Challenges PD localization: Identifying the faulty HV equipment Limitations of existing time domain based systems • Requires antenna to capture the direct PD signal which is distorted due to multipath reflection while propagating through the environment • The fault location precision depends on the sampling rate of the oscilloscope as the time information is used for PD localization • Difficult to detect simultaneous PD Fig: Antenna array for TDOA Based PD localization[12]
  • 13. Chipless RFID based PD detection and localization • Provides low cost, automated and battery-free condition monitoring • PD localization using frequency signature in the UWB pulse • Simultaneous PD detection possible Oscilloscope Unit 1 Unit 2 S 1 S 2 S K Unit K …………………….. Fig. General structure of proposed PD sensor Fig. Overview of proposed PD sensor system
  • 14. Smart RF Design Two CPW SIR filter is designed operating at 775 MHz and 825 MHz Z1= 51.98Ω, Z2= 25.68Ω and Z3= 32.1Ω Fig: Layout of the tri section SIR filter for 775 MHz. Substrate, Taconic TLX-0, having relative permittivity εr= 2.45, tanδ= 0.0019 and substrate thickness, h= 0.5mm High Q Tri-step SIR Filter design Fig: Photo of fabricated SIR filters at 775 MHz 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 2 3 3 ( tan tan tan tan tan tan ) ( tan tan tan tan tan tan ) s Z Z j Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z                    Taking a= Z1/ Z2 and b= Z3/ Z2, the resonance condition for the SIR filter is, Ys = 0, thus 1 3 1 2 2 3tan tan tan tan ( )tan tan 1 a b a b         (2) (1) Solving (2) analytically we get a range of a, b for which the overall electrical length is minimum which is a> 1>b Details cane be found at Emran M. Amin and Nemai C. Karmakar ‘Multi-pole High Q bandstop Filter Design Using Compact Stepped Impedance Resonator (SIR)’ in PIERS: Progress In Electromagnetics Research Fig: Generic tri step SIR structure
  • 15. Experimentation with PD Signals Patch Antenna (a) (b) Fig. Photo of the (a) antenna Rx (b) Measured reflection loss (S11) vs frequency PD calibrator CLA2B Semicircular Patch Antenna SIR filter DSA 72004 Oscilloscope EM absorber EM shielded enclosure Fig. Experimental set-upFig. Photo of the PD calibrator CAL2B
  • 16. Results (a) (b) (c) Fig. Captured PD signal in time domain transmitting through sensor (a) S1, (b) S2 and (c) S3 (a) (b) (c) 0 1 1 0 0 0 Fig. Frequency spectrum of Captured PD signal transmitting through sensor (a) S1, (b) S2 and (c) S3 (a) Time, ns Frequency,GHz Frequency,GHz (a) Time, ns Frequency,GHz Frequency,GHz (a) Time, nsFrequency,GHz Frequency,GHz (b) (c) Fig. Spectrogram of Captured PD signal transmitting through sensor (a) S1, (b) S2 and (c) S3 (a)
  • 17. Research Outcomes • A proof-of-concept passive, chipless RFID PD sensor is developed • The sensor addresses both aspect of PD detection: (i) RF level and (ii) fault identification • Time frequency analysis of captured PD signal has been performed • Validation of simultaneous PD detection has been carried out Publications Book Chapters 1. Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, “Chipless Radio Frequency Identification: Systems for Ubiquitous Tagging”, IGI Global, Chapter Title, “Chipless RFID Sensor for High Voltage Condition Monitoring”, 2011. Journals 1. Emran M. Amin and Nemai C. Karmakar ‘A Passive RF Sensor for Detecting Simultaneous Partial Discharge signals using Time Frequency Analysis’ in IEEE Sensors Journal, 2014. (Under review) 2. Emran M. Amin and Nemai C. Karmakar ‘Multi-pole High Q bandstop Filter Design Using Compact Stepped Impedance Resonator (SIR)’ in PIERS: Progress In Electromagnetics Research Journal, 2014. (Under review, received first revision) Conference papers 1 Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, “Partial Discharge Monitoring of High Voltage Equipment Using Chipless RFID Sensor”, in the 25th Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Melbourne, 2011. 2 Nemai Karmakar and Emran Md Amin, “Passive RFID Sensor for Remote Detection of Partial Discharge” in IEEE SENSORS 2011, Limerick, Ireland 28-31 October, 2011.
