![Examples
• [3(2)-2]+[3(3)-2]+[3(4)-2]+
[3(5)-2]+[3(6)-2]+[3(7)-2] =
• (6-2)+(9-2)+(12-2)+(15-2)+
(18-2)+ (21-2) =
• 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 17 + 19 = 70
3x - 2
x = 2
7
!](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pptonsequencesandseriesbymukulsharma-130801061830-phpapp01/85/Ppt-on-sequences-and-series-by-mukul-sharma-54-320.jpg)
![Geometric Series
• Find
• You can actually do it two
ways. Let’s use the old way.
• Plug in the numbers 1 - 4 for
n and add.
• [-3(2)1-1
]+[-3(2)2-1
]+[-3(2)3-1
]+ [-
3(2)4-1
]
- 3 (2)n - 1
n = 1
4
!](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pptonsequencesandseriesbymukulsharma-130801061830-phpapp01/85/Ppt-on-sequences-and-series-by-mukul-sharma-76-320.jpg)
![Geometric Series
• [-3(1)] + [-3(2)] + [-3(4)] +
[-3(8)] =
• -3 + -6 + -12 + -24 = -45
• The other method is to use
the sum of geometric series
formula.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pptonsequencesandseriesbymukulsharma-130801061830-phpapp01/85/Ppt-on-sequences-and-series-by-mukul-sharma-77-320.jpg)
Ppt on sequences and series by mukul sharma
- 1. Chapter 11 Sequences and Series Submitted to: Rajeev Sir Submitted by : Mukul Sharma Class : 11th – A
- 3. Arithmetic Sequences Every day a radio station asks a question for a prize of $150. If the 5th caller does not answer correctly, the prize money increased by $150 each day until someone correctly answers their question.
- 4. Arithmetic Sequences Make a list of the prize amounts for a week (Mon - Fri) if the contest starts on Monday and no one answers correctly all week.
- 5. Arithmetic Sequences • Monday : $150 • Tuesday: $300 • Wednesday: $450 • Thursday: $600 • Friday: $750
- 6. Arithmetic Sequences • These prize amounts form a sequence, more specifically each amount is a term in an arithmetic sequence. To find the next term we just add $150.
- 7. Definitions • Sequence: a list of numbers in a specific order. • Term: each number in a sequence
- 8. Definitions • Arithmetic Sequence: a sequence in which each term after the first term is found by adding a constant, called the common difference (d), to the previous term.
- 9. Explanations • 150, 300, 450, 600, 750… • The first term of our sequence is 150, we denote the first term as a1. • What is a2? • a2 : 300 (a2 represents the 2nd term in our sequence)
- 10. Explanations • a3 = ? a4 = ? a5 = ? • a3 : 450 a4 : 600 a5 : 750 • an represents a general term (nth term) where n can be any number.
- 11. Explanations • Sequences can continue forever. We can calculate as many terms as we want as long as we know the common difference in the sequence.
- 12. Explanations • Find the next three terms in the sequence: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, __, __, __ • 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 • The common difference is? • 3!!!
- 13. Explanations • To find the common difference (d), just subtract any term from the term that follows it. • FYI: Common differences can be negative.
- 14. Formula • What if I wanted to find the 50th (a50) term of the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, …? Do I really want to add 3 continually until I get there? • There is a formula for finding the nth term.
- 15. Formula • Let’s see if we can figure the formula out on our own. • a1 = 2, to get a2 I just add 3 once. To get a3 I add 3 to a1 twice. To get a4 I add 3 to a1 three times.
- 16. Formula • What is the relationship between the term we are finding and the number of times I have to add d? • The number of times I had to add is one less then the term I am looking for.
- 17. Formula • So if I wanted to find a50 then how many times would I have to add 3? • 49 • If I wanted to find a193 how many times would I add 3? • 192
- 18. Formula • So to find a50 I need to take d, which is 3, and add it to my a1, which is 2, 49 times. That’s a lot of adding. • But if we think back to elementary school, repetitive adding is just multiplication.
- 19. Formula • 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 15 • We added five terms of three, that is the same as multiplying 5 and 3. • So to add three forty-nine times we just multiply 3 and 49.
- 20. Formula • So back to our formula, to find a50 we start with 2 (a1) and add 3•49. (3 is d and 49 is one less than the term we are looking for) So… • a50 = 2 + 3(49) = 149
- 21. Formula • a50 = 2 + 3(49) using this formula we can create a general formula. • a50 will become an so we can use it for any term. • 2 is our a1 and 3 is our d.
- 22. Formula • a50 = 2 + 3(49) • 49 is one less than the term we are looking for. So if I am using n as the term I am looking for, I multiply d by n - 1.
- 23. Formula • Thus my formula for finding any term in an arithmetic sequence is an = a1 + d(n-1). • All you need to know to find any term is the first term in the sequence (a1) and the common difference.
- 24. Example • Let’s go back to our first example about the radio contest. Suppose no one correctly answered the question for 15 days. What would the prize be on day 16?
