PRACTICAL-RESEARCH-2_Q1_Mod1-V2-edited.pdf

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Quarter 1 - Module 1
Nature of Inquiry and Research
CO_Q1_Practical Research 2_Module 1
Senior High School

Practical Research 2- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1– Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research
First Edition, 2020
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Practical Research 2
Quarter 1 - Module 1
Nature of Inquiry and Research
Senior High School

Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

1 CO_Q1_Practical Research 2_Module 1
What I Need to Know
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Describe the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative
research (CS_RS12-Ia-c-1);
2. Illustrate the importance of quantitative research across field (CS_RS12-Ia-c-2);
3. Differentiate the kinds of variables and their uses (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3);
What I Know
Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?
A. Its results are taken from a sample can be generalized to the population.
B. It delivers an in-depth understanding of the problem or study.
C. It provides a more credible and reliable result.
D. It involves statistical analysis of numerical data.
2. In an experiment, which group does not receive intervention?
A. The treatment group C. The control group
B. The participant group D. The experimental group
3. Which of the following research questions could be answered by using quantitative
research methods?
A. What is the most popular social media platform used by Senior High School
students?
B. How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected career choices among college
students?
C. What are the factors affecting depressive behavior?
D. None of the above.
4. Which statement below illustrates a weakness of quantitative research?
A. The responses of the participants are limited to what has been asked and the
choices given.
B. The researcher's perspective can influence interpretation of results.
C. Data gathering takes too much time.
D. There is low degree of subjectivity.
5. Which of the following is NOT a strength of quantitative research?
A. Speedy data analysis
B. Less expensive
C. Replicable
D. Objective

For items 6 and 7, identify whether the given research topic is:
A. Correlational C. Descriptive
B. Quasi- experimental D. Experimental
6. Determination of the degree of satisfaction of parents, teachers, and students on the
online and modular blended learning
7. The effects of non-renewal of the ABS-CBN franchise to the average television viewing
time of housewives
8. Which type of quantitative research seeks to determine relationship of one characteristic
to the other?
A. Correlational C. Ex-post facto
B. Experimental D. Descriptive
9. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the importance of Quantitative
Research?
A. It helps educators identify ways to improve learning
B. It helps improve crop production using safe organic fertilizers
C. It helps pharmaceutical companies explore safe and effective medicines
D. It helps understand victims of domestic violence perception of satisfaction
For items 10 to 12, determine if the statement is:
A. Always true C. Never true
B. Sometimes true D. Cannot be identified
10. A nominal variable is expressed in numbers.
11. The independent and dependent variables are applicable to ALL quantitative studies.
12. Dependent variables can be manipulated.
13. A group of students would like to know if spending time with a cat or dog decreases
the amount of stress and allows students to perform better on tests. Which of the
following is an extraneous variable?
A. Student’s feeling towards the cat or dog
B. Amount of time spent with a cat or dog
C. Test scores of students
D. Amount of stress
14. A famous vlogger wanted to know if changing the content of his vlogs (food review,
travel, study tips, etc.) will affect the number of views per uploaded video. The number
of views per uploaded video is the:
A. Confounding variable
B. Independent variable
C. Dependent variable
D. Continuous variable
15. Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?
A. Learning modality used
B. Student’s test score
C. Student’s height
D. Student’s IQ

Lesson
1
INTRODUCTION TO
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
What’s In
Practical Research I introduced you to the two main classifications of research
methods: quantitative and qualitative. You have learned that qualitative research is more of
describing a phenomenon in a narrative; hence, the data collected can be in the form of words,
images, or transcripts taken from a small sample, not generalizable to the population.
Choosing a small sample size makes room for in-depth data collection and interpretation. In
this lesson, you will learn about quantitative analysis, a more formal, objective, and systematic
approach to obtaining answers to a question or problem of the study.
What I Need to Know
Vital to the conduct of a quantitative research project is a deep understanding of its
characteristics. When you know its strengths and different classifications, you will be able to
identify what kind of questions you should ask and what approach is most suited to find
answers to these questions. The identification of its weaknesses, on the other hand, aids in
recognizing the questions or topics that are inappropriate to this course. At the end of this
lesson, you will have a good grasp of quantitative research that will prepare you in crafting a
good research study and instrumental to building lifelong skills.
What’s New
Activity 1: Finding clues
Directions: Group the following word clues if they are characteristics of Quantitative Research
(Box A) or Qualitative Research (Box B).
1. Measurable 6. Text-based 11. Subjective
2. Behavior 7. Intervention 12. Small sample
3. Statistical 8. Experimental group 13. Tables and charts
4. Narrative 9. Unstructured observation 14. Deductive
5. Objective 10. Inductive 15. Generalizable
A. Quantitative Research B. Qualitative Research