  • 18. Phase II: Real time Environment monitoring ‘A Chipless RFID sensor platform is proposed for Multiple parameter sensing’ Fig(a) Paper based barcode (b) Illustration of EM Barcode/ chipless RFID tag and (c) Illustration of chipless RFID sensor • Direct Line of sight for reading ID • Short reading range • No security features • Non- line of sight for reading ID • Longer reading range • Anti- theft detection • Non- line of sight for reading ID • Longer reading range • Anti- theft detection • Physical parameter sensing (a) (b) (c) Smart material Strip for Sensing Metal Strip Dielectric strip Metal and Dielectric Strip for Data ID
  • 19. W L L_gap S_w fill_a fill_b fill_c a b c Ex Hy Fig. Layout of Chipless RFID tag with length encoding [Amin et. al] High data density tag design Fig. Photo of fabricated tags Fig. Simulated RCS for tag1, tag2 and tag 3 Table: Allocated frequency band for data encoding Smart RF Design
  • 20. Smart RF Design S S L_s G_s W_s Ex Hy Fig. Layout of ELC resonator at 7.2 GHz The dimensions are S= 6 mm; L_s= 1.75mm; G_s= 0.7 mm; W_s= 0.4 mm. Substrate Taconic TLX_0; height, h= 0.5 mm; εr= 2.45; tanδ= 0.0019 (a) (b) Fig. (a) Simulated E-field concentration at a frequency outside resonance. Figure (b) E-field concentration at resonance. |Amp| Freq. 50 % 40 % |Amp| Freq. 50 % 40 % 𝜀 𝑟 = 𝜀 𝑟 ′ + 𝑗 𝜀 𝑟 ′′ Fig. Illustration of dielectric sensing High sensitive EM metamaterial
  • 21. Smart RF Design Fig. Simulated current density of high data density, compact tag at frequency, (a) 6.45 GHz (ELC resonator) (b) 7.5 GHz (Slot 1) (c) 8.4GHz (Slot 3) (d) 9.3 GHz (Slot 2) [E.M.Amin, IEEE MWCL] Fig. Photo of fabricated compact tag on taconic substrate and its simulated RCS response ELC Coupled Multi-slot Resonator
  • 22. Smart Materials Humidity Sensing Polymers Polyvinyl- alcohol (PVA) • PVA is a hygroscopic polymer having an OH group • PVA can be added with other electrolyte polymers/ Ions for higher sensitivity • It shows humidity sensitivity at a wide frequency range (0.2- 20 GHz) • It creates H-H bonds in presence of water molecule which changes its dielectric and conductive properties. • PVA solution can be sprayed on the tag for incorporating humidity sensing Fig. Humidity sensitivity of PVA: Water solution [RJ Sengwa] 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 5 10 15 20 DielectricConstant Frequency GHz Water + PVA (30%) Water+ PVA(5%) Water Water+ PVA(15%) Kapton HN polyamide • During moisture absorption, hydrolysis effect takes place which modifies the internal electrical polarization. • The relative permittivity changes, • The dissipation factor changes from 0.0015 at 0% humidity to 0.0035 at 100 % 3.05 0.008r RH    Fig. Chemical formula of (a) PVA and (b) Kapton (a) (b)
  • 23. Experimental Results Fig Experimental set-up of humidity controller. The sensor tag is placed inside the enclosed Esky chamber for measuring transmission coefficient. Fig Measured S21 vs frequencyfor different humidity conditions Fig (a) Experimental setup inside Esky chamber. The antennas Tx and Rx measures transmission coefficient S21 of the tag for different humidity conditions. (b) Photo of tag sensor with PVA coating
  • 24. Fig (a) Measured S21 vs frequency of ELC resonator with PVA for different humidity conditions (35- 85 %). (b) Sensitivity curve for frequency shift Fig (a) Measured S21 vs frequency of ELC resonator with Kapton for different humidity conditions (35- 85 %). (b) Sensitivity curve for frequency shift Humidity sensitivity of PVA and Kapton
