![ Relational Hypothesis [Explanatory Hypothesis]
These are assumptions that describe the relationship
between two variables. The relationship suggested may be
positive, negative or causal relationship.
Examples:
“Families with higher incomes spend more for recreation”.
Causal Hypothesis state that the existence of or change
in one variable causes or leads to an effect on another
variable. The first variable is called the independent
variable and the latter is the dependant variable.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ppt01-250706155055-b7d05e72/85/PPT-ON-RESEARCH-METHODOLOGY-BY-AYAN-ppt-26-320.jpg)
PPT ON RESEARCH METHODOLOGY BY AYAN .ppt
- 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Ms. Neethu C M PG Department of Sociology
- 2. Meaning Research is an endeavour to discover answers to intellectual and practical problems through the application of scientific method. “Research is a systematized effort to gain new knowledge”. -Redman and Mory. Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.
- 3. What is research? Research is the process of finding solutions to a problem after a thorough study and analysis of the situational factors Research provides the needed information that guides managers to make informed decisions to successfully deal with problems The information provided could be the result of a careful analysis of data gathered firsthand or of data that are already available (in the company)
- 4. Objectives of Research The purpose of research is to discover answers through the application of scientific procedures. The objectives are: To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it – Exploratory or Formulative Research. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group – Descriptive Research. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else – Diagnostic Research. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables – Hypothesis- Testing Research.
- 5. SCIENTIFIC METHOD ‘Science’ refers to the body of systematic and organised knowledge which makes use of scientific method to acquire knowledge in a particular field of enquiry. Scientific method is the systematic collection of data (facts) and their theoretical treatment through proper observation, experimentation and interpretation. Scientific method attempts to achieve a systematic interrelation of facts by experimentation, observation, and logical arguments from accepted postulates and a combination of these three in varying proportions.
- 6. BASIC POSTULATES IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD It relies on empirical evidence. It utilizes relevant concepts. It is committed to only objective considerations. It presupposes ethical neutrality. It results into probabilistic predictions. The methodology is made known. Aims at formulating scientific theories.
- 7. Purpose clearly defined. Research process detailed. Research design thoroughly planned. High ethical standards applied. Limitations frankly revealed. Adequate analysis for decision maker’s needs. Findings presented unambiguously. Conclusions justified. Researcher’s experience reflected. CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH
- 8. SCOPE / SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH RESEARCH FOR DECISION RESEARCH FOR DECISION MAKING MAKING Throws light on risks and uncertainty Identify alternative courses of action Helps in economic use of resources Helps in project identification Solves investment problems Solves investment problems Solves pricing problems Solves pricing problems Solves allocation problems Solves allocation problems Solves decision making issues in HR Solves decision making issues in HR Solves various operational and planning Solves various operational and planning problems of business and industry problems of business and industry
- 9. TYPES OF RESEARCH TYPES OF RESEARCH Descriptive vs Analytical Research Descriptive Research is a fact finding investigation which is aimed at describing the characteristics of individual, situation or a group (or) describing the state of affairs as it exists at present. Analytical Research is primarily concerned with testing hypothesis and specifying and interpreting relationships, by analyzing the facts or information already available.
- 10. Applied vs Fundamental Research Applied Research or Action Research is carried out to find solution to a real life problem requiring an action or policy decision. Fundamental Research which is also known as basic or pure research is undertaken for the sake of knowledge without any intention to apply it in practice. It is undertaken out of intellectual curiosity and is not necessarily problem-oriented.
- 11. Quantitative vs Qualitative Research Quantitative vs Qualitative Research Quantitative Research is employed for measuring the quantity or amount of a particular phenomena by the use of statistical analysis. Qualitative Research is a non-quantitative type of analysis which is aimed at finding out the quality of a particular phenomenon.
- 12. Conceptual vs Empirical Research Conceptual Research is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. Empirical Research is a data based research which depends on experience or observation alone. It is aimed at coming up with conclusions without due regard for system and theory.
- 13. RESEARCH PROCESS RESEARCH PROCESS Define Research Problem Review Concepts And theories Review Previous Research findings Formulate hypothesis Design Research (Including Sample Design) Collect Data (Execution) Analyse Data (Test Hypothesis if any) Interpret and report FF F F F FF I II III IV V VI VII F FF Feed Back Feed Forward Review the literature
- 14. ESTABLISHMENT OF RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES Research Objectives should be clear and achievable, as they directly assist in answering the research problem. The objectives may be specified in the form of either statements or questions. Generally, they are written as statements, using the word “to”. (For example, ‘to discover …’, ‘to determine …’, ‘to establish …’, etc. )
- 15. REVIEW OF LITERATURE REVIEW OF LITERATURE Literature Review is the documentation of a comprehensive review of the published and unpublished work from secondary sources of data in the areas of specific interest to the researcher. The main aim is to find out problems that are already investigated and those that need further investigation. It is an extensive survey of all available past studies relevant to the field of investigation. It gives us knowledge about what others have found out in the related field of study and how they have done so.