- 25. Example • an = a1 + d(n-1) • We want to find a16. What is a1? What is d? What is n-1? • a1 = 150, d = 150, n -1 = 16 - 1 = 15 • So a16 = 150 + 150(15) = • $2400
- 26. Example • 17, 10, 3, -4, -11, -18, … • What is the common difference? • Subtract any term from the term after it. • -4 - 3 = -7 • d = - 7
- 27. Definition • 17, 10, 3, -4, -11, -18, … • Arithmetic Means: the terms between any two nonconsecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence.
- 28. Arithmetic Means • 17, 10, 3, -4, -11, -18, … • Between 10 and -18 there are three arithmetic means 3, -4, -11. • Find three arithmetic means between 8 and 14.
- 29. Arithmetic Means • So our sequence must look like 8, __, __, __, 14. • In order to find the means we need to know the common difference. We can use our formula to find it.
- 30. Arithmetic Means • 8, __, __, __, 14 • a1 = 8, a5 = 14, & n = 5 • 14 = 8 + d(5 - 1) • 14 = 8 + d(4) subtract 8 • 6 = 4d divide by 4 • 1.5 = d
- 31. Arithmetic Means • 8, __, __, __, 14 so to find our means we just add 1.5 starting with 8. • 8, 9.5, 11, 12.5, 14
- 32. Additional Example • 72 is the __ term of the sequence -5, 2, 9, … • We need to find ‘n’ which is the term number. • 72 is an, -5 is a1, and 7 is d. Plug it in.
- 33. Additional Example • 72 = -5 + 7(n - 1) • 72 = -5 + 7n - 7 • 72 = -12 + 7n • 84 = 7n • n = 12 • 72 is the 12th term.
- 35. Arithmetic Series • The African-American celebration of Kwanzaa involves the lighting of candles every night for seven nights. The first night one candle is lit and blown out.
- 36. Arithmetic Series • The second night a new candle and the candle from the first night are lit and blown out. The third night a new candle and the two candles from the second night are lit and blown out.
- 37. Arithmetic Series • This process continues for the seven nights. • We want to know the total number of lightings during the seven nights of celebration.
- 38. Arithmetic Series • The first night one candle was lit, the 2nd night two candles were lit, the 3rd night 3 candles were lit, etc. • So to find the total number of lightings we would add: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7
- 39. Arithmetic Series • 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 = 28 • Series: the sum of the terms in a sequence. • Arithmetic Series: the sum of the terms in an arithmetic sequence.
- 40. Arithmetic Series • Arithmetic sequence: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 • Corresponding arith. series: 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 • Arith. Sequence: -8, -3, 2, 7 • Arith. Series: -8 + -3 + 2 + 7
- 41. Arithmetic Series • Sn is the symbol used to represent the first ‘n’ terms of a series. • Given the sequence 1, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, … find S4 • We add the first four terms 1 + 11 + 21 + 31 = 64
- 42. Arithmetic Series • Find S8 of the arithmetic sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, … • 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = • 36
- 43. Arithmetic Series • What if we wanted to find S100 for the sequence in the last example. It would be a pain to have to list all the terms and try to add them up. • Let’s figure out a formula!! :)
- 44. Sum of Arithmetic Series • Let’s find S7 of the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, … • If we add S7 in too different orders we get: S7 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 S7 = 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 2S7 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8
- 45. Sum of Arithmetic Series S7 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 S7 = 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 2S7 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 2S7 = 7(8) S7 =7 /2(8) 7 sums of 8
- 46. Sum of Arithmetic Series • S7 =7 /2(8) • What do these numbers mean? • 7 is n, 8 is the sum of the first and last term (a1 + an) • So Sn = n /2(a1 + an)
- 47. Examples • Sn = n /2(a1 + an) • Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the arithmetic series with a1 = 6 and a10 =51 • S10 = 10/2(6 + 51) = 5(57) = 285
- 48. Examples • Find the sum of the first 50 terms of an arithmetic series with a1 = 28 and d = -4 • We need to know n, a1, and a50. • n= 50, a1 = 28, a50 = ?? We have to find it.
- 49. Examples • a50 = 28 + -4(50 - 1) = 28 + -4(49) = 28 + -196 = -168 • So n = 50, a1 = 28, & an =-168 • S50 = (50/2)(28 + -168) = 25(- 140) = -3500
- 50. Examples • To write out a series and compute a sum can sometimes be very tedious. Mathematicians often use the greek letter sigma & summation notation to simplify this task.
- 51. Examples • This means to find the sum of the sums n + 1 where we plug in the values 1 - 5 for n n + 1 n = 1 5 ! last value of n First value of n formula used to find sequence
- 52. Examples • Basically we want to find (1 + 1) + (2 + 1) + (3 + 1) + (4 + 1) + (5 + 1) = • 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = • 20 n + 1 n = 1 5 !