  • 25. Research Outcomes • A compact, printable, one-sided chipless RFID humidity sensor is developed • The sensor tag can incorporate multiple parameter sensing • PVA polymer shows high humidity sensitivity Publications Journals 1. Emran M. Amin, Shakil Bhyuan, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘Development of a Low Cost Printable Chipless RFID Humidity Sensor’ in IEEE Sensors Journal, 2012. 2. Emran M. Amin, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘Polyvinayl-Alcohol (PVA)-based RF Humidity Sensor in Microwave Frequency ’ in PIERS: Progress In Electromagnetics Research Journal 3. Emran M Amin, Jhantu Saha and Nemai Karmakar, ‘Smart Sensing Materials for Low cost Chipless RFID Sensors’ in IEEE Sensors Journal. (Accepted in March 2014) Conference Papers 1. Emran M. Amin, Shakil Bhyuan, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘A Novel EM Barcode for Humidity Sensing’ in IEEE RFID 2013, Orlando, Florida, USA. 2. Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, ‘ Development of A Low Cost Printable Humidity Sensor for Chipless RFID Technology’, in IEEE RFID TA 2012, Nice, France, 5- 7 November, 2012. 3. Emran Md Amin, Nemai Karmakar and Stevan Preradovic, “Towards an Intelligent EM Barcode”, I n 7th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE) , Dhaka, Bangladesh,. 4. Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, “Development of a Chipless RFID Temperature Sensor Using cascaded Spiral Resonators”, in IEEE SENSORS 2011, Limerick, Ireland 28-31 October, 2011.
  • 26. Principle • Uses the irreversible dielectric behavior of specific materials Phase III: Non-volatile RF memory sensor for event detection ‘A Chipless RFID sensor is proposed for event detection’ Material having reversible dielectric Change with temperature Material having irreversible dielectric Change with temperatureI F
  • 27. Smart Materials Materials for Temperature Threshold Sensing Sublimate materials have threshold temperature, Tc with high dielectric change Naphthalene (TC= 267K), Benzene (TC= 191K), Anthracene (TC= 351K) Phenanthrene, (TC= 355K) Temperature sensor with Multiple phase transition Ionic Plastic Crystal N-Methyl-N-alkyl pyrrolidinium Hexafluorophosphate (P14PF6) salts have rapid phase transition near glass transition Fig Dielectric constant vs temperature for Phenanthrene Fig Thermogram of P14PF6
  • 28. • 1 mole of Phenanthrene (1.78 gm) is dissolved into 200 ml Tetrahydrofuran (THF) by heating at around 60 degree C and magnetically stirred for about 10- 15 mins. • Afterwards, the solution is masked on the tag sensor and heated at around 50 degree C for about 10 mins and the THF evaporated to make a nice Phenanthrene crystal Phenanthrene solution preparation Fig. Phenanthrene solution preparation Setup at Monash Materials Eng. Lab Smart Materials
  • 29. Experiment for Temperature Threshold Sensing Hot plate Tag sensor with Phenanthrene (a) Fig (a)Photo of tag sensor attached to a water beaker (b) transient response before and after temperature threshold violation. sample 1, sample 2 and sample 3 has phenanthrene thickness of 0.2 mm; 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm (b)
  • 30. Experiment for Temperature Threshold Sensing (a) (b) (a) (b) Fig. Measured insertion loss for temperature sensor at 85 degree C Fig. Measured insertion loss for ELC resonator at 85 degree C
  • 31. Chipless RFID Reader Architecture
  • 33. Research Outcomes • Novel temperature sensor with memory effect is presented • Novel reader architecture for chipless RFID sensor is presented Publications Journals 1. Emran M. Amin, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘A Temperature Sensing EM Barcode with Memory ’ in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Communications Letters, 2013 (Under review, received first revision ) Conference Papers 1. Emran M. Amin, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘Novel Multi-parameter chipless sensor’ in IMS 2015, (Drafted)
