![Today, my brethren and sisters, we convert this pulpit into a forum, from
which we propose a defense both of our faith and the Church. Nor do we
violate any of the proprieties in this change, because when truth is to be
defended and injustice resented, then "all place a temple, and all seasons
summer."
The occasion to which we address ourselves this afternoon arises out of
these circumstances: At the late general conference of the Church, the First
Presidency issued to the world an address. Submitting it to the general
conference, it was approved and endorsed by the Saints assembled, so that
it became an address of the Church of Christ to the world. Of course, as we
might have anticipated, this address met with adverse criticism, and finally
there was formulated against it an alleged review by the Ministerial
Association of evangelical ministers in the state of Utah. Represented in
that association are the Presbyterian, Congregationalist, Methodist, Baptist,
Lutheran, Christian (Campbellite) and regular Episcopal churches—so that
practically the whole of Protestant Christendom is represented by these
ministers who challenge the correctness and the candor of the address
issued by the Church to the world.
In our consideration of their review we will suppose the representatives of
these churches present, sitting right here [indicating a place close by the
stand] in a body. And I wish they were so present, because there is nothing
like talking it out face to face with these gentlemen; and I doubt not but
their presence in a body would be quite an inspiration to one in discussing
the document they have submitted to us. Having, then, before us the
circumstances out of which this occasion arises, let us proceed to our task.
The first charge or criticism of the address of the Church made by these
gentlemen is to the effect that the doctrines of the Church are not as fully
proclaimed elsewhere as in Utah; all through the review, in fact, runs the
innuendo that the Church deceitfully teaches one doctrine at home and
another abroad, and that the address obscures much that is necessary to an
intelligent judgment of "Mormonism." Hence these gentlemen propose to
help the world to a fuller presentation of "Mormon" doctrine and practice,
as set forth in their review of our address.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/94953-250301202309-9086d3ab/85/Practical-railway-engineering-2nd-ed-Edition-Clifford-F-Bonnett-54-320.jpg)
![of the nineteenth century, it would puzzle you to meet their evidence and
argument.
It is claimed that the brevity of our Address not only leaves much to be
desired, but that it is "positively misleading."
First, our reviewers claim that the address is misleading on the subject of
revelation. Still these reviewers are able to quote from the Address as
follows: "The theology of our Church is the theology taught by Jesus Christ
and his apostles, the theology of Scripture and reason. It not only
acknowledges the sacredness of ancient Scripture, and the binding force of
divinely inspired acts and utterances in ages past; but also declares that God
now speaks to man in this final gospel dispensation." That seems quite
explicit to me. But, commenting upon the passage, the reviewers say:
"Under this declaration lies the claim of the 'Mormon' Church—
constantly insisted upon in its congregation here and in surrounding
regions—that the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, the
Pearl of Great Price, together with the living oracles—i.e., certain
members of the priesthood—are divinely inspired and are, therefore, of
equal authority with the Bible. This claim, a knowledge of which is so
necessary to even a tolerable understanding of their system of belief, is
not plainly and explicitly set forth in the declaration of doctrine
contained in the Address, but it has repeated and urgent emphasis in
their teachings in 'Mormon' communities."
Now, be honest, gentlemen, is it not repeated everywhere with just as much
emphasis as in "Mormon" communities in Utah? Isn't it a universal
proclamation that we make to the world? You know it is, and you prove that
it is from the very works you quote to establish the fact that we believe in
that doctrine, and which are of world-wide circulation. It was a vile effort at
misrepresentation on your part to make it appear otherwise. But on the
subject of revelation, let us go to the Address itself. What is said upon the
subject of revelation is found on pages three and four, and fourteen and
fifteen: "Our religion is founded on the revelations of God," * * * "It," [the
Church of Christ] "not only acknowledges the sacredness of ancient
Scripture, and the binding force of divinely-inspired acts and utterances in](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/94953-250301202309-9086d3ab/85/Practical-railway-engineering-2nd-ed-Edition-Clifford-F-Bonnett-64-320.jpg)
![ages past; but also declares that God now speaks to man in this final gospel
dispensation." At page 14 of the Address this is said:
"It is sometimes urged that the permanent realization of such a desire
[i.e., to live in peace with our fellow citizens] is impossible, since the
Latter-day Saints hold as a principle of their faith that God now reveals
himself to man, as in ancient times; that the priesthood of the Church
constitute a body of men who have each for himself, in the sphere in
which he moves, special right to such revelation; that the president of
the Church is recognized as the only person through whom divine
communication will come as law and doctrine to the religious body;
that such revelation may come at any time, upon any subject, spiritual
or temporal, as God wills; and finally that, in the mind of every faithful
Latter-day Saint, such revelation, in whatsoever it counsels, advises, or
commands, is paramount."
Now, gentlemen, will you tell me how we could be more frank or explicit
on the subject of revelation? And when you charge that in this document we
have not dealt candidly with the subject of revelation, why did you not
quote this passage I have just read, with the other passages that you have
quoted? Were you not trying to do a little misleading on your own account?
Did you deal quite fairly with the Address when you failed to quote this
very explicit passage just read?
Complaint is made about our belief in "Living Oracles" in the Church, i.e.,
certain members of the priesthood who are divinely inspired, and who may
interpret the revelations and the laws of the Church.
Well, gentlemen, why do you complain of that? Books do not make
churches. How came we by the ancient scriptures? The Old and the New
Testament, I mean. We are instructed in the Scriptures that no scripture is of
private interpretation, but that "holy men of God spake as they were moved
upon by the Holy Ghost," hence your Old Testament and your New
Testament. They came into existence exactly in the same way that our
scripture is coming into existence. The living oracles make scripture;
scriptures do not make living oracles. And that is what is the matter with
you, gentlemen; you have been relying upon books instead of relying upon
the fountain source of all wisdom, truth and knowledge, the inspiration and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/94953-250301202309-9086d3ab/85/Practical-railway-engineering-2nd-ed-Edition-Clifford-F-Bonnett-65-320.jpg)
![We offend again in our doctrine that men are of the same race with the
divine personages we call Gods. Great stress is laid upon the idea that we
believe that "as man is, God once was, and as God now is, man may
become." The world usually shouts "blasphemy" and "sacrilege" at one
when he talks of such a possibility. But the world moves, I am happy to say.
Just now, in England, especially, there is a thought-revolution under way.
Some have declared that in importance and extent it is as great as was the
revolution of the sixteenth century, led by Martin Luther. The present
recognized leader of this movement is the Rev. R. J. Campbell, of the City
Temple, London, whose book I referred to a moment ago. This "New
Theology," so-called, has the outspoken support of the Christian
Commonwealth, of London, a publication of wide influence. A "Society for
the Encouragement of Progressive Religious Thought" has been organized
to champion the ideas of the "New Theology." Mr. Campbell numbers
among his champions Dr. John Clifford, the leading figure in the English
Baptist church, also Dr. R. F. Horton, chairman of the London
Congregational Union. In America, his sympathizers and opponents seem to
be equally numerous. Mr. W. T. Stead, of the Review of Reviews, compares
the present theological ardor in London with that which marked Alexandria
in the days of Athanasius, "when fishmongers at their stalls discussed the
doctrine of the trinity." The strife of tongues has reached even to Germany,
where Prof. Harnack, the eminent theologian, interprets it as a proof that the
"formal theology of the creeds [your creeds, gentlemen,] is being gradually
displaced by the vital theology of experience."
I want to read to you some key-words of this new theology which is making
its way among all churches. It is' not an organized movement. No one
appears to know whence it springs. Indeed, it is spoken of as being one of
those pulsations of the "cosmic mind" which moves over the people at
intervals and proclaims some great truth. Now, you will be astonished at the
fundamental truth of this new movement, and the great number of people
who are accepting it as the "theology of experience." Its fundamental
principle is the recognition of the identity between human nature and the
divine nature.
In proof of it, I submit the following passages:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/94953-250301202309-9086d3ab/85/Practical-railway-engineering-2nd-ed-Edition-Clifford-F-Bonnett-73-320.jpg)
![teaching of the Church on this important doctrine is not herein candidly set
forth." Then why did not you reviewers go to another part of the document
where the matter is more explicitly set forth and quote that? Following the
fragment you do quote occurs this passage which declares the express
purposes for which the priesthood was given:
"We proclaim the objects of this organization to be, the preaching of
the gospel in all the world, the gathering of scattered Israel, and the
preparation of a people for the coming of the Lord."
But you reviewers say this "power extends not only to things spiritual, but
to secular matters as well." Within certain limitations, granted; and the
acknowledgment of the fact is found in the Address itself which you charge
with being uncandid. Here is the passage:
"That the Church claims the right to counsel and advise her members
in temporal as well as in spiritual affairs is admitted. Leading Church
officials, men of practical experience in pioneer life, have aided the
people in establishing settlements throughout the inter-mountain west,
and have given them, gratuitously, the benefit of their broader
knowledge of things, through counsel and direction, which the people
have followed to their advantage; and both the wisdom of the leaders
and the good sense of the people are vindicated in the results achieved.
All this has been done without the exercise of arbitrary power. It has
resulted from wise counsels, persuasively given and willingly
followed."
But you insist that there is "tyranny and arbitrary ruler-ship" over a
community which indorses the priesthood's high claims. I deny the
existence of such tyranny as a fact among the "Mormon" people who
indorse the priesthood's high claims; and I deny the existence of arbitrary
power as a doctrine of the Church, and so does the Address which you
pretend to review. Here is the passage:
"We deny the existence of arbitrary power in the Church" [why didn't
you gentlemen quote that]; "and this because its government is moral
government purely, and its forces are applied through kindness, reason,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/94953-250301202309-9086d3ab/85/Practical-railway-engineering-2nd-ed-Edition-Clifford-F-Bonnett-78-320.jpg)
Practical railway engineering 2nd ed Edition Clifford F. Bonnett
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- 5. Practical railway engineering 2nd ed Edition Clifford F. Bonnett Digital Instant Download Author(s): Clifford F. Bonnett ISBN(s): 9781860945151, 1860945155 Edition: 2nd ed File Details: PDF, 8.08 MB Year: 2005 Language: english
- 7. PRACTICAL RAILWAY ENGINEERING 2nd Edition
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- 9. PRACTICAL RAILWAY ENGINEERING 2nd Edition C. Eng., F.I.C. E., F.I. Struct. E. Clifford F Bonnett Imperial College Press
- 10. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Published by Imperial College Press 57 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9HE Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Printed in Singapore. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 1-86094-515-5 Editor: Tjan Kwang Wei Typeset by Stallion Press Email: enquiries@stallionpress.com All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. Copyright © 2005 by Imperial College Press PRACTICAL RAILWAY ENGINEERING (2nd Edition)
- 11. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 This book is dedicated to my wife JEAN without whose support and encouragement this book could not have been written.
