Power sharing.ppt
- 1. sharing
- 2. Belgium A small country in Europe. Smaller than Haryana in size Population---nearly 1crore+ Half of Haryana’s population. Bordering countries--- Netherlands, France and Germany.
- 3. Belgium Complex ethnic composition. 59% lived—Flemish—Dutch speaking region 40%---Wallonia---French speaking region 1%--German speaking region In capital city—Brussels--- 80%--French speaking 20%---Dutch speaking Dutch speaking French speaking Germa speakin Brussels
- 4. Belgium French speaking---minority---rich and powerful Dutch speaking---resented---education and economic development---delayed. Communal tensions—1950’s—1960’s Tensions----more acute----Brussels Dutch speaking---majority in country---minority in capital
- 5. Accommodation in Belgium Belgian leaders took a different path Understood the regional and cultural differences Between 1970—93---amended---constitution---4times To enable everyone to live together---same country This arrangement---different---countries---very innovative Helped---avoid---civic strife---major communities Possible division---on linguistic lines So---many European countries---form---European Union--- Brussels---chosen---headquarters
- 6. Accommodation in Belgium Constitution prescribed---equal no. of Dutch and French speaking ministers-- -central govt Special law—supported---members---linguistic group Thus no unilateral decisions---single community Many powers---central govt---given---state govt State govt---not subordinate---central govt Brussels---separate govt—both communities---equal representation Apart---central and state govt---third kind of govt---community govt. Community govt---elected by people ---one language---immaterial of place of residence
- 7. Accommodation in Belgium Central Govt State Govt Community Govt Justice Foreign policy Defence Social security Health matters Economic matters Transport Public work Industrial policy Educational issues Cultural issues Language-related issues
- 8. Sri lanka An island nation 28 kilometers---southern coast— Tamil Nadu , India Population---about-2crores—same as Haryana Like other South Asian countries--- diverse population Became independent---1948 Was called Ceylon---1972 It is called---Pearl of the Indian Ocean
- 9. Sri lanka Yellow color---Sinhalese—74% Orange color—Lankan Tamil-north & east of the country—13% Many Indian ----tea & rubber plantation workers---colonial period Thus---Indian Tamils Maroon color--- Indian Tamil---5% Brown dots--- Muslims-Sinhalese & Tamils Christians---7% Others ----Moors & Burghers---1%
- 10. Sri lanka As per 2012 census Sinhalese Buddhism Tamils (Hindus, Christians & Muslims) Others Lankan Indian 74% 13% 18% 5% 8% Christian Moor 7% 1%
- 11. Majoritarianism in sri lanka Sinhala leaders---dominance over govt---virtue of majority As result---democratically elected govt---adopted---majoritarian measures In 1956---Act was passed---recognize Sinhala---official language. Govt followed---preferential policies---favoring Sinhala---govt jobs & university positions Many such measures---govt increased---alienation thoughts---Sri Lankan Tamils They felt---Buddhist Sinhala leaders---weren’t sensitive---tamil language & culture The constitution & govt policies---denied—equal political rights , discriminated against---jobs , interests.
- 12. Majoritarianism in sri lanka Sri Lankan Tamils--- launched parties and struggles for a) recognition of Tamil---official language b) Regional autonomy c) Equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs But these demands were repeatedly denied In 1980s---several political organizations---demanded---independent Tamil Eelam (state)---northern & eastern parts of Sri lanka As a result---distrust grew---civil war---Sinhala and Tamil Thousands were killed Many forced to leave the country as refugees Many lost their livelihoods Civil war---terrible setback----social, cultural and economic life -- country
- 13. Comparison Belgium Sri Lanka Democratic country Leaders realized---unity of country---possible---respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions As a result---mutual acceptance of power sharing Democratic country Leaders believed---if a majority community--- force its dominance over others and refuse to share power As a result---undermine the unity of the country.
- 14. Why power sharing is desirable There are two sets of reasons to explain why Power sharing is desirable. The first set of reasons are--- a) It helps to reduce---possibility of conflict---social groups. b) A good way---ensure---stability of political order c) Imposition of will of majority may undermine the unity of the nation ,so power sharing is important to avoid civil war. These reasons are called Prudential reasons The second set of reasons are ---- a) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy b) People --- right to be consulted---how they----governed c) A legitimate govt is ---where citizens---participate , acquire a stake in system. These reasons are called Moral reasons
- 15. Forms of power sharing There are different forms of power sharing power sharing Organs of govt. Levels of govt Different religious Political parties, Legislative Central Govt linguistic groups pressure groups, Executive State Govt interest groups, Judiciary Local Self Govt Horizontal Vertical Social groups Direct
- 16. horizontal distribution of power This form of power sharing is called a system of checks and balances Here the power is shared among different organs of government i.e. legislative, executive and judiciary. This ensures that every organ is placed at same level to exercise different powers. The powers are limited Each organ checks the working of others. The ministers and govt officials-----responsible to---Parliament and State Assemblies The judges---appointed---executive----can check----functioning of executive and legislature
- 17. Vertical distribution of power In countries---like India---constitution---laid down separate powers --- for govt---different level---higher and lower levels of govt The general govt---India---termed---Central or Union govt The regional or provincial govt---India---State govt The same principle---followed---municipality and panchayat This is called Federal division of power Belgium is best example for this form of power sharing
- 18. Social groups Here the power is shared among different social groups like religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community govt of Belgium is a good example for this arrangement In some countries---socially weaker sections & women---represented in constitution and parliament---form of govt This form---meant to give space---govt & administration---to diverse social groups---feeling of alienation---eradicated Reserved constituencies—India---example This method---gives---minorities---fair share in power.
- 19. Direct distribution Here power---controlled and influenced---political parties, pressure groups and movements In a democracy---citizens must---freedom---contenders for power This ensures---power---does not---remain---one hand This represents---different ideologies This kind---can be---direct form---two or more political parties---form alliance---form---coalition govt Interest groups---businessmen , traders, industrialists, farmers and workers--- have share---govt power---thru---participation or influence the decision making process.
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