Practical Application of Physical Security Criteria

Practical Application of Physical
Security Criteria
AIA Course Number IEICES082615
Presented By:
Scott L. Weiland PE and Stephen L. Morgan EI
with
INNOVATIVE ENGINEERING
October 11, 2016
© 2015, Innovative Engineering Inc., All Rights Reserved

Practical Application of Physical Security Criteria © 2015, Innovative Engineering Inc., All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives
• Learn and Understand
• Core principles of physical security design
• The effects of blast loading on the building envelope
• Department of Defense Physical Security Criteria UFC 4-010-01
• Approaches to mitigate the hazards associated with Physical Security

Today’s Presenters
• Scott L Weiland PE
• Education
• BSCE University of Michigan
• Graduate Studies:
• San Jose State University
• Georgia Institute of Technology
• Anti-Terrorism/Force Protection Security Engineering: Applied Research
Associates
• Design of Blast Resistant Structures: Baker Risk
• Blast Resistance for Anti-Terrorism: Protective Engineering Consultants
• Updated UFC 4-010-01: SAME Architectural Practice
• Security Engineering: USACE Protective Design Center
• Registration: PE in 15 States + PR
• Experience
• 35 Years in Design and Construction
• 21 Years in ATFP Security Engineering

Today’s Presenters
• Stephen L Morgan EI
• Education
• BSCET, Southern Polytechnic State University
• Blast Resistance for Anti-Terrorism: Protective
Engineering Consultants
• Blast Resistance by Design: Stone Security Engineering
• Experience: 11 Years Security Engineering
• Expertise
• ATFP Peer Reviews
• Blast Design
• Progressive Collapse

DoD Criteria Starting Point
• 18 Asset Categories
• 10 Aggressor Types
• 13 Tactics
• 5 Levels of Protection

Design Criteria Development
Asset Value Av ≤ 0.5
YES
Design Criteria
UFC 4-010-01UFC 4-020-01
All aggressor likely
rating TL ≤ 0.5
NO
NO
YES
Risk Assessment
Process

DoD Minimum Standard Criteria
• 1 Asset Category - People
• 2 Aggressor Types
• Domestic & International Terrorists
• 4 Tactics
• Stationary Bomb - Primary
• Hand Delivered Bomb*
• Indirect Fire Weapon*
• Direct Fire Weapon*
• Airborne Contamination*
• 2 Levels of Protection

Blast Theory - Explosion
• Shock Wave
• Reflected Pressure
• Side-On Pressure
• Rebound

Blast Theory - Distance
• Pressures decay with the cube root of the distance from the explosion.
Source: FEMA 427
Distance (ft)
IncidentPressure(psi)
100500
100
400
300
200
500
600
700
2010 30 40
500 lb TNT
5000 lb TNT
1680 psi @ 5 ft
3910 psi
60 70 80 90

Blast Theory - Optimum Standoff
• Optimize total cost of Hardening + Land + Perimeter
• Less stand-off requires more hardening.
• More stand-off requires more land and perimeter
• Note Progressive Collapse is threat independent.
Standoff Distance (ft)
IncrementalCostofProtection($)
Total Protection Cost
(Hardening + Land + Perimeter)
Cost of Land + Perimeter Protection
Cost of Hardening
Other, Mailroom, Loading Dock, Lobby
Progressive Collapse
33 ft
Source: FEMA 427

Questions
Questions?
Next: DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings
Stephen L Morgan EI

Content Overview
• Intent of UFC 4-010-01
• Basic Concepts
• Levels of Protection
• Building Categories
• Standoff Distance
• Applicability and Exemptions
• Examples

Intent of UFC 4-010-01
• Minimize mass casualties in buildings or portions of buildings
owned, leased, privatized or otherwise occupied, managed, or
controlled by or for the DoD in the event of a terrorist attacks
• Provides baseline – minimum standards to address anti-terrorism
force protection for DoD buildings
• Cost effective means of protecting DoD personnel from a wide range
of threats posed by terrorist
• Allows implementation of the standard to vast quantity of assets
controlled by DoD over time in a more cost effective way