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- 13. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Foreword In the new millennium, the transport of people and materials has an even greater significance world-wide than it had in the immediate past. The birth and evolution of railways during the last two centuries has had an enormous influence on industrial, social and economic development. Engineers of all backgrounds and professional disciplines have played a leading role in the development, operation and management of railways. In future the contribution of railway engineers should be even more significant. I am very happy to be able to write this foreword to the second edition of Cliff Bonnett’s book, which has already proved to be extremely useful, both to students and consultants new to the field, in giving a basic understanding of the many engineering aspects of designing, constructing and maintaining railways. The second edition has brought up to date present practice and trends in all disciplines coupled with improved colour illustrations. I have known Cliff now for almost twenty five years. His wide experience ‘on the ground’ with British Rail, London Underground and Docklands Light Railway over thirty five years, ensures that this textbook has a sure practical foundation. Recent years lecturing on a part-time basis at Imperial College have also shown that Cliff is well able to communicate in a simple and concise manner. I commend this book to all who wish to get a good overview of Railway Engineering. Professor Tony M Ridley CBE PhD FEng FICE FCIT Imperial College of Science Technology & Medicine, University of London vii
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- 15. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Preface The need for this textbook arose originally in 1994 out of the author’s experience whilst co-ordinating the optional subject ‘Railway Engineering Concepts’ for the Intercollegiate MSc Course in Transport run jointly by Imperial College and University College, London University. The stated objective of this optional subject is: ‘To develop an understanding of the engineering concepts involved, for all disciplines, in the planning, design, construction, equipping, maintenance and renewal of all types of railway.’ The author quickly discovered that there were many textbooks which gave detailed information on various aspects of railway engineering, usually con- fined to one or two main disciples, but none that provided a general ‘broad brush’ approach to the subject as a whole. The first edition of this textbook was published in 1996 and was specif- ically designed to fill this gap, not only for the student on this or similar courses, but also to be a useful reference book to all who need to expand their knowledge in this wide field. The first edition was adopted as a stan- dard textbook by a number of Universities and Colleges. Although the basic principles of such a subject do not change over time, some of the details of the book needed up-dating and this has been the author’s objective in producing the second edition. The author wishes to acknowledge extensive help he has received from many practicing engineers and, in particular, those who regularly have con- tributed lectures on this subject to students on the London University course. In addition thanks are recorded for comments received on the first edition which have been taken into account in producing the second edition. One of the main changes in the second edition is the improvement of the illustrations and the introduction of some colour prints, made possible by the publishers, which is much appreciated. ix
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- 17. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Acknowledgements The author wishes to express his thanks to the Professors, lecturers and staff of the Centre for Transport Studies of the University of London for practical help given in the production of this textbook. In particular he would also wish to record thanks to the following external lecturers who have assisted with material outside his own railway practical experience: Eddie Goddard Chris Hardie Chris Holmes Dr. John Medhurst Terry Mahoney Appreciation is also expressed to Paul Walker for general railway advice and interest during the production of the second edition and in providing a number of the colour photographs, which are suitably acknowledged in the figure titles. Thanks are also due to Network Rail, London Underground Ltd, Docklands Light Railway Ltd, The Science Museum, the Institution of Railway Signal Engineers and the Permanent Way Institution for assistance with the gathering of facts, information and illustrations. I am particularly grateful to Professor Tony Ridley who has been a great encourager during the writing of both editions and for providing the Foreword. xi
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- 19. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Contents Foreword vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xi List of Figures xix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Early beginnings 1 1.2 Development and diversification 2 1.3 The customer 2 1.4 The operator 3 1.5 Overall planning 3 1.6 Choice of route and level 4 1.7 Resources required 5 2. Station Layout 7 2.1 The customer and the design process 7 2.2 The need for standards 8 2.3 The objectives in station planning 9 2.4 The concept of speed and flow 10 2.5 The consideration of time 10 2.6 Planning for normal operation 11 2.7 The demand matrix 12 2.8 Capacity requirements 15 2.9 Ticket halls 15 2.10 Access and interchange 18 xiii
- 20. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 xiv Practical Railway Engineering 2.11 Stairs, escalators and lifts 19 2.12 Platforms 20 2.13 Footbridges and subways 21 2.14 Station canopies 22 2.15 Access for disabled and mobility impaired passengers 22 2.16 The ‘downgraded’ station 24 2.17 Planning for hazards 25 2.18 Staff accommodation 25 2.19 Designing for maintenance 26 3. Rolling Stock 27 3.1 The definition of railway rolling stock 27 3.2 The range of railway rolling stock 28 3.3 The evolution of steam motive power 29 3.4 The advent of electric traction 32 3.5 Development of electric traction 33 3.6 Diesel traction 35 3.7 Evolution of wheel layout 36 3.8 Changes in locomotive maintenance practices 37 3.9 From passenger ‘carriages’ to the modern carbodies 38 3.10 Carbody structures 39 3.11 Main line train performance issues 41 3.12 Train performance issues on metros and light rail 41 3.13 Freight rolling stock 43 3.14 Specialised engineering rolling stock 44 3.15 Manufacturing methods 46 4. Depots and Workshops 47 4.1 Proper maintenance of rolling stock 47 4.2 Rolling stock maintenance considerations 48 4.3 Establishing a maintenance regime 48 4.4 Maintenance management 49 4.5 Balance between workshops and depots 50 4.6 Depot siting 50 4.7 The needs of the maintainer 52 4.8 Basic requirements for depots 53 4.9 Performance indicators and audit 55
- 21. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Contents xv 5. Track 57 5.1 The origin and development of railway track 57 5.2 Basic components of track 58 5.3 Track ballast 59 5.4 Materials for track ballast 60 5.5 Sleeper functions 60 5.6 Timber sleepers 61 5.7 Prestressed concrete sleepers (monobloc) 62 5.8 Twin block sleepers 64 5.9 Steel sleepers 64 5.10 Rail fastenings, baseplates and pads 65 5.11 Rails 67 5.12 Rail wear 68 5.13 Desirability of removing rail joints 70 5.14 The introduction of track welding 70 5.15 Shop welding to produce long rails 71 5.16 Site welding to produce CWR 72 5.17 Stressing or ‘locking-up’ of CWR 73 5.18 Points, switches and crossings 74 5.19 Crossing design and manufacture 75 5.20 Points or turnouts 76 5.21 Driving, locking and detection of points 76 5.22 Conductor rails and components 77 5.23 Paved concrete track 78 5.24 Cast-in precast sleeper track 78 5.25 Floating slab track 79 5.26 Track installation and renewal 79 5.27 Day-to-day maintenance of track 79 6. Earthworks, Drainage and Fencing 83 6.1 Stability of earthworks 83 6.2 Short term considerations 84 6.3 Long term considerations 84 6.4 Slips 85 6.5 Detection of movement of earthworks 85 6.6 Dealing with embankment slips 86 6.7 Dealing with cutting slips 88 6.8 Drainage of the trackbed 89
- 22. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 xvi Practical Railway Engineering 6.9 Sand blankets 90 6.10 Side or ‘cess’ drains 91 6.11 Centre drains 92 6.12 Drain cleaning 92 6.13 Ineffective drains 93 6.14 Railway fencing 94 7. Bridges and Structures 95 7.1 Early railway structures and materials 95 7.2 Modern welded steelwork 97 7.3 Reinforced concrete structures 100 7.4 Prestressed concrete 102 7.5 Bridge reconstruction 104 7.6 Brick and masonry structures 106 7.7 Examination of structures 108 7.8 Structural maintenance 109 7.9 Strength assessment 110 8. Tunnels and Tunnelling 113 8.1 The history of tunnelling 113 8.2 ‘Cut-and-cover’ tunnels 114 8.3 The first tunnel shields 114 8.4 Modern tunnel shields 115 8.5 Differing ground conditions 116 8.6 Construction methods 117 8.7 Tunnel linings 118 8.8 Vertical and sloping shafts 119 8.9 Tunnel inspection and maintenance 120 9. Electrification 121 9.1 Electricity as a form of motive power 121 9.2 Generation of electricity 122 9.3 Railway electrification systems 122 9.4 The AC system connection of supply 123 9.5 The AC system feeder points 124 9.6 AC overhead equipment 125 9.7 Earthing on the AC system 126 9.8 Electrical interference 126 9.9 DC low voltage systems 127
- 23. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Contents xvii 9.10 AC power distribution for DC systems 127 9.11 DC power distribution 128 9.12 The effects of electrification 129 9.13 Inspection and maintenance 129 10. Signalling and Train Control 131 10.1 The early history of railway signalling 131 10.2 Modern signalling principles 133 10.3 Track circuits 134 10.4 Point operation, locking and detection 134 10.5 Interlocking 135 10.6 Minimum headways 136 10.7 Home and distant signals 137 10.8 Subsidiary signals 137 10.9 Two aspect colour light signalling 138 10.10 Three aspect colour light signalling 139 10.11 Four aspect colour light signalling 140 10.12 Transmission based signalling 141 10.13 Proof of safety and safety standards 142 10.14 Protection against trains passing signals at danger 143 10.15 Signal protection at level crossings 145 11. Systems and Communications 147 11.1 Getting things done! 147 11.2 Human processes 148 11.3 Good feedback 148 11.4 Interface between operation and engineering 149 11.5 Interface between operator and user 150 11.6 The railway systems pyramid 150 11.7 The railway signalling system 151 11.8 The public address and information systems 152 11.9 Telephones and radio 154 11.10 Closed circuit television (CCTV) 156 11.11 Equipment operation and system maintenance 156 12. Lifts, Escalators and Pumps 159 12.1 Vertical transportation 159 12.2 The development of early lifts 159 12.3 The development of escalators 160
- 24. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 xviii Practical Railway Engineering 12.4 Passenger flow to and from escalators and lifts 161 12.5 Achievable flow rates for modern lifts 162 12.6 Flow rates on escalators 162 12.7 Types of escalators 163 12.8 Compact type escalators 164 12.9 Semi-compact type escalators 164 12.10 Heavy duty public service escalators 165 12.11 Typical HDPS escalator dimensions 166 12.12 Types of modern lift 166 12.13 Application of lift types 167 12.14 Safety risks and human factors 168 12.15 Inspection and maintenance 169 12.16 Pumps 170 13. Ventilation and Draught Relief 173 13.1 Is ventilation a problem on railways? 173 13.2 Movement of air 174 13.3 Deciding on exhaust or pressure 175 13.4 The ‘piston’ effect of trains on fans 176 13.5 Design and operation of tunnel fans 176 13.6 Smoke in tunnels 176 13.7 Draught relief 178 13.8 Maintenance and inspection of fans 179 13.9 Air conditioning 179 14. Future Trends 181 14.1 The engineering ‘full circle’ 181 14.2 The trend towards broader vision 183 14.3 The trend towards local accountability 183 14.4 Increasing use of information technology 184 14.5 Improved interchange between transport modes 184 14.6 A move towards designing for maintenance 185 14.7 Trends in comfort standards 185 15. Conclusion 187 15.1 Retrospect 187 15.2 Postscript 188 Subject Index 189
- 25. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 List of Figures 1.1 Early railway construction. 2 1.2 Underground railway construction at Blackfriars, London : 1871. 4 1.3 Platforms and roof at Paddington, London. 5 2.1 Typical country station (photo by Paul Walker). 8 2.2 Matrix of passenger flows at Victoria Station, London. 12 2.3 Typical sub-surface booking hall. 12 2.4 Congestion at the foot of an ascending escalator. 13 2.5 Pedestrian flows during crowding. 14 2.6 Different categories of passengers on a concourse. 17 2.7 Passenger movement on a platform during ‘dwell time’. 17 2.8 Lift for the disabled, Docklands Light Railway. 23 3.1 Early flanged wheels on iron rails. 28 3.2 The age of steam (photo by Paul Walker). 29 3.3 Euston Square Station showing ventilation openings. 32 3.4 An early Underground DC electric locomotive. 33 3.5 Electric multiple unit underground train. 34 3.6 Old DC electric multiple unit stock with ‘slam’ doors (photo by Paul Walker). 35 3.7 Channel tunnel ‘Eurostar’ electric stock which can run on either AC or DC. 36 3.8 Diesel-electric locomotive (photo by Paul Walker). 37 3.9 Diesel multiple unit stock (photo by Paul Walker). 39 3.10 Interior of open plan passenger coach (photo by Paul Walker). 40 3.11 Docklands Light Railway stock. 42 3.12 Interior of DLR car. 44 3.13 Ballast tamping machine. 45 xix
- 26. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 xx Practical Railway Engineering 4.1 Diesel-electric maintenance depot. 51 4.2 Typical Metro depot. 52 4.3 Light rail depot. 53 4.4 Train washing machine. 54 5.1 Bullhead section rail and chair with side wear gauge. 58 5.2 Recommended ballast depths. 59 5.3 Individual renewal of timber sleepers. 62 5.4 Prestressed concrete sleepers, fastenings and rail weld. 63 5.5 Flat Bottom (FB) rail and Pandrol clip fastening. 66 5.6 The Pandrol clip and baseplate on timber sleeper (photo by Paul Walker). 67 5.7 Continuous welded track. 72 5.8 A crossover layout in BH rail. 73 5.9 Components of points or turnouts. 77 5.10 Mechanised track laying. 80 5.11 Daytime track maintenance gang at work. 80 6.1 Drainage catchpit. 84 6.2 Counterforts and Herring-bone drainage. 88 6.3 A sump clearing pump train. 91 6.4 Precast concrete units forming ‘crib’ retaining wall. 92 7.1 Laminated timber arched bridge at Lancaster. 96 7.2 Hundred year old cast iron arches at Kilburn. 96 7.3 Forth railway bridge — early rivetted steel (photo by Paul Walker). 97 7.4 Model of welded truss railway bridge. 98 7.5 Reinforced concrete station roof portal frame. 99 7.6 Welded tubular station roof at Waterloo. 100 7.7 Railway bridge reconstructed using pretensioned prestressed concrete beams. 103 7.8 Concrete segmental box girder units. 104 7.9 100 tonne rolling-in trolley. 106 7.10 Arched iron roof and lattice footbridge at Kings Cross (photo by Paul Walker). 107 7.11 Stone arched underbridge still giving service after more than 100 years (photo by Paul Walker). 107 8.1 Early ‘cut-and-cover’ construction in London. 114
- 27. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 List of Figures xxi 8.2 Modern soft ground tunnel shield. 116 8.3 Bored piles used as cut-and-cover tunnel support. 117 8.4 Concrete lined vertical shaft. 119 9.1 Diagram of typical 25 kV feeding arrangement. 124 9.2 Modern 25 kV overhead equipment. 125 9.3 AC and DC distribution on a DC system. 127 10.1 Semaphore signals (photo by Paul Walker). 132 10.2 The DC track circuit. 134 10.3 Diagram showing point locking and detection. 135 10.4 Headway distance and time. 136 10.5 Former manual signal box (photo by Paul Walker). 138 10.6 Three aspect electrical signalling at junction. 139 10.7 Four aspect signalling. 140 10.8 Train protection warning system (photo by Paul Walker). 144 10.9 Signals at level crossing (photo by Paul Walker). 144 11.1 Open and closed loop systems. 149 11.2 The systems pyramid. 151 11.3 Dot matrix departure indicator. 153 12.1 An early underground escalator. 160 12.2 A modern railway design using escalators and lifts. 163 12.3 Typical escalator dimensions. 166 12.4 Hydraulic lift for passengers at footbridge. 167 12.5 Details at top of passenger lift. 169 12.6 Details at bottom of passenger lift. 170
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- 29. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Early Beginnings In medieval times people mostly travelled by foot or horseback and any form of transportation was mainly for moving goods. The first railways were laid down in the seventeenth and eighteenth century for horse drawn trains of wagons in collieries and quarries. These ‘hauling ways’ initially had a surface of stone slabs or timber baulks, which soon proved unsatisfactory as the loads carried inevitably grew heavier. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, the idea was developed further by adding cast iron or wrought iron plates to reduce wear on the wooden baulks. This evolved further to iron edge rails enabling the use of flanged wheels for the first time. By the time steam locomotives came on the scene, in the early nine- teenth century, wrought iron rails and later steel rails were developed which were strong enough to support these heavy axle loads without assistance from longitudinal timbers. In essence the track itself, together with its supports, had and still has the basic function of safely transmitting the loads and forces imposed by passing trains to the ground beneath. Various other civil engineering skills were also involved in the construc- tion of early railways. These included the building of bridges, tunnels and gravity walls as well as extensive earthworks and drainage. From these earliest days, there was a need to balance the requirements and interests of the various engineering disciplines involved. As an example, rolling stock design has a considerable impact on the design and mainte- nance of the fixed infrastructure and there needs to be mutual appreciation and close co-operation between engineers if the best is to be achieved in all areas. This may sometimes require compromise in certain disciplines for the good of the whole. 1
- 30. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 2 Practical Railway Engineering Fig. 1.1. Early railway construction. 1.2 Development and Diversification On the early railways the Boards would invariably appoint an engineer who would be responsible for all the engineering of the railway parts, both moving and fixed. Often the engineer would also be involved in the actual day-to-day operation of the railway. This had considerable advantage from a point of view of co-ordination. As development of railways progressed, inevitably individual engineers became more specialised and there tended to be a loss of the overall or generalist view. It is the specific objective of the author of this textbook to encourage a wider view in railway engineering matters so that better appreciation of each other’s engineering requirements and constraints is achieved. 1.3 The Customer In any consideration of the various engineering functions of a railway, the needs and aspirations of the customer must always be kept in the forefront of the mind. The passenger’s basic needs are to travel comfortably and to
- 31. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Introduction 3 arrive safely at the destination reasonably on time. The freight customer needs confidence that his goods will be delivered safely and on time. Both want this service at a reasonable cost. All engineers and operators need to work together to achieve this objective. This seems so obvious and basic that it hardly needs stating. However ‘departmental’ and local interests can and often do arise which can jeopardise this simple objective and engineers and managers at all levels need to be on their guard. 1.4 The Operator If the customer’s needs must be kept paramount then it follows that the operator’s requirements in satisfying the customer’s needs are also very important. Here however, there is room for manoeuvre. In satisfying the customer’s basic needs there is often more than one operational solution. In this case it is incumbent on both the operators and the engineers involved to jointly consider all the valid options which are available. A good example of this is the consideration of carrying out weekend essential works either over a number of shorter possessions of the railway or over one longer period. The operator must also be able to deal with emergencies during periods of engineering work and contingency plans must be drawn up for this. 1.5 Overall Planning In constructing and maintaining any railway system infrastructure, there always are many activities which are carried out in each of the engineering disciplines which overlap onto other disciplines/activities. This is inevitable. Proper co-ordination and co-operation is necessary here. There are also, from time to time, items of work where there is considerable overlap or ‘knock-on’ effect. A good example of this might be the requirement to renew a number of bridges on a certain line all of which carry signal cables or equipment which is nearing the end of life expectancy. Depending on relative costs in each area, an optimum programme could be drawn up jointly which would keep overall costs and disruption to a minimum in the long term. Similarly booking of long possessions to do work in one area might provide opportunities for other engineers to carry out other works at the same time, thus reducing expenditure overall. This type of co-operation is not always easy and does require a flexible attitude and acceptance sometimes of irksome restraints. However, maximum benefit of the whole must be the criterion.
