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Physical Environment of
Europe
Lesson 8
midterm
By: Group 7

MEMBERS
LUENA, RUEL M. JR
MAGNO, DAVID ALRON A.
MALLORCA, SHAWN MICHAEL
MAMON, JULIAN ANTONIO C.
NAINGUE, ERICK

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Continent Size:
9,938,000 sq. km (3,837,081 sq. miles
Percent
of Earth's Land:
6.7%
Highest Point:
Mount Elbrus of Russia -
5,642 m (18,510 ft.)
Lowest Point: Is
on the edge of the Caspian Sea, at 92 ft (28m) below sea level.

The name Europe is perhaps derived from that of Europa,
the daughter of Phoenix in Greek mythology, or possibly
from Ereb, a Phoenician word for “sunset.” Europe's
 most significant geographical feature is the
dichotomy between highland and mountainous
Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater,
northern plain ranging from Ireland in the west to
the Ural Mountains in the east.

These two halves are separated by
the
mountain chains of the
Pyrenees, Alps/Alpine, and
the Carpathians. The
northern plains are delimited
in the west by the
Scandinavian Mountains and
the mountainous part of the
British Isles.

.
 Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern
plains are the Celtic Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex
and Barents Sea.

The biggest
geographical impact on Europe is the Mediterranean
Sea. The early empires of Greece and that of Rome were highly successful
because of their locality on the Mediterranean. The great
civilizations of Greece, which is dominated by the city-state of
Athens, prospered directly because of its connection to the
Mediterranean Sea.
The age of exploration, beginning in the 15th
century, included voyages to new territories by
European navigators particularly Spain,
Portugal, France, and Britain, built large
colonial empires, with vast holdings in Africa,
the Americas, and Asia.

Europe’s highest point, just north of the
Georgia border in European Russia is Mt.
Elbrus at 18,481 ft (5,633m). Its lowest point is on the edge of the
Caspian Sea, at 92 ft (28m) below sea
level where the continent's longest river Volga empties. The Alpine
mountain system is the most outstanding physical feature; it
dominates the south central portion of the continent and is
the source of many major European rivers.

Europes’ major rivers
Volga Oder Po
Don Elbe Rhone
Dnieper Rhine Tagus
Danube Seine Thames
Vistula Loire Shannon

Regions and People of Europe
EUROPEAN REGIONS AND ITS PEOPLE
- Despite the fact that the continent of Europe is considered
as the second smallest continent in the world, it is
divided into six regions compose of Eastern, Northern,
Southern, Southeastern, Western, and Central Europe.
Below are the videos that will guide you of the countries
comprising Europe


Eastern
Sometimes it also includes the transcontinental
countries of Central and West Asia.
Europe include the following European CIS States
such as Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine.

Northern
 Europe is mainly composed of Nordic Countries such as
“Scandinavia” (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland and Denmark),
the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and United Kingdom
Northern Europe consists of the
Scandinavian peninsula, the peninsula of Jutland,
the Baltic plain that lies to the east and the many
islands that lie offshore from mainland northern
Europe,
Greenland and the main European continent. The area
is defined by the volcanic islands of the far northwest,
notably Iceland and Jan Mayen. The mountainous
western seaboard, extending from the mountainous sections
of Great Britain to the Scandinavian mountains, the central
north mountains and
hills of Sweden (which are the foothills of the
Scandinavian mountains) and the large eastern
plain, which contains, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and

The
entire region's climate is affected by the Gulf Stream which has
a mild
 influence on the climate. From the west climates vary
from maritime and maritime subarctic climates. In the
north and central climates are generally subarctic or
Arctic. In the east climates are mostly subarctic and
temperate/continental. As the climate and relief varies
vegetation is also extremely variable, with sparse
tundra in the north and high mountains, boreal forest
on the north- eastern and central regions temperate
coniferous forests

Southern
Europe
Southern Europe is represented by the Iberian, Apennine, and
Balkan peninsulas composed of the following countries such as
Albania, Andorra, Greece, Italy, Malta, Monaco

Southern Europe's climate is that of the
Mediterranean climate, which has
become a typically known
characteristic of the area. The humid
subtropical climate can be considered
too as a Southern Europe climate.
Western Europe is likewise described as a
geographic entity — used to describe the
non-Communist states of Europe that were
allied with the United States to some
degree. As a result, geographically
central and eastern countries that
steered clear of Soviet influence during
the Cold War are usually included, while
western members of the former Eastern
Bloc (with the exception of Eastern
Germany) are excluded.

PEOPLE IN EUROPE
 The European continent is
composed of people of different
groups. The eastern, central, and
southeastern regions are inhabited
by a large ethnic group known as
Slavs to which the Poles, Russians,
Ukrainians, the Czechs and
Bulgarians belong. Other groups
are Romans, Slovaks and Yugoslavs
(Croats, Serbs and Slovaks) spread
throughout the region.