Levels of Protection
• Below Anti-Terrorism Standards –NOT a level
of protection and never a design goal
• Very Low – heavy damage, onset of collapse
• Low – moderate damage, progressive
collapse will not occur
• Medium and High
• Outside the scope of the UFC
• Refer to UFC 4-020-01 DoD Security
Engineering Facilities Planning Manual

Building Categories
• Billeting - Any building or portion of building in which 11 or more DoD personnel are
routinely housed regardless of population density
• High Occupancy Family Housing – DoD buildings used as quarters for DoD personnel and
their departments with 13 or more units per building.
• Primary Gathering - Buildings sheltering DoD personnel routinely occupied by 50 or more
and a populations density of more than 1 person/430 SF
• Inhabited – Buildings sheltering DoD personnel routinely occupied by 11 or more and a
populations density of more than 1 person/430 SF
• Low Occupancy – Buildings sheltering DoD personnel routinely occupied by fewer than 11
or population density less than 1 person/430 SF
• Historic Buildings
• Determine adverse affects caused by standard implementation
• Historic status does not negate the implementation of the standard

Threat Definition
• Types of Threats
• Vehicle Bombs – Charge Weight I or II
• Waterborne Vessel Bombs – Charge Weight I or II at perimeter
• Placed Bombs – Charge Weight II
• Mail Bombs (No size defined in this standard)
• Indirect Fire Weapons Charge Weight III
• Direct Fire Weapons – small arms or shoulder fired rockets
• Chemical, Biological and Radiological Weapons
• Explosive Weights for each charge weight can be found in UFC 4-010-02 (FOUO)
• Charge Weight I is MUCH higher than Charge Weight II

Standoff Distance – Standard 1
• What is Standoff Distance?
• Minimum Standoff Distance – The smallest permissible standoff distance for new
construction regardless of analysis. For existing buildings standoff distances less
than the minimum used for new construction may be used if analysis shows the level
of protection can be met
• Conventional Construction Standoff Distance –Standoff distance at which
conventional construction may be used for building components without specific
analysis. However windows and doors must always be analyzed for blast effects
• Standoff distances are measured to Controlled perimeters, parking, roadways and
trash containers

• What is Conventional Construction?
• Parts of a building not specifically designed to resist weapons or explosive effects. Windows,
doors and their respective support system always require analysis at their respective
standoff distance and associated charge weight
• This construction is not exempt from building code requirements for gravity, wind, seismic
loading

Conventional Construction Assumptions

• Important Site Features
• Controlled perimeter – a physical boundary at which vehicle access is
controlled, generally at the perimeter of on installation or high water mark,
where threats of charge weight I can be searched and detected.
• Unobstructed Space
• Space that extends from the building walls out to the conventional
construction standoff distance.

• Parking
• New buildings parking never permitted within minimum standoff
• Existing Buildings parking only permitted within minimum standoff if LOP can be achieved
through hardening
• Controlled parking for existing buildings can be within CCSD without hardening provided
controlled parking with ID check is provided at or beyond the CCSD. Pedestrian access
control must also be provided to these parking areas (IE Fencing)
• Parking of government and emergency vehicles that never leave restricted access areas are
allowed within the minimum standoff
• Driving lanes within Parking Areas of existing buildings may be closer than parking spaces
located at the required standoff, but vehicles may not be left unattended. Standoff for this
condition is the nearest parking space. This is not allowed for new buildings

• Roadways
• New and existing buildings roadways never within minimum standoff distance
• Trash Containers
• Never within minimum standoff distance
• If more that two sides or within the unobstructed space, container must be 5 sided and
prevent concealment of an object 6 inches or greater in height or width
• Adjacent Existing Buildings
• Where new or existing buildings designed in accordance with this standard including
parking, roadways and trash containers are adjacent to an existing inhabited building, the
standoff distance from the new or existing building project to the adjacent existing building
shall be in accordance with Standard 1. If these distances can not be met, the adjacent
existing building must be analyzed for the new standoff distance

Standoff Distance Tables B-1 and B-2

Applicability of UFC 04-010-01
• All new non-exempt buildings shall comply with the UFC including
• DoD Occupied Buildings
• Non DoD Tenant Buildings on DoD property
• National Guard Buildings
• Visitor Centers and Museums
• Visitor Control Centers at entry control Facilities/Access control points
• Expeditionary