  • 34. Patent: 1 Radio Frequency Transponder, Nemai Karmakar; Emran Md Amin, International patent filing number PCT/AU2013/001276, Date: 4th November, 2013. Journals 2 Emran M. Amin, Shakil Bhyuan, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘Development of a Low Cost Printable Chipless RFID Humidity Sensor’ in IEEE Sensors Journal, 2012. 3 Emran M. Amin, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘Polyvinayl-Alcohol (PVA)-based RF Humidity Sensor in Microwave Frequency ’ in PIERS: Progress In Electromagnetics Research Journal, 2012. 4 Emran M Amin, Jhantu Saha and Nemai Karmakar, ‘Smart Sensing Materials for Low cost Chipless RFID Sensors’ in IEEE Sensors Journal. (Accepted in March 2014) 5 Emran M. Amin, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘A Temperature Sensing EM Barcode with Memory ’ in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Communications Letters, 2013 (Under review, received first revision ) 6 Emran M. Amin and Nemai C. Karmakar ‘A Passive RF Sensor for Detecting Simultaneous Partial Discharge signals using Time Frequency Analysis’ in IEEE Sensors Journal, 2014. (Under review) 7 Emran M. Amin and Nemai C. Karmakar ‘Multi-pole High Q bandstop Filter Design Using Compact Stepped Impedance Resonator (SIR)’ in PIERS: Progress In Electromagnetics Research Journal, 2014. (Under review, received first revision) Book Chapters 8 Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, “Chipless Radio Frequency Identification: Systems for Ubiquitous Tagging”, IGI Global, Chapter Title, “Chipless RFID Sensor for High Voltage Condition Monitoring” 9 A. K. M. Baki, Nemai Chandra Karmakar , Uditha Wijethilaka Bandara and Emran Md Amin, ‘Beam Forming Algorithm with Different Power Distribution for RFID Reader’, IGI Global, Chapter Title, “Chipless RFID Sensor for High Voltage Condition Monitoring” Conference Papers: 10 Emran M. Amin, Rahul Bhattacharyya, Sanjay Sarma and Nemai Karmakar, ‘Chipless RFID Tag for Light Sensing’, in 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Tennessee USA 11 Emran M. Amin, Rahul Bhattacharyya, Sumeet Kumar, Sanjay Sarma and Nemai Karmakar, ‘Towards Low-cost Resolution Optimized Passive UHF RFID Light Sensing’, in IEEE WAMICON 2014, Florida, USA. 12 Emran M. Amin, Shakil Bhyuan, Nemai C. Karmakar, Bjorn W. Jensen, ‘A Novel EM Barcode for Humidity Sensing’ in IEEE RFID 2013, Orlando, Florida, USA. 13 Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, ‘ Development of A Low Cost Printable Humidity Sensor for Chipless RFID Technology’, in IEEE RFID TA 2012, Nice, France, 5- 7 November, 2012. 14 Emran Md Amin, Nemai Karmakar and Stevan Preradovic, “Towards an Intelligent EM Barcode”, in 7th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE) , Dhaka, Bangladesh, 20- 22 December, 2012. 15 Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, “Development of a Chipless RFID Temperature Sensor Using cascaded Spiral Resonators”, in IEEE SENSORS 2011, Limerick, Ireland 28- 31 October, 2011. 16 Emran Md Amin and Nemai Karmakar, “Partial Discharge Monitoring of High Voltage Equipment Using Chipless RFID Sensor”, in the 25th Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Melbourne, 5-8 Dec. 2011. 17 Nemai Karmakar and Emran Md Amin, “Passive RFID Sensor for Remote Detection of Partial Discharge”, in IEEE SENSORS 2011, Limerick, Ireland 28-31 October, 2011. 18 Stevan Preradovic, Nemai Karmakar, Emran Md Amin, ‘Chipless RFID tag with integrated resistive and capacitive sensors’ in the 25th Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Melbourne, 5-8 Dec. 2011. Publications
  • 35. Ongoing Book Project Title: Chipless RFID Sensors Authors: A/P Nemai Chandra Karmakar, Emran Md Amin and Jhantu Kumar Saha Publisher: Wiley (Complete by December, 2014) Book Chapter Contributions Chapter 2.1: Review on RFID Sensors Chapter 2.2: Review on Chipless RFID Sensors Chapter 3: Chipless RFID Sensing Principle Chapter 4: EM Metamaterial Design for RF Sensing Chapter 5: High data capacity Tag Design Chapter 6: EM Simulation of Physical Parameters Chapter 10: Integration & Sensor Calibration Chapter 11: RF propagation and Reader Architecture