- 32. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 4 Practical Railway Engineering Color Fig. Fig. 1.2. Underground railway construction at Blackfriars, London : 1871. 1.6 Choice of Route and Level In the earliest stages of planning of any railway, choices have to be made relating to the best route, and which parts will need to be elevated or in tunnel. The route will be largely dictated by traffic demands and exist- ing physical constraints, although in some instances, alternatives might be available where engineering and cost variations should be compared. In such cases, ground conditions and water levels as well as existing building foundations and services must all be taken into consideration. Again the level of the railway will be determined by existing physical constraints. It is essential however that all engineering implications are fully investigated and costed before any decision is made to construct a railway, either under ground or on elevated structure. For underground construction full allowance must be made for the ‘full life’ costs of escalators, ventilation/air conditioning, lighting and other services, additional tunnelled accommodation for staff, fire protection and emergency exits etc. Disruption during the construction period of works in inner city areas is a factor that needs also to be taken into account when deciding whether or not to go underground.
- 33. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Introduction 5 Before adopting any form of elevated railway there needs to be a careful consideration of environmental issues including visual impact and noise as well as dealing with emergencies at high level. Although elevated railways occupy less ground level space than surface railways, the stations often cover more relative area because of the need for stairs, ramps and escalators etc. From an engineering point of view also alignments should be as smooth as possible without steep gradients or tight curves to reduce wear on both the rolling stock and the track and to keep power consumption to a minimum. 1.7 Resources Required For the satisfactory operation and maintenance of a railway, certain basic resources are required, which can be grouped into human resources, fixed assets and mobile machinery. Inadequacy in any of these three sides of this fixed triangle will mean that good operation cannot be maintained, irrespective of the performance on the other sides. Careful selection and adequate training of personnel at all levels is essen- tial. Ongoing good relations with staff, both at national and local level, must Color Fig. Fig. 1.3. Platforms and roof at Paddington, London.
- 34. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 6 Practical Railway Engineering have a high priority. This needs constant attention at all levels of engineer- ing management. As in any large organisation, individuals need to feel that they are valued and that they have a positive part to play in the running of the whole enterprise. The following chapters of this textbook deal with the outline require- ments of fixed assets and mobile machinery that are necessary to satisfac- torily operate and maintain a railway system. This relates to the various disciplines involved but it is vital to keep in mind that in all areas adequate human resources are often the key to success or failure. The intention of this textbook is only to give a general engineering overview of all that is involved in designing, running and maintaining a railway. Because of this readers may need in certain areas, to look deeper. In an endeavour to point readers in the right direction, where this is the case, some details of extra reading have been provided at the end of some of the chapters.
- 35. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Chapter 2 Station Layout 2.1 The Customer and the Design Process Stations on railway systems vary enormously in regard to their complexity, suitability and effectiveness but all, in one way or another, will have a direct bearing on the general well being of the final customer, the passenger. Even a simple country halt with a single island platform can affect the comfort of the passenger if, for instance, trains are infrequent and there is no adequate shelter in bad weather, lighting is poor or the surface is inad- equately maintained. On more complex stations where passengers change trains or interchange to other lines or modes of transport, poor design or maintenance of the interchange facilities can also have an adverse effect. Similarly, such shortcomings can make operation of the railway, partic- ularly during emergencies, very difficult and sometimes unsafe. The investigations that followed the tragic fire at Kings Cross Under- ground station in London revealed that there often can be inadequacies in the layout of the infrastructure which, coupled with lack of procedures and systems, may well prevent safe management of major incidents. In the UK the Railway Inspectorate, the Health and Safety Executive and the Fire Brigades play a significant role in producing and enforcing safety requirements which impact on the design of stations. No new railway infras- tructure should be commissioned until all hazards and safety issues have been properly addressed. Ideally, the customer’s requirements should be set down in a brief pre- pared by the railway operator or controlling authority. These requirements will need to be interpreted into operational guidelines which should form the basis of detailed designs. In practice, because the designer is likely to be closer to technological progress and changes in the regulatory frame- work, the final design will emerge only after the operator has been given the feasible options and opportunities available. 7
- 36. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 8 Practical Railway Engineering The operator, as the representative of the customer, will then assess the operational and business implications of each valid option before a final choice is made. It is a common feature of project development that the desire of the customer to ensure maximum value for money conflicts with the engineer’s instinct to minimise building costs and to get to the con- struction stage as soon as possible. 2.2 The Need for Standards On any railway system there is a need to establish uniform standards for the design of stations. This applies to any system but is particularly relevant where new lines or stations are being constructed on existing systems. There is little point in providing new stations with much higher stan- dards than on the remainder of the railway unless there is some chance of adopting these standards in the long term on existing stations. Perhaps a good example of this is the choice of width of platform. In the UK certain absolute minimum platform widths are specified by regulatory authorities but there may be good reasons for making platforms wider at Color Fig. Fig. 2.1. Typical country station (photo by Paul Walker).
- 37. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Station Layout 9 selected locations. Such reasons would include places where overcrowding is more likely, where lack of crowd control is potentially more serious or where certain trains terminate, reverse or diverge. Clearly giving more space for these considerations needs to be investigated at all locations together with the effect that introducing a new line, service or interchange may have on other stations. In such a case money may well be best spent in a number of locations instead of all at one new location or project. The preparation of station standards at an early stage is time well spent. A good starting point is to consult the Railway Construction and Operation Requirements issued in the UK by HMSO or any other local requirements in other countries. Additionally standards adopted by similar types of railways in the same country, city or conurbation should be taken into consideration. A useful device to ensure that better standards are always kept in mind and adopted when opportunity arises is to specify ‘absolute minimum’ standards as well as ‘desirable’ standards. 2.3 The Objectives in Station Planning In planning any station the following objectives need to be kept very much in mind: • Attractiveness in appearance. • Free movement of passengers. • Safe evacuation in emergency. • Access for the disabled. • Access for emergency services. • Safe accumulation and dispersal of crowds. • Reliable operation of train service. • Resilience to failure. • Cost-effective investment. Clearly these objectives cannot be achieved by provision of adequate space alone. A successful station is the product of well designed infrastructure, information and signing systems appropriate for the purpose, and a clear well promulgated management philosophy. A successful railway system will only result from a clear understanding of the interaction between the train service and the stations it serves, both in normal and abnormal operating conditions. Station congestion may not always be remedied simply by the provi- sion of more space. In many cases the solution may often lie in running a
- 38. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 10 Practical Railway Engineering different pattern of train service, different signing of passenger routes or the application of changed management methods. 2.4 The Concept of Speed and Flow The most important concept underlying capacity planning of stations is the relationship between the speed and flow of pedestrians. A great deal of investigation in this area has been carried out by J J Fruin and published in his book ‘Pedestrian Planning and Design’ (1971) to which reference should be made for more detailed information. In his work Fruin set down his observations of pedestrian walking speeds and flow rates for the full range from maximum, free flow, speed in unim- peded, uncongested conditions to totally congested conditions where move- ment is so impeded that speeds are reduced to a shuffle and flow to a trickle. It is interesting to note that peak flow takes place where walking speeds have reduced to about 50% of those achievable under unimpeded conditions. For each of the elements of level walkway, staircase and queuing area, Fruin went on to categorise successive bands of density across the full range as ‘Levels of Service’ (LOS). LOS ‘A’ represented low density and LOS ‘F’ represented extremely high density. Typically LOS ‘C’ or LOS ‘D’ is con- sidered appropriate for railway stations. Other observations were taken before Fruin and since and all seem to roundly agree with his conclusions. Fruin’s terminology and data can there- fore be accepted for the planning of most railway stations. It is necessary therefore to estimate the likely throughput of passengers to various parts of stations and from that to decide sizes and areas on the information given herein and elsewhere. 2.5 The Consideration of Time Time considerations underlie many aspects of efficient operation of a sta- tion and benefits to the passenger and operator alike will arise from the following: • The layout of the station should promote the free-flow of passengers into and within the station complex. The provision of adequate space will maximise walking speeds and minimise congestion.
- 39. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Station Layout 11 • Areas where passengers may stop or hesitate through uncertainty or spe- cific need (e.g. to buy a ticket) must be identified and space provided so that other passengers are not unduly hindered. • In the event of service disruption, escalator failure or other unusual event, passengers must be able to accumulate safely until operational action can take effect. • Future traffic growth can be accommodated. • Emergencies can be controlled. • Station signing is adequate. • Infrastructure must be ‘right first time’. 2.6 Planning for Normal Operation The degree to which the business is prepared to invest in providing space purely for the added comfort of passengers must be decided by each railway system based on its own market position and objectives. The starting point for any station planning is the demand forecast. This must be accompanied by a detailed knowledge of the likely train frequency from each platform and the time staff would need to take action when problems arise. Given working assumptions, it is then possible to determine how many people are likely to have accumulated within a particular area before control measures can be instituted. The operator must determine his own relative values for key variables which combine to determine the minimum size and capacity for any element of a station. These will include: • time needed to become aware of a problem. • staff reaction and decision time. • action implementation time. • accumulation rate for passengers. • maximum density for safety. The frequency and destination pattern of the train service is also a key factor in the sizing of station infrastructure. Assuming, for instance, that the total staff reaction time is effectively five minutes and that the normal peak service is at five minute intervals, capacity at the platform must allow for at least twice the normal numbers expected in the peak.
- 40. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 12 Practical Railway Engineering 2.7 The Demand Matrix For complex railway stations it is essential to understand where everybody is coming from and going to, not just within the station but in general terms outside the station. A typical example of such a matrix for Victoria Underground Station during an evening peak hour is as shown below: To zone From zone 1 2 3 4 5 Total 1 Main line station 0 0 2280 948 470 3698 2 Bus or taxi 0 0 1526 1301 0 2827 3 Victoria line 7015 66 0 2748 806 10 635 4 District line 7219 751 4521 0 388 12 879 5 Walk 0 0 2787 1780 0 4567 Total 34 606 Fig. 2.2. Matrix of passenger flows at Victoria Station, London. Color Fig. Fig. 2.3. Typical sub-surface booking hall.
- 41. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Station Layout 13 Color Fig. Fig. 2.4. Congestion at the foot of an ascending escalator. Where the choice of route or exits and entrances exist it is important to determine the proportion of pedestrians likely to use each and allocate capacity in proportion accordingly. The points in a station particularly vulnerable to a rapid increase in congestion are the platforms, foot of stairs and escalators and ticket halls. If a service is scheduled to run at two minute intervals in the peak, a sensible guideline would be to assume that after five minutes delay of any train some staff intervention would be triggered to control overcrowding. This translates into a design target of passenger density somewhere between one quarter and one sixth of that at which complete congestion occurs. In practice it has been established that movement through restricted spaces ceases once the density gets to between four and five passengers per square metre. When passageways are almost empty, average walking speed can be as high as 80 metres per minute but even medium ‘bunching-up’ to a density of about two people per square metre dramatically more than halves the walking speed. In tabular form, the flow of pedestrians through walkways during differing degrees of crowding, can be as shown in Fig. 2.5.