• Existing Buildings shall comply with the UFC when Triggered by the following
• Major Investment – When renovation exceeds 50% of the total plant replacement
value ,excluding costs to meet this standard I.E. using blast windows vs non-blast
windows
• Change of Occupancy – I.E From Inhabited to Primary Gathering
• Window, Skylight and Glazed Door Replacement and Installation
• Roadway Improvement Projects that change standoff distances from the original
building design

• Building Additions
• Includes the addition AND entire building if addition area is greater than 50% of the
existing building
• Leased Buildings
• All new and renewing leases where DoD occupies at least 25% of the building area.
• If off installation building shall conform with Interagency Security Committee
standards
• DoD Purchase of Existing Buildings
• Projects under previous versions of the standard do not need to be
reprogrammed to meet the current standard if they are beyond 35%
complete or passed the RFP stage for Design/Build projects

Exemptions of UFC 04-010-01
• Buildings exempted from all provisions in the UFC
• Low occupancy family housing
• Low occupancy buildings
• Fisher houses with 24 units or less
• Town Centers
• Enhanced Use leases
• Transitional Structures and spaces
• Temporary relocatable buildings
• Construction administration structures

Exemptions of UFC 04-010-01
• Exempt from Roadway and Standoff Provisions
• Gas stations and car care centers
• Military protective construction
• Stand-alone franchised fast food operations
• Stand-alone shopettes, minimarts and similarly sized commissaries
• Small stand-alone commercial, bank and pharmacy facilities
• Parking structures

Examples – New Buildings
• Increase Standoff Distance Wherever Possible to minimize hardening for blast
loading
• Roadway realignment to increase standoff distance to conventional construction distance

• Envelope Design
• Mass is your friend (12 Ft; 600S162 16 GA Stud at 16” OC with 30 FT Standoff, CWII)
With EIFS
With Brick
To meet the blast requirements using EIFS the Studs
will need to be increased to 600S162 12GA at 12” O.C.
This is a significant increase in cost over the entire
building.

• Stronger members are not always better
• Using the same example (12 Ft; 600S162 16 GA Stud at 16” OC with 30 FT Standoff, CWII; With Brick)
16GA Stud 12GA Stud
The increase in stud size lead to an increase of 87% in the Equivalent Static Reaction. This leads to higher
connection costs for the studs.

• Balanced Design Approach
• Used to control the mode of failure
• Glazed Opening Example
• Window Resistance
• Window anchorage to the supporting structural element resistance
• Supporting structural element resistance
• Supporting structural element anchorage to main structure resistance
• This concept is important because when specifying window requirements, the requirements should not be in
excess of what is really required as this will lead to a more expensive and unbalanced system.
• Always review glazing submittals to ensure the window system resistance does not exceed the project
requirements and if testing is submitted always review the anchorage used during testing. Often the anchorage
used does not reflect project conditions.
Governs the design of
the system

• Clearly Identify the Blast Criteria in Specifications and Documents
• Drawing Notes: Be mindful of FOUO information
• Generally window, door and façade elements are specified by the architect and must be coordinated with the
blast requirements by the blast consultant to avoid confusion by the vendor and costly change orders and or
incorrectly designed products for the project.

Examples – Existing Buildings
• Low Cost Standoff Distance Increase
• Existing building has parking within conventional construction standoff distance up to the
minimum standoff distance.
• Provide controlled parking at conventional construction standoff distance.

Existing Construction Example

• Be Aware of Major Renovation Costs
• Renovation projects can tend to grow in price over the course of a project. Ensure that the
estimate cost does not invoke the Major Renovation Trigger
• Always verify the Plant Replacement Value (PRV) determined via UFC 3-701-01 with the
installation. Installations my have a lower or higher PRV for the particular building under
consideration.
• Remember window replacement costs are not part of the major renovation cost trigger.

• Understand the Building Occupancy
Existing Low
Occupancy.
Exempt from UFC
New Inhabited
Occupancy. All
UFC requirements
to be met.
Structural
Isolation between
the new and
existing structure

Questions?

Practical Application of Physical Security Criteria

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