- 16. PURPOSE OF REVIEW PURPOSE OF REVIEW To gain a background knowledge of the research topic. To identify the concepts relating to it, potential relationships between them and to formulate researchable hypothesis. To identify appropriate methodology, research design, methods of measuring concepts and techniques of analysis. To identify data sources used by other researchers. To learn how others structured their reports.
- 17. How to conduct the Literature How to conduct the Literature Survey? Survey? Identify the relevant sources. Extract and Record relevant information. Write-up the Literature Review.
- 18. Points to be kept in mind while reviewing literature Points to be kept in mind while reviewing literature Read relevant literature. Refer original works. Read with comprehension. Read in time. Index the literature.
- 19. HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis is an assumption about relations between variables. Hypothesis can be defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement. Relationships are conjectured on the basis of the network of associations established in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study.
- 20. VARIABLES VARIABLES Anything that can vary can be considered as a variable. A variable is anything that can take on differing or varying values. For example; Age, Production units, Absenteeism, Sex, Motivation, Income, Height, Weight etc. Note: The values can differ at various times for the same object or person (or) at the same time for different objects or persons.
- 21. Types of Variables Types of Variables Explanatory vs Extraneous Variable Explanatory vs Extraneous Variable The variables selected for analysis are called explanatory variables and all other variables that are not related to the purpose of the study but may affect the dependant variable are extraneous. Dependant vs Independent Variable Dependant vs Independent Variable The variable that changes in relationship to changes in another variable(s) is called dependant variable. The variable whose change results in the change in another variable is called an independent variable. OR An independent variable is the one that influences the dependant variable in either a positive or negative way.
- 22. PROBLEM (VS) HYPOTHESIS PROBLEM (VS) HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis is an assumption, that can be tested and can be proved to be right or wrong. A problem is a broad question which cannot be directly tested. A problem can be scientifically investigated after converting it into a form of hypothesis.
- 23. CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPOTHESIS CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPOTHESIS Conceptual Clarity - It should be clear and precise. Specificity - It should be specific and limited in scope. Consistency - It should be consistent with the objectives of research. Testability - It should be capable of being tested. Expectancy - It should state the expected relationships between variables. Simplicity - It should be stated as far as possible in simple terms. Objectivity - It should not include value judgments, relative terms or any moral preaching. Theoretical Relevance - It should be consistent with a substantial body of established or known facts or existing theory. Availability of Techniques – Statistical methods should be available for testing the proposed hypothesis.
- 24. Discussions with colleagues and experts about the problem, its origin and objectives in seeking a solution. Examination of data and records for possible trends, peculiarities. Review of similar studies. Exploratory personal investigation / Observation. Logical deduction from the existing theory. Continuity of research. Intuition and personal experience. SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS
- 25. Descriptive Hypothesis These are assumptions that describe the characteristics (such as size, form or distribution) of a variable. The variable may be an object, person, organisation, situation or event. Examples: “Public enterprises are more amenable for centralized planning”. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
- 26. Relational Hypothesis [Explanatory Hypothesis] These are assumptions that describe the relationship between two variables. The relationship suggested may be positive, negative or causal relationship. Examples: “Families with higher incomes spend more for recreation”. Causal Hypothesis state that the existence of or change in one variable causes or leads to an effect on another variable. The first variable is called the independent variable and the latter is the dependant variable.
- 27. Null Hypothesis When a hypothesis is stated negatively, it is called null hypothesis. It is a ‘no difference’, ‘no relationship’ hypothesis. ie., It states that, no difference exists between the parameter and statistic being compared to or no relationship exists between the variables being compared. It is usually represented as HO or H0 . Example: H0: There is no relationship between a family’s income and expenditure on recreation.
- 28. Alternate Hypothesis It is the hypothesis that describes the researcher’s prediction that, there exist a relationship between two variables or it is the opposite of null hypothesis. It is represented as HA or H1. Example: HA: There is a definite relationship between family’s income and expenditure on recreation.
- 29. FUNCTIONS OR ROLE OF HYPOTHESIS FUNCTIONS OR ROLE OF HYPOTHESIS It gives a definite point to the investigation and provides direction to the study. It determines the data needs. It specifies the sources of data. It suggests which type of research is likely to be more appropriate. It determines the most appropriate technique of analysis. It contributes to the development of theory.