- 42. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 14 Practical Railway Engineering Crowding Walking speed Max flow rate (pedestrians per sq. m) (m per minute) (pedestrians per m width per min.) 0.5 75 38 1.0 65 65 1.5 50 88 2.0 35 92 2.5 28 80 3.0 20 60 3.5 12 40 4.0 4 16 4.5 0 0 Fig. 2.5. Pedestrian flows during crowding. It will be seen from the above table that overcrowding of any passage- way beyond about two passengers per square metre of available space will have the effect of progressively reducing the throughput. The situation is worsened considerably if pedestrians are walking in two directions or have conflicting moves at junctions with other passageways. It would be possible to design passageways on the basis of maxi- mum crowding during peak periods of two passengers per square metre, theoretically giving maximum throughput for minimum widths. This however would be completely unacceptable as no incidents or train delays could occur without major crowding and disruption. At the other extreme, excessively wide passageways, which are never filled to capacity, cannot be justified. What then is the sensible approach? Each railway system needs to select a design density for peak periods, which will reasonably allow for minor incidents, delays and up to say three cancellations. It is essential in capac- ity planning of stations to offer sufficient resilience to train service per- turbations and surges in demand that staff intervention by station control becomes the exception rather than the rule. This of course still calls for staff vigilance supported by modern surveillance and information techniques. If a design figure for normal operational peak crowding of 1.25 pedes- trians per square metre is adopted, sufficient resilience should be ‘built-in’. As indicated by Fig. 2.5 this will mean that average walking speeds in the peak will be about 60 m per min. (2 mph) and for normal operation only about three quarters of the absolute flow capacity will be used. In the recommendations for size in the paragraphs that follow in this chapter the figure given above has been used in arriving at suggested dimensions.
- 43. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Station Layout 15 2.8 Capacity Requirements It is recommended that the following limits should be applied to station areas for demand levels under normal peak conditions: Platforms, ticket halls and concourses — 0.8 sq m per person Passageways • one way — 50 persons per minute/m width • two way — 40 persons per minute/m width Fixed Stairways • one way — 35 persons per minute/m width • two way — 28 persons per minute/m width To allow for ‘peaks within a peak’ it is wise to use the calculated peak fifteen-minute flow figure, which can be derived from the one-hour figure by multiplying by 0.3. Similarly the peak five-minute flow figure can be derived by multiplying the fifteen-minute figure by 0.4. This five-minute figure should be used when testing the layout ‘tight spots’ to ensure that dangerous situations do not occur during the short lived period when crowding exceeds desirable levels at a restricted localised point. The capacity of entrances and exits to street level should follow the guidelines above. From subsurface ticket halls/concourse areas there should be at least two exits to the street each of which must be able to take the full peak level demand albeit under crowded conditions. Locations which are fed by exits from stations need to be examined to ensure that no bottle-necks exist immediately outside station buildings. This is particularly important where stations exit into Local Authority subways, shopping malls or where sporting events are likely to produce ‘tidal wave’ crowding. 2.9 Ticket Halls The location and size of station entrances will be determined by estab- lishing the principal directions in which passengers may wish to leave or approach the station. In addition to determining passenger flows into and through the ticket hall it is necessary to identify all activities which need to take place there. These will vary in scope and degree between main line railways, metros and light rail.
- 44. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 16 Practical Railway Engineering Additionally many large main line stations will have a mix of daily local commuters, long haul travellers and inter-modal transfer passengers. There will also be special cases such as at Waterloo where the requirements of continental travellers need to be specifically met. Similarly any station which serves an international airport or exhibition centre will also have special passenger requirements, particularly with bag- gage handling/storage. Certain emergency services may also require space for accommodation of specialised safety equipment. All ticket halls are likely to require space and facilities for the following as a minimum: • Ticket selling and collection. • Meeting, greeting and waiting. • Travel information. • Retail and vending. • Station management. • Secure access to staff accommodation and control rooms. Some may also require provision of: • Toilets. • Public Telephones. • Baggage trolleys/handling and storage. • Police accommodation. In the sizing of a ticket hall the following basic information needs to be established: • the expected numbers involved in each activity. • their likely pattern of movement. • the duration of the activity. • the timing of activities relative to each other. • identification of peak demands. From this information the basic size and layout of the ticket office and other facilities can be planned at the preliminary stage and must then be worked up to a final layout. It is essential that space is provided for each activity in such a way that simultaneous activities do not hinder each other. For example, a poor feature of many existing stations is that queues of passengers buying tickets extend across ticket barriers thus hindering access for ticket holders entering and leaving the station. This is not only a source of delay and irritation to
- 45. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Station Layout 17 Color Fig. Fig. 2.6. Different categories of passengers on a concourse. Color Fig. Fig. 2.7. Passenger movement on a platform during ‘dwell time’.
- 46. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 18 Practical Railway Engineering passengers but can also be potentially dangerous to passengers getting off crowded escalators on the approach to barriers. Recent experience has shown that the critical dimensions for ticket offices are determined by the number of ticket gates required for the peak flow coupled with the number of ticket selling points required along the other axis. If automatic ticket barriers are used then it is essential that an adequate number of gates is provided to cater for the expected passenger levels, both in and out. Automatic ticket checking gates should be specified to allow a throughput of at least 25 people per minute and it is considered prudent to allow for 10% of gates to be out of service. The calculation should be based on the five-minute flows plus 20 passengers. In many locations there is a ‘tidal flow’ tendency, particularly at outer area suburban stations, between morning and evening peaks. In such places at least half of the gates should be reversible to allow for this. The desirable overhead clearance in all ticket halls should not be less than 3 metres under suspended ceilings. Where this is structurally impossible at all points a reduction in clear height to an absolute minimum of 2.4 metres may be acceptable. 2.10 Access and Interchange By applying the various pedestrian planning parameters to the relevant demand figures it is then possible to determine sizes of passageways, stair- cases and escalators. These must be supplemented, however, by extra space provision which recognises the inefficiencies in its usage in practice. These include the following: • Edge Effects Passengers have a tendency not to make use of the full width available. People tend to keep a distance of at least 0.5 metres from the side wall. Thus passageway widths derived from flows need to have addition for edge effects, as do platforms. • Hesitation and Decision Points It is also observed that passengers will often stop or hesitate when mak- ing a transition between one station element and the next while they decide what to do next. This hesitation may hinder other passengers behind them.
- 47. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Station Layout 19 An additional 0.3 metres width should be provided in passageways where centre handrails are required to divide the flows. In no case should any passageway be narrower than 2.0 metres. Where long distances have to be walked consideration should be given to the provision of travelators or moving walkway. The preferred maximum gradient for a travelator for passengers is 1 in 20 but in very tight circum- stances this may be increased to 1 in 12 as an absolute maximum. Run-offs of not less than 6 metres are necessary at either end of travelators. An important feature is that passageways should be of constant capacity along their full length with good lines of sight avoiding as far as possible recesses and indentations which could form litter traps and possible hiding places. It is very desirable that the ceiling height in passageways should be as high as practicable but generally not less than 3 metres. Where this is not achievable a reduction to an absolute minimum of 2.4 metres may be permissible. 2.11 Stairs, Escalators and Lifts In considering changes in level that have to be negotiated by passengers, the following guidelines should be adopted for new construction: Less than 0.5 metres — Surface may be ramped. (preferred max. 1 in 20, absolute max. 1 in 12.) 0.5 m to 3.0 metres — Fixed staircase (min. 3 risers). 3.0 m to 5.0 metres — Normally fixed staircase but escalator if cost can be justified. Over 5.0 metres — Normally escalator but outer suburban stations may have fixed stairs up to height of 6 m with two half landings. Staircase dimensions must comply with local Building Regulations and in the UK with the Department of Transport Railway Construction and Oper- ation Requirements. Escalators must comply with British Standard BS 5656 and particular attention must be given to provision of access to all equipment/machine rooms during traffic hours without obstructing passengers. Careful consid- eration needs to be given to safety requirements in emergencies. Passenger
- 48. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 20 Practical Railway Engineering flow parameters for vertical circulation should be taken as follows: • 100 people per minute for escalators one metre wide • 35 people per minute for one-way stairs per metre width (clear) • 28 people per minute for two-way stairs per metre width (clear) The effective width of staircases is to be measured clear between handrails. Stairs and escalators should generally be of open design with overhead clearances of at least three metres measured vertically from the pitch line of the steps to the soffit. In circular section shafts this dimension is to be measured from the point on the steps nearest to the shaft wall. Any intermediate landing between flights of escalators must be suffi- ciently large to accumulate passengers safely while station staff effect appro- priate action should an escalator break down. 2.12 Platforms Station platforms are an important part of the infrastructure of any railway system and proper design can give great assistance to good operation. Crit- ical to achievement of a tight timetable is adherence to the times assumed for boarding and alighting (dwell time). Failure to provide sufficient space on a platform may well mean the passengers waiting to board a train will not be able to stand aside for those getting off. On a platform from which trains go to more than one destination care must be taken to allow conditions in which passengers will not wish to take the first train to arrive. In these circumstances, even if the train destination pattern proportionately matches that of the passengers, the effect will be to drive up the average wait for each passenger and thereby increase the average crowding levels. It is also important to vary the location of entrances and exits to plat- forms relative to the train, along the line of the route. This will have the effect of encouraging a more uniform distribution of passengers both on trains and station platforms, thus keeping dwell times to a minimum. Plat- forms should be kept as straight as possible so that staff are able to see the full length in crowded conditions. Curves on platforms also have the effect of increasing the gap between the platform and the train which can bring attendant hazards. Ideally curves at platforms should not be less than 1000 metres radius. The stepping distance between the platform and the train should not exceed 150 mm laterally.
- 49. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 Station Layout 21 The width of platforms must be carefully considered for each system, taking into account the likely heaviest loading of trains, their frequency, the number of passengers likely to be alighting and the number of exit points along the length of the platform. The absolute minimum width of any platform should be limited to not less than two metres. This should only be accepted at minor stations and at platform ends or for very limited lengths away from passenger exits or entrances. The desirable minimum width of platforms for fairly busy stations is three metres for side platforms and six metres for island platforms with tracks on both sides. Headroom on platforms should be not less than three metres wherever possible. 2.13 Footbridges and Subways At surface and elevated stations, footbridges or subways will need to be pro- vided to and from platforms. The number, location and sizes of these will depend largely upon requirements for interchange as well for exit and entry to and from the railway system. The limiting dimensions of these should be as those already indicated for passageways and stairs. The location of both footbridges and subways needs to be very carefully considered if undue pas- senger congestion and delay in interchange or exit is to be avoided. Where a common subway or footbridge is used both for entry/exit and for move- ment from one platform to another, greater widths need to be provided to avoid congestion and delay due to conflicting passenger movements. Where possible at terminal or important interchange stations, separate staircases or subways should be provided for interchange between platforms and for entry or exit. It is also most important in such cases to consider carefully how adequate emergency exit can be provided following an incident or when crush conditions develop. The original cost of a subway is usually more than the cost of an equivalent footbridge and maintenance of drainage and pre- vention of flooding on surface stations should make a footbridge the first option to be considered. At the reconstruction stage it is also usually considerably cheaper and easier to rebuild a footbridge over the tracks than a subway which supports the tracks. Where railways have overhead electrification, special consideration must be given at all footbridges and gantries to ensure that both passengers and
- 50. March 25, 2006 16:32 WSPC/SPI-B261: Practical Railway Engineering spi-b261 22 Practical Railway Engineering workers are protected from the live wires and that adequate parapets are provided at all necessary locations. Except possibly for some little used rural stations, it is best to provide protection against the weather for all staircases and footbridges to avoid possibility of accidents. 2.14 Station Canopies The extent to which platforms require to be covered needs to be carefully considered for each station. Clearly it is desirable that some protection from the elements should be provided for waiting passengers but the cost of this provision can be high, including the ongoing maintenance liability. Estimation should be made of the maximum number of waiting passen- gers likely to be on a platform during peak periods. If it is not considered necessary for the canopy to go the full length of the platform, the lengths nearest to access points and station buildings should be covered. At suburban stations where the main flow of passengers board and alight at different platforms, some economy may be effected by reducing the length of the canopy on the main arrival platform as passengers will generally disperse quickly and not wait. Some light rail systems have experienced considerable complaint due to the lack of adequate protection for waiting passengers, even where services are very frequent. This indicates that it is wise to provide some covered areas on all platforms for both safety and passenger comfort reasons. Additionally, it has been the author’s experience that covering of esca- lators from the effects of weather is also essential to ensure maximum safety to the users as well as keeping maintenance to a practical minimum. Care needs to be taken when designing canopies over platforms, stair- cases and footbridges to ensure that adequate access is available to carry out regular inspection and maintenance of gutters and down-pipes without the need for possessions of the railway. 2.15 Access for Disabled and Mobility Impaired Passengers In recent years railway operators have started to consider specific provisions for disabled passengers, particularly those in wheelchairs. Consideration has also covered those who are not disabled but are mobility impaired because of age or by small children or heavy or bulky luggage etc. In several countries there are now legal requirements that this also must be addressed. Simi- larly there are infrequent occasions when normally able passengers may be
- 51. Another Random Scribd Document with Unrelated Content
- 52. Church, whose own utterances we have quoted as sustaining what has herein been said about their teachings. That there may be no misunderstanding of our contention in this paper, we, in conclusion, very frankly declare that not only is the "Address to the World" misleading to the general public, but also that the teachings of the Mormon Church in Gentile communities and through its missionaries are deceptive; that the policy of the Mormon leaders is to keep the people in entire subjection to the priesthood, and that so these leaders seek to control political, commercial and educational conditions in Utah; that their moral influence where such control is maintained is neither complimentary to or commensurate with their power; that their influence is not only subversive of civil authority, but also of reverence for God; that these leaders associate Joseph Smith in dignity and honor with the most eminent of mortals, if not indeed with Christ Himself; that they claim for Brigham Young and Joseph Smith and other "living oracles" the same obedience that is claimed for the very word of God; that whatever spirituality is found in the lives of individual members of the Mormon Church exists in spite of the examples and precepts of their leaders; that the difficulty in the enforcement of the civil law, wherever it affects the practice of polygamous living, is well nigh unsurmountable; that the practice of polygamous living was never held in higher esteem by the governing body of the church than now; that until the practices of the present leaders of the Mormon Church are radically changed there can be no peace between them and pure Christianity; and that until the doctrines of the church are radically modified it can never establish a claim to be even a part of the church of Jesus Christ.