In the north and western regions, the
Teutonic race resided in Scandinavia,
northern Germany, northern Poland,
northern Russia, in Benelux countries,
and in Britain and Ireland, and parts of
Central and Southern Europe typified
by "very light" hair, blue eyes, tall stature
and a narrow, aquiline nose.
On the other hand, the Euskara-speaking
Basque people are one of the oldest ethnic
groups to inhabit Western Europe who
share a non-Indo-European linguistic and ethnic
background, They are settling in the mountains
of the Pyrenees between France and Spain.
While, western Europe is highly diverse in
ethnicity comprising the Celts and the Romans
in France; ethnic groups consisting of the
Walloons and the Flemings of Belgium and the
Dutch in the Netherlands.

European Culture, Arts, and Literature
CULTURE OF EUROPE
The culture of Europe is rooted in the art, architecture, film, different types of
music,
 economics, literature, and philosophy that originated from the continent
itself. European culture is largely rooted in what is often referred to as its
"common cultural heritage". The video below will give you an overview of
European culture.
Way of Life and Religion
The culture of Eastern Europe is highly diverse. Each country has its own
unique traditions and customs that derived from their old nomad and farmer
ancestors that continue to be observed today. The Slavic peoples, began to
populate that part of the world. Slavic languages such as Russian, Hungarian,
Czech, Slovak, and others, are spoken in Eastern Europe.

The
traditions that are practiced
today combine ancient pagan
rituals relating to the seasons
and agricultural cycles with the
holidays of Christianity (often
Eastern Orthodoxy), and even the
festival celebrations of the former
Soviet
Union. Christmas is celebrated among
Eastern Europeans according to the
religious calendar observed in each
country. Some countries celebrate
Christmas on December 25. The Orthodox
countries observe Christmas on January 7.

In Eastern Europe is a huge holiday whether those
celebrating are Orthodox or Catholic - the two
predominant religions in Eastern Europe that
celebrate this springtime holiday. Depending upon
religious following, Easter is celebrated either
according to the Gregorian calendar, which is
followed by the West, or the Julian calendar, which
Orthodox religious celebrations adhere to.
Orthodox Easter falls (typically one
week) later than Catholic Easter.
On the other hand, the
Scandinavian nations share many cultural
traits including similar flags and
many related languages. The
region is known for its natural
beauty and more recently its
liberalism.

Communicating
in Scandinavia is easy, as virtually everybody
under 60 speaks at least basic
English, and younger people tend to be
near fluent. Most students also study a
third major European language, such as
German, French and increasingly
Spanish, but fluency generally tends to
be lagging somewhat, due to the limited
exposure to those languages.
United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales
—each of which have preserved
distinct customs and cultures. As a direct result
of the British Empire, British cultural influence
(such as the English language) can be observed
in the language and culture of countries such as
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa,
India, Pakistan, the United States and the British
overseas territories.

These
states are sometimes collectively
known as the Anglo sphere.
Innovations and movements
within the wider-culture of
Europe have also changed the
United Kingdom; Humanism,
Protestantism, and representative
democracy have developed from
broader Western culture.

The
culture of Southern Europe can be
described as a series of
overlapping cultures. Whether
Christianity and Islam; cultural
mixes exist across the
continent. There are cultural innovations
and movements, sometimes at odds with
each other, such as Christian proselytism or
Humanism. Thus the question of "common
culture" or "common values" is complex.
Spain have a rich artistic heritage in
poetry and music, while the Roman
Empire (Italy) influenced the
government, arts and architecture of
Europe. Rome, the Eternal City, is the
keeper of historic ruins, ancient
monuments, beautiful churches and
palaces.

Finally, Western Europe has one of the most diverse landscape,
territories and is home to some of the greatest treasures with
popular tourist destinations in the world. Paris, France is one of the
world’s leading cultural centers while Portugal highlights its
literature and architecture.

Economy
After
40 years when the communist system failed, there
was an industrial collapse, financial distress and
chaos, and very low living standards, some
countries in Eastern Europe sought to stave off
collapse by replacing central planning with
decentralized decision making. These communist-led reforms
brought some improvement but did not lead to the
emergence of normal competitive market relations.
In the end, each country in the region suffered an economic collapse and a cessation of
sustained growth, and in some cases, acute shortages, balance of
payments crises, and financial chaos. Eastern European government skewed
investment toward heavy industry and capital goods at the expense of light industry,
services, and consumer goods. Some Eastern European economies are responding
strongly to the opening up of international trade. Most countries in the region have
increased exports, which will increase economic integration with the West.

Cities of Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is specifically known for its
grain production, the most prominent being
wheat, as well as its livestock such as cattle.
Much of the Eastern European countries rely
on agriculture and industry to boost their
economy, and have done a good job doing
so.
On the other hand, the
Nordic countries all enjoy a relatively strong
economy. Norway and Iceland have in particular
profited from an abundance of natural resources.
Sweden and Finland also have their share of
natural resources but are in the international
marketplace mostly famous for strong brands
like Volvo, Saab, Ericsson (Sony Ericsson) and
Nokia

Although
Denmark has developed sophisticated
business in a number of industries, it is above
all the leading
agricultural country in Scandinavia. The Industrial Revolution, with
its origins in the UK, brought about major changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, and transportation, and had a profound effect on
the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world.
Western Europe, with a long history of trade, a free market
system, and a high level of development in the previous century,
has been wealthier and more stable than the other European
regions with the gap converging due to higher growth rates in the
East.
Western European states all have high GDPs and living standards
as contrasted to many of Eastern Europe’s economies emerging
from the collapse of the USSR and the former Yugoslavia.