  • 36. Original Contributions The summary of novel contributions from this research is as follows; 1. A novel fully printable low-cost chipless RFID tag sensor is developed for multiple parameter sensing 2. A comprehensive systematic review of RFID sensor is performed. The review highlights the fundamental limitations of traditional RFID sensors and the potential of chipless RFID sensor as solution to low cost item tagging and condition monitoring. 3. Design of novel EM metamaterial structure for dielectric sensing 4. Study the effect of dielectric and conducting properties of superstrate material on RCS response of EM metamaterial 5. Design of high data density, compact chipless RFID tag using multi-slot FSS structure 6. Novel smart polymer material (Kapton and PVA) for humidity sensing in mm and µ- wave frequency 7. RF characterization of humidity sensing material for sensitivity optimization 8. Comparative study of humidity sensing polymers for high sensitive chipless RFID humidity sensor 9. High sensitive chipless RFID humidity sensor development for real time environment monitoring 10. Novel non-volatile memory sensor for event detection realized through chipless RFID platform 11. Dielectric study of temperature sensing material for irreversible temperature sensing properties 12. A novel chipless RFID sensor system for partial discharge (PD) detection of high voltage (HV) equipment 13. Design and optimization of compact, high Q stepped impedance resonators for chipless RFID sensor 14. Time frequency analysis and parameter optimization for simultaneous PD signal detection 15. A novel chipless RFID reader architecture and system level flowchart for data decoding
  • 37. References [1] K. Finkenzeller, Introduction: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. [2] M. H. Antti Ruhanen, Fabrizio Bertuccelli, Annamaria Colonna, Westy Malik, Damith Ranasinghe ,Tomas Sánchez López , Na Yan, Matti Tavilampi. Sensor-enabled RFID tag handbook [Online]. [3] F. Xia, "Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications," Sensors, vol. 9, pp. 8824-8830, 2009. [4] R. Want, "Enabling ubiquitous sensing with RFID," Computer, vol. 37, pp. 84-86, 2004. [5] D. Sen, et al., "RFID for Energy and Utility Industries," ed: PennWell. [6] B.-J. Y. Young-Il Kim, Jae-Ju Song, Jin-Ho Shin, and Jung-Il Lee, "Implementing a Prototype System for Power Facility Management using RFID/WSN," International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences, 2006. [7] RFID News Roundup [Online]. Available: http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/8161 [8] S. A. Boggs, "Partial discharge: overview and signal generation," Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE, vol. 6, pp. 33-39, 1990. [9] E. Gulski, "Digital analysis of partial discharges," Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 2, pp. 822-837, 1995. [10] Y. N. R. Dieter König, Partial discharges in electrical power apparatus: Berlin : VDE-Verlag 1993. [11] F. H. Kreuger, Partial discharge detection in high-voltage equipment, 1st ed.: Butterworths, 1989. [12] D. A. Nattrass, "Partial discharge. XVII. The early history of partial discharge research," Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE, vol. 9, pp. 27-31, 1993. [13] A. E. W. Austen and W. Hackett, "Internal discharges in dielectrics: their observation and analysis," Electrical Engineers - Part I: General, Journal of the Institution of, vol. 91, pp. 298-312, 1944. [14] I. J. Kemp, "Partial discharge plant-monitoring technology: present and future developments," Science, Measurement and Technology, IEE Proceedings -, vol. 142, pp. 4-10, 1995.