- 53. III. ANSWER TO MINISTERIAL ASSOCIATION'S REVIEW. ELDER B.H. ROBERTS FOREWORD. The following Answer to the Ministerial Association's Review of the Address of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to the World, was delivered in a speech at two meetings of the Mutual Improvement Association conference, Sunday afternoon and evening, June 9, 1907, in the "Mormon Tabernacle," Salt Lake City, Utah, before an audience of between four and five thousand people. The speaker expected to close his remarks with the afternoon meeting, and therefore omitted certain matters that were intended to be discussed at the time the subject to which they were related was presented in the afternoon, but which, for lack of time, as he then supposed, went over to the evening session. He was urged by those in charge of the Conference to continue his remarks in the evening session, which he did. In this printed copy of the speech, some of the remarks in the evening are brought over into their proper place, and connected with the subjects to which they most properly belong, and that were treated in the afternoon. Also the speaker has added some items that were outlined in his notes prepared for the occasion, but not used either in the afternoon or evening. In order that such new matter might be designated it is placed in brackets. III.
- 54. Today, my brethren and sisters, we convert this pulpit into a forum, from which we propose a defense both of our faith and the Church. Nor do we violate any of the proprieties in this change, because when truth is to be defended and injustice resented, then "all place a temple, and all seasons summer." The occasion to which we address ourselves this afternoon arises out of these circumstances: At the late general conference of the Church, the First Presidency issued to the world an address. Submitting it to the general conference, it was approved and endorsed by the Saints assembled, so that it became an address of the Church of Christ to the world. Of course, as we might have anticipated, this address met with adverse criticism, and finally there was formulated against it an alleged review by the Ministerial Association of evangelical ministers in the state of Utah. Represented in that association are the Presbyterian, Congregationalist, Methodist, Baptist, Lutheran, Christian (Campbellite) and regular Episcopal churches—so that practically the whole of Protestant Christendom is represented by these ministers who challenge the correctness and the candor of the address issued by the Church to the world. In our consideration of their review we will suppose the representatives of these churches present, sitting right here [indicating a place close by the stand] in a body. And I wish they were so present, because there is nothing like talking it out face to face with these gentlemen; and I doubt not but their presence in a body would be quite an inspiration to one in discussing the document they have submitted to us. Having, then, before us the circumstances out of which this occasion arises, let us proceed to our task. The first charge or criticism of the address of the Church made by these gentlemen is to the effect that the doctrines of the Church are not as fully proclaimed elsewhere as in Utah; all through the review, in fact, runs the innuendo that the Church deceitfully teaches one doctrine at home and another abroad, and that the address obscures much that is necessary to an intelligent judgment of "Mormonism." Hence these gentlemen propose to help the world to a fuller presentation of "Mormon" doctrine and practice, as set forth in their review of our address.
- 55. Right here, I wish to propose this question to these gentlemen: The document they have issued quotes very copiously from our published Church works. I want to ask them, on what books and utterances do they rely for this larger, fuller proclamation of "Mormonism?" I find quoted the Millennial Star, the Journal of Discourses, the Seer (by Orson Pratt), the Improvement Era, the Manuals of the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Associations, Orson Spencer's Letters, Epistles of the First Presidency of the Church, Talmage's Articles of Faith, and last, and of course least, some of my own works. Now where is the Millennial Star published? In Liverpool, England. Where were the Journals of Discourses published? In Liverpool, England. Where was the Seer published? In Washington, D.C. Does it not occur to you, gentlemen, since these are the works on which you chiefly rely for your larger view of "Mormon" doctrine, that we have published them elsewhere quite as fully as we have in Utah. The Improvement Era, of course, is published in Salt Lake City; but two thousand copies of it are sent free to our missionaries abroad to use as tracts and to scatter everywhere in the world. So with Orson Spencer's Letters: so with all our publications quoted by you, except the Seer, of which more presently. They are all sent broadcast, and our elders use them very freely, and you will find them in the hands of our friends abroad, and from them they learn the doctrines of "Mormonism." So that your practical charge that we preach one set of doctrines and principles in Utah, and quite another in the world, and that we are trying to play the double game of having one doctrine for home consumption and another for proclamation abroad, is as shallow as it is untrue. One other thing. I find in this review ten lengthy quotations from the Seer which was published by Orson Pratt, yet the Seer by formal action of the First Presidency and Twelve Apostles of the Church was repudiated, and Elder Orson Pratt himself sanctioned the repudiation. There was a long article published in the Deseret News on the 23rd of August, 1865, over the signatures of the First Presidency and Twelve setting forth that this work— the Seer—together with some other writings of Elder Pratt, were inaccurate. In the course of that document, after praising, as well they might, the great bulk of the work of this noted apostle, they say:
- 56. "But the Seer, the Great First Cause, the article in the Millennial Star, of Oct. 15, and Nov. 1, 1850 * * * * contain doctrine which we cannot sanction and which we have felt to disown, so that the Saints who now live, and who may live hereafter, may not be misled by our silence, or be left to misinterpret it. Where these objectionable works or parts of works are bound in volumes, or otherwise, they should be cut out and destroyed." And yet these gentlemen, our reviewers, who, of course, we must believe, since they are ministers of the gospel, and hence they are ministers of the truth and believe in fair dealing, make ten long quotations from a repudiated work, and one quotation only from a work that is accepted as standard in the Church, viz., the Doctrine and Covenants! For a long time the Church has announced over and over again that her standard works in which the word of God is to be found, and for which alone she stands, are the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, the Pearl of Great Price. All else is commentary, and of a secondary character as to its authority, containing much that is good, much that illustrates the doctrines of the Church, and yet liable to have error in it for which the Church does not stand. "Well," says one, "do you propose to repudiate the works of men holding your priesthood, and who are supposed to speak and act under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit? Do you not destroy the effectiveness of your Church ministry when you take this attitude?" Not at all. We merely make what is a proper distinction. It would be a glorious thing for a man to so live that his life would touch the very life and Spirit of God, so that his spirit would blend with God's Spirit, under which circumstances there would be no error in his life or in his utterances at all. That is a splendid thing to contemplate, but when you take into account human weaknesses, imperfection, prejudice, passion, bias, it is too much to hope for human nature that man will constantly thus walk linked with God. And so we make this distinction between a man speaking sometimes under the influence of prejudice and pre-conceived notions, and the utterances of a man who, in behalf of the Church of God, and having the requisite authority, and holding the requisite position, may, upon occasion, lay aside all prejudice, all pre- conception, and stand ready and anxious to receive the divine impression of
- 57. God's Spirit that shall plead, "Father, thy will and thy word be made known now to thy people through the channel thou hast appointed." There is a wide difference between men coming with the word of God thus obtained, and their ordinary speech every day and on all kinds of occasions. In thus insisting that only the word of God, spoken by inspiration, shall live and be binding upon the Church, we are but following the illustrious example of the ancient Church of Christ. You do not have today all the Christian documents of the first Christian centuries. These books that you have bound up, and that you call the word of God, Holy Bible, were sifted out by a consensus of opinion in the churches running through several hundred years. They endured the test of time. But the great bulk of that which was uttered and written, even by apostles and prominent servants of God in the primitive Christian Church, the Church rejected, and out of the mass of chaff preserved these Scriptures—the New Testament. The Christian world up to this time is not quite decided as to all that should be accepted and all that should be rejected. You Protestant gentlemen repudiate several books called Apocrypha which the Catholic church accepts as of equal authority with the rest of the books of the Old and New Testament. And so I say in this procedure of ours, in refusing to accept only that which time and the inspiration of God shall demonstrate to be absolutely true, we are but following the example of the ancient Church of Christ. We move forward now in our investigation of this charge of yours. You say of us, that "Adding no spiritual truth to the aggregate of things already revealed * * * contributing nothing to reverence for God or to justice and mercy towards men, 'Mormonism' claims to be the only authorized church of Christ on earth, and sets up a wholly unbiblical test of salvation." Gentlemen, you may not believe, of course, the claims of the "Mormon" Church, but you cannot in truth say that we apply an "unbiblical test of salvation." I pray you think of it for a moment. What is the claim made for Joseph Smith? That he was a prophet sent of God with a divine message, with a dispensation of the gospel of Jesus Christ. Now, just for a moment, just for the sake of the argument, suppose that claim to be true, is the test we apply, at all, much less "wholly," unbiblical? May one reject God's message and stand uncondemned before God? Assuredly not. What was the
- 58. example Jesus set? This: "He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved, and he that believeth not shall be damned." He was but proclaiming the message that God had given to him, and he laid down this principle as connected with the authority and commission he had bestowed upon the apostles when sending them into the world: "He that receiveth you receiveth me, and he that receiveth me receiveth him that sent me." What do we do, when we proclaim the divine message with which the Prophet Joseph Smith was commissioned to the world but just apply this same principle? Nothing more than this, and of course we could do nothing less. As I remarked a moment ago, you may refuse, as you do, to believe this message and testimony, but you cannot say in truth that there is anything unbiblical in the principles on which we proceed to make this declaration to the world: and, by the way, don't you claim the same thing for your message? If you don't, what does your message amount to? Are you not ministers of Jesus Christ? Have you not come with the gospel of Jesus Christ? Can men reject you and your doctrine and your message and still be secure in the favor of God? Gentlemen, if you take that position, I brand you as false teachers, untrue servants—not representatives of the Master. You are weaker than water spilled upon the ground which one may not gather again, if you come with a message one may reject with impunity. You are talking an infinite deal of nonsense when you undertake criticism of this kind. Now we are told that because of the claims of "Mormonism" it provokes searching investigation, for the reason that "it involves eternal reprobation of those who finally reject it." Gentlemen, have you not juggled here a little with words? And is it not just possible that a wrong impression may go out from your view of our Address, rather than from the Address itself? Is there such a thing in "Mormonism" as eternal reprobation as generally understood in the theological terminology of the world? With the single exception of those who come to know the truth and then so far sin against it that they have no power of repentance nor desire for forgiveness—the sons of perdition, which all our works teach will be comparatively few in number— does not "Mormonism," aside from these few, hold out a hope of salvation to all the children of men? But of this we shall have more to say presently; but the above in passing. Again, this searching investigation is "provoked" because the claim of the "Mormon" Church to being the only authorized
- 59. Church of Christ, "involves the validity of all the Church ordinances and of all ministerial functions, including the right to solemnize marriages as administered by the Christian Church from the second to the nineteenth century." Here we are approaching solid ground of controversy. "Mormonism" does deny that divine authority exists in the churches of the world, the churches of men, miscalled Christian churches. We do not blanch from the position. We proclaim it; although we do not wish to do so in any offensive way, but we have to be witnesses for the truth. And God has revealed that to be the truth. "Mormonism" is in the world because their was a real necessity for its coming into the world. It did not come into existence through theological disputations, because of differences of views about baptism, or church government, or the nature of Deity, or any of these things; but there had been, and mark it, gentlemen, a complete apostasy from God's truth by the world. The Church of Christ as an organization, and the gospel as a system of truth had been displaced by the institutions and systems of men, consequently there was need of divine authority being again conferred upon man and a new dispensation of the gospel of Christ given to the world. It is our pride that "Mormonism" is this restored gospel and Church of Christ. I notice among this body of men I am addressing, the members of this Ministerial association, the representative of the Episcopal church, a branch of the great English church. He ought not to complain of this attitude of the "Mormon" Church, for the reason that in one of the Homilies of his church; in the Homily on the Perils of Idolatry, it is expressly stated that "Laity and clergy, learned and unlearned, all ages and sects and degrees have been drowned in abominable idolatry, most detested by God, and damnable to man, for 800 years and more." (Perils of Idolatry, p. 3). Certainly "Mormonism" does not proclaim the apostasy more harshly than that, nor do we declare its universality more emphatically, but I presume we are offensive to the representatives of this particular church, the Episcopal, because we include him and his organization as among those who are in the apostasy and who have not the gospel of Christ. Yet we are not harder on him or his church than he is upon the Catholic and all the rest of the Christian world previous to the establishment of the Church of England under the patronage of King Henry VIII of England, of unsavory memory, and we do have this advantage, viz.:
- 60. That if we proclaim a universal apostasy, we also proclaim the restoration of the gospel of Jesus Christ, and the renewal of divine authority, the resumption of present-day and continuous revelation from God. So we are in an infinitely better position, as to the reasonableness of our attitude, than are those who proclaim this apostasy and yet are without a renewal of a dispensation of the gospel to the world. There is one thing particularly offensive, in this ministerial review, a misrepresentation put in the most offensive form. Not only do the reviewers set forth that we deny the existence of divine authority in their churches, and the nonexistence of the church of Christ for centuries in the earth, but they say that our attitude involves the validity of all ministerial functions, including the right to solemnize marriages. They are not, I take it, responsible for the headlines of their review as they appeared in the public press, but in order to make the attitude of the "Mormon" Church as offensive as it could be made, the headline said, "Gentile Marriage Ordinances Illegal Before God." Now in justice to us I think this matter should have been put fairly, and the exact status of the matter given. It should have appeared that we regard marriage as a civil as well as a religious contract, and our attitude with reference to divine things nowhere involves us in a contradiction as to the validity of marriage as a civil contract, nor as a relationship wholly sanctioned and approved by the divine favor and blessing of God in this world. The extent to which we, in any way, in thought or word, invalidate marriage ordinances is in saying that marriage contracts formed in this world, either by civil authority or by the authority of sectarian churches, do not extend the marriage covenant beyond the period of this life. These gentlemen ought to have been a little more careful, if not a little more honest in stating our position upon this question. Allow me to do it for them. Turning to the revelation on the subject of marriage, this is to be found: "Verily I say unto you that the conditions of this law are these: All covenants, contracts, bonds, obligations, oaths, vows, performances, connections, associations, or expectations, that are not made and entered into, and sealed, by the holy spirit of promise of him who is anointed, both as well for time and for all eternity, and that too most
- 61. holy, by revelation and commandment through the medium of mine anointed, whom I have appointed on the earth to hold this power * * * are of no efficacy, virtue, or force, in and after the resurrection from the dead; for all contracts that are not made unto this end, have an end when men are dead." Again, "And every thing that is in the world, whether it be ordained of men, by thrones, or principalities, or powers, or things of name, whatsoever they may be, that are not by me, or by my word, saith the Lord, shall be thrown down, and shall not remain after men are dead, neither in nor after the resurrection, saith the Lord your God. "For whatsoever things remain, are by me; and whatsoever things are not by me, shall be shaken and destroyed. Therefore, if a man marry him a wife in the world, and he marry her not by me, nor by my word; and he covenant with her so long as he is in the world, and she with him, their covenant and marriage are not of force when they are dead, and when they are out of the world; therefore, they are not bound by any law when they are out of the world." So far as any denial of the validity of marriages is concerned, it relates only to denying their validity after the resurrection—not this side of it; and, gentlemen, you ought not to complain of this, because you yourselves, in performing the marriage ceremony, say, "I pronounce you man and wife until death does you part." I think you ought not to take offense at what we say on this subject—we say your marriage ceremonies are of no binding effect in and after the resurrection, you make no pretensions of marrying for eternity. The fact is, you scorn and ridicule it. Before leaving this group of propositions with which I am dealing, I desire to say respecting this question of universal apostasy from the Christian faith—we can sustain the truth of that declaration from Scripture, from history, from the condition of the religious world at the opening of the nineteenth century. We have no anxiety about it, but we have not time on this occasion to enter into an argument on the justification of our attitude.