- 53. Examples • So • Try: • First we need to plug in the numbers 2 - 7 for x. n + 1 = 20 n = 1 5 ! 3x - 2 x = 2 7 !
- 54. Examples • [3(2)-2]+[3(3)-2]+[3(4)-2]+ [3(5)-2]+[3(6)-2]+[3(7)-2] = • (6-2)+(9-2)+(12-2)+(15-2)+ (18-2)+ (21-2) = • 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 17 + 19 = 70 3x - 2 x = 2 7 !
- 56. GeometricSequence • What if your pay check started at $100 a week and doubled every week. What would your salary be after four weeks?
- 57. GeometricSequence • Starting $100. • After one week - $200 • After two weeks - $400 • After three weeks - $800 • After four weeks - $1600. • These values form a geometric sequence.
- 58. Geometric Sequence • Geometric Sequence: a sequence in which each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous term by a constant value called the common ratio.
- 59. Geometric Sequence • Find the first five terms of the geometric sequence with a1 = -3 and common ratio (r) of 5. • -3, -15, -75, -375, -1875
- 60. Geometric Sequence • Find the common ratio of the sequence 2, -4, 8, -16, 32, … • To find the common ratio, divide any term by the previous term. • 8 ÷ -4 = -2 • r = -2
- 61. Geometric Sequence • Just like arithmetic sequences, there is a formula for finding any given term in a geometric sequence. Let’s figure it out using the pay check example.
- 62. Geometric Sequence • To find the 5th term we look 100 and multiplied it by two four times. • Repeated multiplication is represented using exponents.
- 63. Geometric Sequence • Basically we will take $100 and multiply it by 24 • a5 = 100•24 = 1600 • A5 is the term we are looking for, 100 was our a1, 2 is our common ratio, and 4 is n-1.
- 64. Examples • Thus our formula for finding any term of a geometric sequence is an = a1•rn-1 • Find the 10th term of the geometric sequence with a1 = 2000 and a common ratio of 1 /2.
- 65. Examples • a10 = 2000• (1 /2)9 = • 2000 • 1 /512 = • 2000 /512 = 500 /128 = 250 /64 = 125 /32 • Find the next two terms in the sequence -64, -16, -4 ...
- 66. Examples • -64, -16, -4, __, __ • We need to find the common ratio so we divide any term by the previous term. • -16/-64 = 1/4 • So we multiply by 1/4 to find the next two terms.
- 67. Examples • -64, -16, -4, -1, -1/4
- 68. Geometric Means • Just like with arithmetic sequences, the missing terms between two nonconsecutive terms in a geometric sequence are called geometric means.
- 69. Geometric Means • Looking at the geometric sequence 3, 12, 48, 192, 768 the geometric means between 3 and 768 are 12, 48, and 192. • Find two geometric means between -5 and 625.
- 70. Geometric Means • -5, __, __, 625 • We need to know the common ratio. Since we only know nonconsecutive terms we will have to use the formula and work backwards.
- 71. Geometric Means • -5, __, __, 625 • 625 is a4, -5 is a1. • 625 = -5•r4-1 divide by -5 • -125 = r3 take the cube root of both sides • -5 = r
- 72. Geometric Means • -5, __, __, 625 • Now we just need to multiply by -5 to find the means. • -5 • -5 = 25 • -5, 25, __, 625 • 25 • -5 = -125 • -5, 25, -125, 625
- 74. Geometric Series • Geometric Series - the sum of the terms of a geometric sequence. • Geo. Sequence: 1, 3, 9, 27, 81 • Geo. Series: 1+3 + 9 + 27 + 81 • What is the sum of the geometric series?
- 75. Geometric Series • 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 = 121 • The formula for the sum Sn of the first n terms of a geometric series is given by Sn= 1 - r a1- a1rn or Sn= 1 - r a1(1 - rn )
- 76. Geometric Series • Find • You can actually do it two ways. Let’s use the old way. • Plug in the numbers 1 - 4 for n and add. • [-3(2)1-1 ]+[-3(2)2-1 ]+[-3(2)3-1 ]+ [- 3(2)4-1 ] - 3 (2)n - 1 n = 1 4 !
- 77. Geometric Series • [-3(1)] + [-3(2)] + [-3(4)] + [-3(8)] = • -3 + -6 + -12 + -24 = -45 • The other method is to use the sum of geometric series formula.
- 78. Geometric Series • use • a1 = -3, r = 2, n = 4 Sn= 1 - r a1(1 - rn ) - 3 (2)n - 1 n = 1 4 !
- 79. Geometric Series • use • a1 = -3, r = 2, n = 4 • Sn= 1 - r a1(1 - rn ) - 3 (2)n - 1 n = 1 4 ! S4= 1 - 2 - 3 (1 - 24 )
- 80. Geometric Series • S4= 1 - 2 - 3 (1 - 24 ) S4= - 1 - 3 (1 - 16) S4= - 1 - 3 (- 15) = - 1 45 =- 45
- 81. THE END