Germany
is Europe's largest national economy which ranks third globally in
nominal GDP,
and fourth in purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP. Countries
described as Western European are invariably high-income
developed countries, characterized by democratic political
systems, mixed economies combining the free market with
aspects of the welfare state, and most are members of NATO and
the European Union.

EUROPEAN ARTS
European art is arranged into a number of stylistic
periods, which, historically, overlap each other as
different styles flourished in different areas. Broadly
the periods are, Classical, Byzantine, Medieval, Gothic,
Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical, Modern,
Postmodern and New European Painting.

European literature
European literature, often called Western literature, encompasses
the rich tradition of writing in Indo-European languages, reflecting
the values and beliefs of the Western world, spanning from
ancient times to the present.
European literature, encompassing works from various periods
and languages, is characterized by its roots in Graeco-Roman
traditions, the influence of Christianity, and a focus on exploring
the human condition, often with experimentation and innovation
in form and style. Western literature is the literature written in the
context of Western culture in the languages of Europe, including the ones
belonging to the Indo-European language family as well as several
geographically or historically related languages such as Basque and
Hungarian.
Key characteristics of this period include an interest in the common man
and childhood, emotions and feelings, the awe of nature, emphasis on the
individual, myths, and the importance of the imagination.
Some of the values emphasized in the European literature themes were
earnestness, respectability, utilitarianism, and a strong emphasis on duty.
Major ideas of this period of literature included the glorification of war,
expansion of empires, industrialism, economic prosperity, and reform.

Major Ports of Europe
Ports were not only points of departure but also the
places to which fabulous cargoes returned from
other continents and, for precisely this reason, the
great ports undoubtedly numbered among the main
centres of the accumulation of capital and wealth in
early modern Europe.
Despite of its size, the continent of
Europe also possess major
international ports. The video below
will guide you in exploring these
major ports of the continent.

Port of Rotterdam
The Port of Rotterdam is the largest seaport in
Europe, and the world's largest seaport outside of
Asia, located in and near the city of Rotterdam, in
the province of South Holland in the Netherlands.
From 1962 until 2004, it was the world's busiest port
by annual cargo tonnage.
Port Authority of Port of Antwerp-
Bruges
The Port of Antwerp is the port of the city of Antwerp, Belgium. It is
located in Flanders, mainly in the province of Antwerp, but also
partially in East Flanders. It is a seaport in the heart of Europe
accessible to capesize ships. It is Europe's second-largest seaport,
after that of Rotterdam.

Port of Hamburg
The Port of Hamburg is a seaport on the river Elbe in Hamburg,
Germany, 110 kilometres from its mouth on the North Sea.
Known as Germany's "Gateway to the World", it is the country's
largest seaport by volume. In terms of TEU throughput,
Hamburg is the third-busiest port in Europe and 15th-largest
worldwide.
Port of Valencia
The Port of Valencia is a seaport in Valencia, Spain. In
2021 it was the second busiest port in the Mediterranean
by TEU after the port of Tanger Med. As of 2023, it moves
an annual cargo traffic of around seventy-seven million
tonnes and 4.8 million TEU.

Piraeus Harbour
The Port of Piraeus (Greek: Λιμάνι του Πειραιά) is
the chief sea port of Athens, located on the
Saronic Gulf on the western coasts of the
Aegean Sea, the largest port in Greece and
one of the largest in Europe.[6]
The Chinese state-owned COSCO Shipping
operates the port.
Port of Algeciras
The Port of Algeciras is the port and harbour of Algeciras, a
city located in the province of Cádiz in the
autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. It is a
commercial, fishing and passenger port.

Port Of Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven
Bremerhaven is the leading distribution centre
for temperature-controlled cargo in Germany.
With one of the biggest container terminals in the
world
Port of Barcelona
The Port of Barcelona is a major port in Barcelona,
Catalonia, Spain. Its 7.86 km² are divided into three zones:
Port Vell, the commercial/industrial port, and the logistics
port. The port is managed by the Port Authority of
Barcelona, itself owned by the state-owned Ports of the
State.

Port of Gioia Tauro
The Port of Gioia Tauro is a large seaport in
southern Italy. It is the largest port in Italy for
container throughput, the 9th largest in Europe and
the 6th largest in Mediterranean sea.
A working harbor and marina, Le Port sits next to
converted docks with sports and entertainment venues
like the striking Bains des Docks aquatic center and
Docks Océane arena. Concerts are held in a retro tent
at Magic Mirrors arts space. The Docks Vauban mall
has boutiques and eateries serving passengers from
ships docked in the Cruise Terminal Le Havre or arriving
at the Citadel ferry terminal from Portsmouth, UK.
Port of Le Havre

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