- 62. But, gentlemen, Christian gentlemen, what in reality is the difference between your attitude and ours in respect of the world at large, and the existence of the gospel in the earth, and consequences growing out of those respective attitudes? You proclaim, do you not, that there is no other name given under heaven whereby men can be saved except the name of Jesus Christ? You insist, do you not, that there must be acceptance of the gospel of Jesus Christ, and do you not hold that those who do not accept this gospel cannot receive the benefits of its salvation? Now then, after two thousand years of proselyting in the world, under the most favorable circumstances, what is the sum total of your achievements? Why, less than one-third of the inhabitants of the earth are even nominally Christians! and what is your attitude toward God's children whom you have not converted. Why, that they are lost. That is the inevitable result of your attitude and doctrine. Or else you must say that men can be saved without the gospel of Christ. Now the difference between your position and ours is simply this: The proposition that you present to the world at large, we present to you as well as to the rest of mankind—and you don't like your own medicine— with this exception, and it is a grand exception, one that goes far towards establishing the divine origin of this great latter-day work; the exception is this: that whereas, your attitude and principles condemn the great bulk of the human family to everlasting perdition—and I am going to talk to you about perdition in a little while, and point out what you mean by it—while you consign to eternal perdition, I say, the great bulk of our Father's children, we proclaim an "everlasting gospel," one that shall not only walk beside men through this life but through all the ages that are to come. You say in your review that we "contribute nothing to reverence for God, or to justice or mercy toward men." Well, here is one little item that "Mormonism" adds to the idea of justice and mercy, that is, we hold that in any age, now or a thousand years hence, or five thousand or ten thousand years hence, or ten million years hence—we hold that when an intelligence, a man, shall learn that it profiteth nothing to violate the law of God, but that it profiteth everything to yield obedience to that law, and repentance takes hold of him, and he stretches out his hands toward God—through the gospel of Jesus Christ, the hand of God will find the man's hand and bring him unto salvation. That is the difference between us, and I leave you to judge which smacks most of the inspiration and truth of heaven.
- 63. We take up now another group of propositions: It is complained by you, gentlemen, that the "Mormon" Church denies that the Christian churches have been representing Christ for 1,700 years, notwithstanding Christian martyrdoms, organized charities, the reforms the churches have fostered, the progress of mankind which Christians have chiefly promoted. I wish to explain briefly the attitude of the Church, with reference to this interregnum between the apostasy and the restoration of that gospel in the nineteenth century, through our prophet. Our position is this: While there was this universal apostasy, while the Church of Christ as an organization was destroyed, and replaced by the churches of men, yet just as when the sun goes down, there still remains light in the sky—so, too, notwithstanding this apostasy from the Church, there still were left fragments of truth among the children of men, and some measure of truth thank God, through his mercy, has always remained with man, not only with Christians but with all God's children. He has not left himself in any of the ages of the world without his witnesses, and he has sanctified all generations of men with some measure of the truth; therefore, when we proclaim this apostasy from the Christian religion and the destruction of the Church of Christ, it does not follow that we hold that all truth, that all virtue, had departed from the world, or that God had absolutely withdrawn from his creation. Not so. The light of truth burned in the bosom of good men; but it does not follow that because these fragments of truth remained there was necessarily the organized Church of Christ and divine authority in the world. These fragments of the truth could remain in the so-called Christian parts of the world, as we now know them to exist in what is called the heathen world. Relative to the reforms you claim that your churches have fostered and the progress of mankind which Christians have chiefly promoted, you are aware, gentlemen, that there is a certain class of thinkers among you—I mean in the Christian world, not among "Mormons"—you are aware that there is a school of thinkers among men who will tell you to your teeth, and they will come very nearly proving the truth of it, that such progress in civilization, in science, in arts, as the world has made in past ages, has not been made because of your churches, but in spite of them. They hold that your organizations have been found quite as often against the progress of truth as standing in support of it. Taking the whole time range into account, from the close of the second to the opening
- 64. of the nineteenth century, it would puzzle you to meet their evidence and argument. It is claimed that the brevity of our Address not only leaves much to be desired, but that it is "positively misleading." First, our reviewers claim that the address is misleading on the subject of revelation. Still these reviewers are able to quote from the Address as follows: "The theology of our Church is the theology taught by Jesus Christ and his apostles, the theology of Scripture and reason. It not only acknowledges the sacredness of ancient Scripture, and the binding force of divinely inspired acts and utterances in ages past; but also declares that God now speaks to man in this final gospel dispensation." That seems quite explicit to me. But, commenting upon the passage, the reviewers say: "Under this declaration lies the claim of the 'Mormon' Church— constantly insisted upon in its congregation here and in surrounding regions—that the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, the Pearl of Great Price, together with the living oracles—i.e., certain members of the priesthood—are divinely inspired and are, therefore, of equal authority with the Bible. This claim, a knowledge of which is so necessary to even a tolerable understanding of their system of belief, is not plainly and explicitly set forth in the declaration of doctrine contained in the Address, but it has repeated and urgent emphasis in their teachings in 'Mormon' communities." Now, be honest, gentlemen, is it not repeated everywhere with just as much emphasis as in "Mormon" communities in Utah? Isn't it a universal proclamation that we make to the world? You know it is, and you prove that it is from the very works you quote to establish the fact that we believe in that doctrine, and which are of world-wide circulation. It was a vile effort at misrepresentation on your part to make it appear otherwise. But on the subject of revelation, let us go to the Address itself. What is said upon the subject of revelation is found on pages three and four, and fourteen and fifteen: "Our religion is founded on the revelations of God," * * * "It," [the Church of Christ] "not only acknowledges the sacredness of ancient Scripture, and the binding force of divinely-inspired acts and utterances in
- 65. ages past; but also declares that God now speaks to man in this final gospel dispensation." At page 14 of the Address this is said: "It is sometimes urged that the permanent realization of such a desire [i.e., to live in peace with our fellow citizens] is impossible, since the Latter-day Saints hold as a principle of their faith that God now reveals himself to man, as in ancient times; that the priesthood of the Church constitute a body of men who have each for himself, in the sphere in which he moves, special right to such revelation; that the president of the Church is recognized as the only person through whom divine communication will come as law and doctrine to the religious body; that such revelation may come at any time, upon any subject, spiritual or temporal, as God wills; and finally that, in the mind of every faithful Latter-day Saint, such revelation, in whatsoever it counsels, advises, or commands, is paramount." Now, gentlemen, will you tell me how we could be more frank or explicit on the subject of revelation? And when you charge that in this document we have not dealt candidly with the subject of revelation, why did you not quote this passage I have just read, with the other passages that you have quoted? Were you not trying to do a little misleading on your own account? Did you deal quite fairly with the Address when you failed to quote this very explicit passage just read? Complaint is made about our belief in "Living Oracles" in the Church, i.e., certain members of the priesthood who are divinely inspired, and who may interpret the revelations and the laws of the Church. Well, gentlemen, why do you complain of that? Books do not make churches. How came we by the ancient scriptures? The Old and the New Testament, I mean. We are instructed in the Scriptures that no scripture is of private interpretation, but that "holy men of God spake as they were moved upon by the Holy Ghost," hence your Old Testament and your New Testament. They came into existence exactly in the same way that our scripture is coming into existence. The living oracles make scripture; scriptures do not make living oracles. And that is what is the matter with you, gentlemen; you have been relying upon books instead of relying upon the fountain source of all wisdom, truth and knowledge, the inspiration and
- 66. revelation of God to the human soul. You are book-made teachers, rather than God-made teachers. That is the difference between the living oracles in the Church of Christ and those who speak as the Scribes and Pharisees were wont to speak. The people in ancient times were able to discern the difference; for they said of Jesus that he spoke as one having authority, and not as the Scribes and the Pharisees. We are in harmony with the whole course of God's dealings with his children in this matter of developing his word in his Church. Yes, we have living oracles in the Church, thank God; and when they speak as moved upon by the Holy Ghost their utterances are the very word of God; and when the teachings and discourses of the elders of the Church shall have been sifted and tried in the fire of time, much that they have said will prove to be scripture, and thus the Church of Christ of this dispensation shall make scriptures, just as the Church of Christ of former dispensations has done. Now I read to you another passage from this review. Complaint is made against our address upon the ground that it treats very briefly—all too briefly, the doctrines of the Church. I do not know but what it is open to just criticism on that ground; for our doctrines are but stated, as you may say, in headlines. I presume the Presidency of the Church did not think the occasion called for an elaborate exposition of the principles of our faith, with chapter and verse given for warrant of the authority on which they rested. But the Church had been under the fire of severe criticism for a period of four years or more. Its doctrines had been assailed, the practices of its people had been misrepresented, their character traduced, and their "whole course of conduct reprobated and condemned." Taking these circumstances under advisement, the Presidency of the Church thought, I presume, the time propitious for an utterance which would in outline tell the world what we believed, and correct the misunderstanding that obtained respecting our past history and present position. The address was not designed, as I understand it, to be a complete exposition of our faith, but a declaration of our present attitude. On the doctrine of the Godhead these Christian gentlemen, our reviewers, think that the statement of the Address to the effect that we believe in the Godhead, comprising the three individual personages—Father, Son and Holy Ghost—is a declaration that will not perhaps suggest Tritheism or
- 67. materialism to Christians unfamiliar with "Mormon" "theological terms." "But," they continue, "when the full doctrine of the Deity, as taught in 'Mormon' congregations, is known, it will at once be seen that no Christian can accept it. In fact," they say, "the 'Mormon' Church teaches that God the Father has a material body of flesh and bone; that Adam is the God of the human race; that this Adam-God was physically begotten by another God; that the Gods were once as we are now; that there is a great multiplicity of Gods; that Jesus Christ was physically begotten by the heavenly Father of Mary, his wife; that as we have a heavenly Father, so also we have a heavenly mother; that Jesus himself was married, and was probably a polygamist." Let me say, in treating this group of statements, that these gentlemen nowhere support these allegations by citations from our authoritative works that the Church accepts as binding in doctrine; but they do quote the commentaries of men, which often express only individual opinions. I might dismiss this group of charges against the "Mormon" Church, therefore, by this statement of the case: the Church is not bound to defend any doctrine that is not explicitly found in the works of the Church setting forth authoritatively her doctrines. But I do not propose to dismiss the charges in any such fashion. I propose to grapple with them, and meet them, I trust to your satisfaction and to the satisfaction of these gentlemen. First, as to God having a body of flesh and bone—being a material personage. I want to find out what there is wrong, unscriptural, unphilosophical or immoral about that doctrine. And for the purpose of this discussion, I am going to put in contrast to our belief, that God is a spirit inhabiting a body of flesh and bone—an exalted, a perfected man, if you will—the statement of the belief of these reviewers as to the nature of God. And, by the way, they are so nearly at one upon this doctrine, that the Church of England's creed, the statement of the Episcopal church on the doctrine, will be acceptable, I doubt not, to them all. On this subject these gentlemen hold: "There is but one living and true God, everlasting, without body"—and that term "body," by the way, does not mean to deny that God has a body in fashion like man's; but it means that he is not matter, not material. Continuing then—"without body, parts or passions; of infinite power, wisdom and goodness, the Maker and Preserver of all things, both
- 68. visible and invisible. And in unity of this Godhead there be three Persons of one substance, power and eternity: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost." Of Jesus the creed says: "The Son, which is the Word of the Father, begotten from everlasting of the Father, the very and eternal God, and of one substance with the Father, took man's nature in the womb of the blessed virgin, of her substance: so that two whole and perfect natures, that is to say, the Godhead and Manhood, were joined together in one Person, never to be divided, whereof is one Christ very God and very Man." Again: "Christ did truly rise again from death, and took again his body, with flesh, bones, and all things appertaining to the perfection of man's nature; wherewith he ascended into heaven, and there sitteth, until he return to judge all men at the last day." Mark what is said here of Jesus. You say that "the Godhead and manhood" in Jesus "were joined together in one person," that is, his spirit and his body are united, never to be severed or disunited. Now I put to you this question: Is the Lord Jesus Christ God? Yes, you must answer. Then is not God an exalted man according to your creed? Listen—and this is your belief as expressed in your creed—"Christ did truly rise again from death, and took again his body, with flesh, bones, and all things appertaining to the perfection of man's nature; wherewith he ascended into heaven, and there sitteth, until he return to judge all men at the last day." According to this statement of the matter, Jesus has not been dissolved into some spiritual, immaterial essence, and widely diffused throughout the universe as some spiritual presence. No; he is a substantial, resurrected personage, a united spirit and body; and "The Godhead, and Manhood" that are united in the Christ—the humanity and the divinity—are "never to be divided." He is recognized and worshiped by you, gentlemen, as "very God and very man." This, of course, scarcely meets the description of the first paragraph of the creed used here, where God is declared to be not matter,
- 69. that is "without body, parts or passions." But then that contradiction is your affair, your trouble, not ours. It is enough that I call your attention to the fact that the second part of your creed leads you closely to the "Mormon" doctrine that God is an exalted, perfected man, since Jesus, according to your creed, is God, and yet a resurrected man sitting in heaven until his return to judge all men at the last day. And now as to there being more Gods than one. We believe the Scripture which says that Jesus was the brightness of God's glory, "and the express image of his person" (Heb. 1:3). And as we know what kind of a person the Christ is, who "possessed all the fulness of the Godhead bodily;" and who, when he declared that all power in heaven and in earth had been given unto him, and he was in the act of sending his disciples into all the world to teach and baptize in the authority of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—was a resurrected, immortal man, of spirit, flesh and bone. And since, I say, the scripture teaches that the Son was the express image of the Father's person, we conclude that the Father must be a personage of spirit, flesh and bone, just as the Son, Jesus, is. Indeed your Athanasian creed says that "such as the Father is, such is the Son;" and of course, it follows that, such as the Son is, such is the Father; that is, the Father is a personage of spirit, flesh and bone, united in one person, "very God and very man," just as Jesus is. And there are two separate personages, each distinct from the other in person, two individuals, but both of the same divine nature; and if two separate personages, individuals, may participate in the one divine nature, it logically follows that a larger number than two or three may participate in that nature. And hence the Scriptures represent in many places the existence of a plurality of divine personages, how many we do not know, and it does not matter. But we hear of God saying, "Let us make man in our image; the man has become as one of us, knowing good and evil;" "God standeth in the congregation of the Mighty, he judgeth among the Gods. * * * I have said Ye are Gods, and all of you are children of the most High." The last a passage of the Psalms, quoted and defended by the Savior as a justification of his own claim to sonship with God. And now, if the great archangel, Michael, or Adam, is among that number of exalted, divine souls, what more fitting than that the father of the human race shall become the great, presiding patriarch of our earth and its redeemed inhabitants; and the one
- 70. with whom our race would most immediately have to do? What sacrilege is there in this thought? Is it not reasonable that it should be so? Of your nonsense of one being three, and three being but one, we will say nothing, except to remark that you must reform your arithmetic, if you expect sensible people to pay attention to your doctrines. One other item in which we offend these reverend gentlemen is that we believe Jesus had a Father as well as a mother. Now, gentlemen, honestly, is it any worse for him to have had a Father than it is for him to have had a mother? You concede that he had a mother; that his body grew as yours did, in the womb of his mother; that he came forth of the womb by birth pains; that he suckled at the breast of woman; that through the months and years of infant weakness he was watched and guided by the hand of a loving mother. Tell me, is it true, that in your philosophy of things it is all right for Jesus to have a mother, but a terrible sin and blasphemy to think of him as having a father? Is not fatherhood as sacred and holy as motherhood? Listen, people, there is something else. Having objected to our idea of Jesus having a father, these peculiarly pious gentlemen turn now and object to our faith because we believe that we have for our spirits a heavenly mother as well as a heavenly father! They quote, in part, that splendid hymn of ours on heavenly motherhood, the great throbbing hunger of woman's soul, and which was given to this world through the inspired mind of Eliza R. Snow; the hymn is known to us as "O My Father." In the Scripture we read: "We have had fathers of the flesh, and we did give them reverence, shall we not much rather be subject to the Father of spirits and live?" So that we know we have had a father to our spirits; but because we hold that the spirits of men have also a mother in heaven, as well as a father, behold these reviewers complain against us. Now, observe the peculiar position of these critics: It is all right for Jesus to have a mother; but it is all wrong for him to have a father. On the other hand, it is all right for men's spirits to have a Father in heaven, but our reviewers object to our doctrine of their also having a mother there. I sometimes wonder what in the world is the matter with you, gentlemen. I am puzzled to classify your views, or the kind of beings with which you people heaven. One of your own number, however, has thrown some light upon that subject, and has so
- 71. classified you—saving me the trouble—as to enable us to understand to some extent your peculiar views. I have a book here that I am going to use in this controversy. It is a new one. I got it three days ago, and have read it nearly through in order to be prepared for this occasion. It is the work of Rev. R. J. Campbell, of City Temple, London, and it is a treatise on the New Theology, just now much talked of in Europe. He describes ministers of the gospel and gives them the classification referred to a moment since, and which I think must needs be all right, since it comes from a minister. He takes the average business man of England, naming him "John Smith," for convenience, and he says this about John: "John Smith, with whom we used to go to school, and who has since developed into a stolid British man of business, with few ideas and a tendency toward conservatism—John is a stalwart, honest, commonplace kind of person, of whom brilliant things were never prophesied and who has never been guilty of any. His wife and children go to church on Sundays. John seldom goes himself, because it bores him, but he likes to know that religion is being attended to, and he does not want to hear that his clergyman is attempting any daring flights. He has a good-natured contempt for clergymen in general, because he feels somewhat that, like women, they have to be treated with half-fictitious reverence, but that they do not count for much in the ordinary affairs of life, they are a sort of a third sex." Now, ladies, I ask you to remember, in passing, that I am reading the words of somebody else; their are not my words. The phrase "half-fictitious reverence" is not mine. I think we ought to have real reverence for women; no fictitious reverence at all. The ministers are here in this passage described as "a sort of third sex," and I am inclined to think that is right; for when a man in one case objects to a person having a father, and in another case considers it altogether unholy for persons to have a mother, I do not know how else to classify him but as "a sort of third sex"-kind of a man. There seems to be objection in the review to the idea of the marriage relation existing in heaven and subsisting between divine beings. Loud complaint is made, if you hold that the intelligences of heaven obey the law
- 72. of marriage. Let me ask you, Christian gentlemen, Who instituted marriage? You will answer, God. Is it holy or unholy? Did God institute an unholy thing and command men to engage in it? You will have to say that marriage is holy, since God instituted it. Very good. Then if it is holy, how do you make it out that it will be unholy for divine personages to practice it? Is it not just as good for divine personages as for you imperfect men? Can it be that your ideas of the relationship of the sexes are so impure that you must needs regard that association as so unholy as to be unworthy of divine beings? Let me read to you what a great English author—Jeremy Taylor— says on this subject of, marriage: "Marriage is the mother of the world and preserves kingdoms, and fills cities and churches, and heaven itself. Like the useful bee, it builds a house and gathers sweetness from every flower, and labors and unites into societies and republics, and sends out colonies, and feeds the world with delicacies, and obeys and keeps order, and exercises many virtues and promotes the interest of mankind, and is that state of good to which God hath designed the present constitution of the world." Now, you prate to us about our belief, or the belief of some of us at least, that divine personages are in this holy relationship. But tell me what it is that has been the great civilizing force of this and all other ages? What is it that best tempers man, and fits him for the society of his fellows and for holy communion with God? There is no force within the experience of man, that is so beneficial or ennobling to him as the love and devotion of a pure, good woman; and for woman there is nothing that is so sanctifying as the love of an upright, honorable man, whose arm protects her and whose love shields her from the evils of the world. These relations, blessed with the pledges of their affection in off-spring, complete the circle of man's happiness, and greatness, and exaltation of spirit in this world. It is the civilizing force that stands pre-eminent above all others. And that which sanctifies man here in this world may be trusted not to degrade him in the eternities that are to come, but, on the contrary, will contribute to his exaltation and his eternal glory. That is our faith, at least, and we would not change it for all the sexless, hermaphrodite existences that your warped minds paint in such glowing colors.
- 73. We offend again in our doctrine that men are of the same race with the divine personages we call Gods. Great stress is laid upon the idea that we believe that "as man is, God once was, and as God now is, man may become." The world usually shouts "blasphemy" and "sacrilege" at one when he talks of such a possibility. But the world moves, I am happy to say. Just now, in England, especially, there is a thought-revolution under way. Some have declared that in importance and extent it is as great as was the revolution of the sixteenth century, led by Martin Luther. The present recognized leader of this movement is the Rev. R. J. Campbell, of the City Temple, London, whose book I referred to a moment ago. This "New Theology," so-called, has the outspoken support of the Christian Commonwealth, of London, a publication of wide influence. A "Society for the Encouragement of Progressive Religious Thought" has been organized to champion the ideas of the "New Theology." Mr. Campbell numbers among his champions Dr. John Clifford, the leading figure in the English Baptist church, also Dr. R. F. Horton, chairman of the London Congregational Union. In America, his sympathizers and opponents seem to be equally numerous. Mr. W. T. Stead, of the Review of Reviews, compares the present theological ardor in London with that which marked Alexandria in the days of Athanasius, "when fishmongers at their stalls discussed the doctrine of the trinity." The strife of tongues has reached even to Germany, where Prof. Harnack, the eminent theologian, interprets it as a proof that the "formal theology of the creeds [your creeds, gentlemen,] is being gradually displaced by the vital theology of experience." I want to read to you some key-words of this new theology which is making its way among all churches. It is' not an organized movement. No one appears to know whence it springs. Indeed, it is spoken of as being one of those pulsations of the "cosmic mind" which moves over the people at intervals and proclaims some great truth. Now, you will be astonished at the fundamental truth of this new movement, and the great number of people who are accepting it as the "theology of experience." Its fundamental principle is the recognition of the identity between human nature and the divine nature. In proof of it, I submit the following passages:
- 74. "Whence springs the deep-seated hostility of so man, of the representatives of labor to the churches? It can only be from the fact that organized religion has, in the immediate past, lost sight of its own fundamental, the divineness of man." (Rev. R. J. Campbell, in Hibbert Journal, April, 1907, p. 487.) "When the man with a burdened conscience comes to us for relief, let us tell him that we all bear the burden together, and that until he becomes a Christ all the love in the universe will come to his help and share his struggle. His burden is ours, the burden of the Christ incarnate for the redemption of the world." (Ibid, p. 493.) "The starting point in the New Theology is belief in the immanence of God, and the essential oneness of God and man. * * * We believe man to be a revelation of God, and the universe one means to the self- manifestation of God. * * * * We believe that there is no real distinction between humanity and the Deity. "Our being is the same as God's, although our consciousness of it is limited. * * * The new theology holds that human nature should be interpreted in terms of its own highest nature, therefore it reverences Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ was divine, 'but so are we.' * * * Every man is a potential Christ, or rather a manifestation of the eternal Christ. * * * The new theology * * * is the gospel of the humanity of God and the divinity of man." (Campbell, London Daily Mail, quoted in Current Literature, April, 1907.) "I shall continue to feel compelled to believe that the power which produced Jesus must be at least equal to Jesus, so Jesus becomes my gateway to the innermost of God. When I look at him I say to myself, God is that, and if I can only get down to the truth about myself I shall find that I am too. * * * In him (Jesus) the humanity was divinity and divinity humanity. * * * But you make him only a man! No, reader, I do not. I make him the only man, and there is a difference. We have only seen perfect manhood once, and that was the manhood of Jesus. The rest of us have got to get there. * * * We have to get rid of the dualism which will insist on putting humanity and Deity into two separate categories.
- 75. "Unitarians used to declare that Jesus was man, not God." Trinitarianism maintained that he was God and man; the older Christian thought as well as the youngest regards him as God in man— God manifest in the flesh. But here emerges a great point of difference between the new theology on the one hand and traditional orthodoxy on the other. The latter would restrict the description 'God manifest in the flesh' to Jesus alone; the new theology would extend it in a lesser degree to all humanity, and would maintain that in the end it will be as true of every individual soul as it ever was of Jesus. Indeed, it is this belief that gives value and significance to the earthly mission of Jesus —he came to show us what we potentially are." (The New Theology, Campbell, pp. 82, 83.) There is much more to the same effect, which I now pass. I am now going to read to you from a higher authority than Mr. Campbell— from a man of science, a man whose intellectual powers sway the religious thought of many thousands in Great Britain, the thoughts of many more people than Mr. Campbell sways. I refer to Sir Oliver Lodge, who says in the Hibbert Journal, one of the foremost publications in the world on the subject of theology and philosophy, with reference to the divinity of Jesus, and the identity of the divine and human nature: "The conception of the Godhead formed by some divine philosophers and mystics has quite rightly been so immeasurably vast, though still assuredly utterly inadequate and necessarily beneath reality, that the notion of a God revealed in human form—born, suffering, tormented, killed—has been utterly incredible. 'A crucified prophet, yes; but a crucified God! I shudder at the blasphemy,' is a known quotation which I cannot now verify; yet that apparent blasphemy is the soul of Christianity. It calls upon us to recognize and worship a crucified, an executed God. * * * The world is full of men. What the world wants is a God. Behold the God! (referring of course, to Jesus,) 'The divinity of Jesus' is the truth which now requires to be re-perceived, to be illuminated afresh by new knowledge, to be cleansed and revivified by the wholesome flood of skepticism which has poured over it; it can be freed now from all trace of groveling superstition, and can be
- 76. recognized freely and enthusiastically; the divinity of Jesus, (Mark you —'the divinity of Jesus') and of all other noble and saintly souls, in so far as they too have been inflamed by a spark of Divinity—in so far as they too can be recognized as manifestations of the Divine." (Hibbert Journal for April, 1906, pp. 654-5.) That is the doctrine, gentlemen, that is sweeping the earth, "the divinity of Jesus," and the divinity of "all other noble and saintly souls"—the kinship of men and God. That is "Mormonism," and it was proclaimed by the great prophet of the nineteenth century, half a century before these modern minds were awakened to its grandeur and to its uplifting power. I rejoice to see it running in the earth to be glorified, for in it I recognize the very root principle of all religion and out of it grow all the relations that link us with all that is pure, uplifting and divine. Now, do not misunderstand me. There is much nonsense in this "New Theology;" but this root principle of it is true, and it is in accord with the principles that Joseph Smith proclaimed years ago. The doctrine of the immanence of God in the world, by which we mean the universe and the divinity of man, instead of its having its origin some fifteen or twenty years ago, and now finding expression in the beautiful diction of Mr. Campbell and Sir Oliver Lodge and others, it was taught by the Prophet Joseph Smith, at least over seventy years ago. Concerning the immanence of God, he taught the following in 1832: He first represents that the spirit of Christ is "in all and through all things, the light of truth; which truth shineth." Then he adds: "This is the light of Christ. As also he is in the sun, and the light of the sun, and the power thereof by which it was made. As also he is in the moon, and is the light of the moon, and the power thereof by which it was made. As also the light of the stars, and the power thereof by which they were made. And the earth also, and the power thereof, even the earth upon which you stand. And the light which now shineth, which giveth you light, is through him who enlighteneth your eyes, which is the same light that quickeneth your understandings; which light proceedeth forth from the presence of God to fill the immensity of space. The light which is in all things; which giveth life to all
- 77. things; which is the law by which all things are governed; even the power of God who sitteth upon his throne, who is in the bosom of eternity, who is in the midst of all things." The prophet further declared, in 1833, that "the elements are eternal, and spirit and element inseparably connected receive a fullness of joy. The elements are the tabernacle of God; yea, man is the tabernacle of God, even temples." Again, I say, there is much in the so-called "New Theology" which we cannot accept, such as the denial of the atonement, its treatment of the Scriptures and the like, but in so far as these fundamental principles of it are concerned—the immanence of God in the world, and the identity of the race of man and divine beings—there can be no question as to their accuracy. And those Christian people who are not accepting these ideas are not moving forward with the far-flung thought-line of God's revelations on these matters. We next come to the subject of priesthood. It is declared by the reviewers that the teaching of the Church upon this important doctrine is not candidly set forth in our Address. Then they give us a long line of quotations, most of them from the Seer, upon the subject of priesthood; and insist that the priesthood involves the possession and exercise of arbitrary power in all things, in things both spiritual and temporal. I read to you a passage or two from the Address on the subject of priesthood that you may see the injustice of this charge: "We affirm that to administer in the ordinances of the gospel, the authority must be given of God; and that this authority is the power of the holy priesthood. "We affirm that through the ministration of immortal personages, the holy priesthood has been conferred upon men in the present age, and that under this divine authority the Church of Christ has been organized." The reviewers quote this far, and then stop to remark—but without returning to quote again from the Address—"so it is declared; but the
- 78. teaching of the Church on this important doctrine is not herein candidly set forth." Then why did not you reviewers go to another part of the document where the matter is more explicitly set forth and quote that? Following the fragment you do quote occurs this passage which declares the express purposes for which the priesthood was given: "We proclaim the objects of this organization to be, the preaching of the gospel in all the world, the gathering of scattered Israel, and the preparation of a people for the coming of the Lord." But you reviewers say this "power extends not only to things spiritual, but to secular matters as well." Within certain limitations, granted; and the acknowledgment of the fact is found in the Address itself which you charge with being uncandid. Here is the passage: "That the Church claims the right to counsel and advise her members in temporal as well as in spiritual affairs is admitted. Leading Church officials, men of practical experience in pioneer life, have aided the people in establishing settlements throughout the inter-mountain west, and have given them, gratuitously, the benefit of their broader knowledge of things, through counsel and direction, which the people have followed to their advantage; and both the wisdom of the leaders and the good sense of the people are vindicated in the results achieved. All this has been done without the exercise of arbitrary power. It has resulted from wise counsels, persuasively given and willingly followed." But you insist that there is "tyranny and arbitrary ruler-ship" over a community which indorses the priesthood's high claims. I deny the existence of such tyranny as a fact among the "Mormon" people who indorse the priesthood's high claims; and I deny the existence of arbitrary power as a doctrine of the Church, and so does the Address which you pretend to review. Here is the passage: "We deny the existence of arbitrary power in the Church" [why didn't you gentlemen quote that]; "and this because its government is moral government purely, and its forces are applied through kindness, reason,
- 79. and persuasion. Government by consent of the governed is the rule of the Church." Following is a summary of the word of the Lord, setting forth the principles on which the Church government is to be administered: "The rights of the priesthood are inseparably connected with the powers of heaven, and the powers of heaven cannot be controlled nor handled only upon the principles of righteousness. That they may be conferred upon men, it is true; but when they undertake to cover their sins, or gratify their pride, their vain ambition, or exercise control, or dominion, or compulsion, upon the souls of the children of men, in any degree of unrighteousness, the Spirit of the Lord is grieved; and when it is withdrawn, amen to the priesthood or the authority of that man. No power or influence can or ought to be maintained by virtue of the priesthood, only by persuasion, by longsuffering, by gentleness, and meekness, and by love unfeigned; by kindness, and pure knowledge, which shall greatly enlarge the soul without hypocrisy and without guile." Gentlemen, those are our principles. Why didn't you quote them fairly and fully, instead of charging arbitrary power, when it is expressly denied by what we regard as the very word of God? Honestly, now, did you deal fairly with us when you came to this part of your review? But, you say, "given the power of the 'Mormon' priesthood, that it should not be used is incompatible with the known facts of human nature." Well, if it does attempt arbitrary power, it will be in violation of our principles, and not in harmony with them; and that fact furnishes a basis for the correction of any abuses that may arise. And while it is true that here and there, throughout a long experience, there may have been individual instances of the exercise of arbitrary rule in the Church, yet speaking for the priesthood of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as a whole, I challenge you to duplicate the same honorable conduct anywhere within the experience of men, where those entrusted with power have so uniformly abstained from abusing it while exercising the functions of government. The Latter-day Saints love their leaders, living and dead, and not without cause, I assure you; for these men have labored in season and out of season, persuading, counseling,
- 80. advising, and guarding the interests of their people with an unselfishness that tells us something of the love of God, and that without effort at personal aggrandizement or enrichment. The lives and labors of the priesthood are a vindication of its divine origin and spirit. The review further says that when once "the Church's claim for its priesthood is allowed, the claim of jurisdiction in civil matters logically follows." But, gentlemen, why did you not point out the fact, or at least admit it in some form, that the address you were reviewing emphatically excepted out of its jurisdiction the sphere of civil government? You could have edified those whom you are so anxious to enlighten with such passages as these: "The laws which ye have received from my hand are the laws of the Church, and in this light ye shall hold them forth." That is to say, no law or rule enacted, or revelation received by the Church, has been promulgated for the state. Such laws and revelations as have been given are solely for the government of the Church. On the subject of the relations of the Church and the State the Address says: "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints holds to the doctrine of the separation of church and state; the non-interference of church authority in political matters; and the absolute freedom and independence of the individual in the performance of his political duties. If, at any time, there has been conduct at variance with this doctrine, it has been in violation of the well-settled principles and policy of the Church. "We declare that from principle and policy, we favor: "The absolute separation of church and state; "No domination of the state by the Church; "No church interference with the functions of the state;
- 81. "No state interference with the functions of the church, or with the free exercise of religion; "The absolute freedom of the individual from the domination of ecclesiastical authority in political affairs; "The equality of all churches before the law." Again I read from the review, and this time I deal with a passage which the reviewers themselves say "dwarfs everything mentioned in the Address." We shall see what comes of it: "Apparently the foundation of the 'Mormon' Church is in the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, the Pearl of Great Price, and the testimony of the living oracles delivered from time to time. But whoever digs down to the lowermost foundation will find that, at last, everything rests upon the reported visions of Joseph Smith. When any matter of vital importance is presented for the belief of mankind, if that matter, either in its nature or the circumstances attending it, lies very much outside the ordinary, a due regard for human intelligence demands that, whatever testimony is produced in support of it shall be buttressed by corroborative evidence. But here we have a system of religion which claims sole authority as being alone divinely accredited. It asks for the acceptance of mankind on the ground of being so accredited. It anathematizes all who finally reject it. Yet this religion, making such an astonishing claim, is founded upon the unsupported assertion of a young person whose probity was never so well established that his naked word would be taken concerning any matter transcending ordinary observation and experience; and that assertion touches supernatural appearances, and messages which, if true, are of the most profound importance to mankind; and yet that assertion is wholly without corroborative evidence." Gentlemen—Christian gentlemen—you who are such sticklers for candor— have you spoken truly here, and in a matter which you say dwarfs everything else mentioned in the Address? What of the testimony of three certain witnesses, who claim that they stood with Joseph Smith wrapt in open vision, in the light of day; who give their most solemn asseveration
- 82. that a holy angel came into their presence on that occasion, laid before them certain ancient documents, turned over the leaves, conversed with them, and at the same time they heard the voice of God saying that the translation of the Book of Mormon by Joseph Smith was true, and commanded them to bear witness of it to all the world—which they did, over their own signatures, and that testimony is printed in every edition of the Book of Mormon? What of the testimony of eight other witnesses, to whom Joseph Smith handed the book of plates, and they handled and hefted them, and passed them one to the other, and examined the engravings thereon; and they gave their testimony to the world to this effect, which testimony has been published with every edition of the Book of Mormon given to the world. Did you overlook this corroborative testimony? Is it true that you gave so slight attention to the subject you were reviewing that you could make a misstatement of the kind just mentioned? Were you so unacquainted with it? Must we think you so dull? If we acquit you of stupidity, what then? Must we not think of you as uttering falsehood? What of the testimony of Oliver Cowdery, who stood wrapt in vision in the Kirtland temple with Joseph Smith? And of Sidney Rigdon, wrapt in vision with Joseph Smith, from which resulted their conjoint testimony concerning that grandest of revelations ever given to man on the doctrine of the future degrees of glory in which men will live in the eternities? I do not desire to use harsh language; I will not say that you wilfully, maliciously, ponderously and atrociously lied; because while all that might be true, one would be accused of harshness if he said it; but I will say that you have economized the truth, and you may settle it with your own consciences. Our subject increases in interest as you get into it, and perhaps it is well it is so, else your interest might falter. We come now to a very interesting topic —that of polygamy. This is the darling theme of the reviewers, and so we will not slight it by saying nothing about it. I had best read what they say on this point: "We have no means of knowing to what extent the practice of plural marriage has been discontinued in the 'Mormon' Church, since no records of such marriages are kept by the Church that are accessible to the public. That there have been instances of such marriages ever since the agreement of the Church to discontinue them, we know; that they
- 83. cannot be celebrated without the sanction of the Church accredited officials, is unquestioned; that, so far as the public knowledge goes, no officials who may have celebrated such marriages have been disciplined therefor is certain." Throughout one cannot help believing that these gentlemen are not quite candid with reference to this subject. I do not believe that in the State of Utah there is any one, in the Church or out of it, who does not believe that the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has stopped the practice of, or sanctioning and performing plural marriages. I am of the opinion that everybody is settled in his conviction in relation to that matter. It requires time for the settlement of such questions as those involved in the system of plural marriage, as once practiced in the Church. No proclamation is at first understood. Differences of opinion and variety of interpretation are bound to exist concerning matters of this description. And when the announcement was made in President Woodruff's manifesto of the discontinuance of plural marriage, and the advice was given that our people should contract no marriages contrary to the law, the question arose in the minds of some whether that prohibition was not limited to marriages within the United States, and whether by refraining from contracting such marriages within the United States would not fulfill the covenant and agreement implied in the manifesto. The matter was discussed pro and con. Ultimately, however, the conclusion was inevitable that the manifesto forbade plural marriages in all the world; because the Church is not a local Church: it is not the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for the United States alone; but it is a world-wide Church; and when its general conference speaks, it speaks for the entire Church in all the world. Hence, I say, the conclusion was inevitable that plural marriages were everywhere forbidden; and when some men held tenaciously to the view that that was not the case, but that the Church fulfilled her agreement to discontinue plural marriage by abstaining from performing plural marriages within the United States—when that view was persisted in, I say, there was but one thing left, and that was to conclude that such persons were out of harmony with the Church. Two of the twelve apostles held that view; they were declared by their associates to be out of harmony with their brethren in these matters, they tendered their resignations which were accepted; and
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