Activity 2: Let’s match
Directions: Match the following quantitative research title under column A to its classification
(research design) in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided.
Column A Column B
1. Investigating the effects of formalin treated
eggplants on mice
A. Experimental
2. Factors affecting job satisfaction among Tech-Voc
graduates
B. Descriptive
3. Prevalence of domestic violence in cities declared
under Enhanced Community Quarantine during the
Covid-19 pandemic
C. Ex post facto
4. The effects of age on social media platform choice D. Quasi-
experimental
5. The relationship between intelligence and sports
choices among high school students
E. Correlational
F. Case Study
What Is It
Quantitative Research
You have learned from Practical Research 1 that research method is classified into
two main types: quantitative and qualitative. While both methods utilize a specific data
gathering procedure, the former is generally concerned with understanding phenomenon
relating to or involving quality or kind. The latter, on the other hand, is based on the
measurement or quantity. In this module, we will focus on quantitative methods of research
and its different kinds.
Quantitative research uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data to
investigate observable phenomena. A phenomenon is any existing or observable fact or
situation that we want to unearth further or understand. It is scientific for the fact that it uses
a scientific method in designing and collecting numerical data. Once data is collected, it will
undergo statistical analysis like Pearson’s r, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
analysis. Since data is analyzed statistically, it is imperative that the data obtained must be
numerical and quantifiable, hence its name quantitative research.
Numerical data are generally easier to collect than descriptions or phrases used in
qualitative research. Information like student’s grades in different subjects, number of hours
of engagement in social media platforms of teens, percentage of consumers who prefer the
color blue for soap packaging, and average of daily Covid-19 patient recovery per region are
just few examples of research data expressed in numbers. Some data, on the other hand, are
not directly countable and thus require conversion from non-numerical information into
numerical information. For instance, determining which brand of canned sardines is the best
choice for consumers in terms of taste cannot be expressed in numbers unless we do a survey
using a rating scale. Several forms of rating scales are available, e.g., the Likert scale that we
can use to quantify data. Usually, they come in a selection of numbers with a corresponding
meaning for each choice, for example: 1= tastes very good, 2 = satisfactory, or 3 =
undesirable. Numerical choices convert texts into numbers so the researcher can perform
mathematical operations for faster, more accurate, and more objective analysis.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is commonly used in natural sciences research problems
because of the following characteristics:
1. Large Sample Size. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come
from a large sample size.
2. Objectivity. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively,
and are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses.
3. Concise Visual Presentation. Data is numerical which makes presentation through
graphs, charts, and tables possible and with better conveyance and interpretation.
4. Faster Data Analysis. The use of a statistical tools gives way for a less time-
consuming data analysis.
5. Generalized Data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if
sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random samples were taken.
6. Fast and Easy Data Collection. Depending on the type of data needed, collection
can be quick and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments
that allow the researcher to collect data from a large sample size efficiently. For
instance, a single survey form can be administered simultaneously to collect various
measurable characteristics like age, gender, socio-economic status, etc.
7. Reliable Data. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a
representative of the population, making it more credible and reliable for policymaking
and decision making.
8. High Replicability. The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings
enhancing its validity, free from false or immature conclusions.
Advantages of Quantitative Research
The following are the advantages of quantitative research or its strengths:
1. Very objective
2. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes.
3. Findings are generalizable to the population.
4. There is conclusive establishment of cause and effect
5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software.
6. Fast and easy data gathering
7. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated.
8. Validity and reliability can be established
Disadvantages of Quantitative Research
The following are the disadvantages of quantitative research or its weaknesses:
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as feelings, and beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses.
6. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses.
7. A large sample size makes data collection more costly.

Kinds of Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is a broad spectrum that it can be classified into smaller and
more specific kinds: descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, and
experimental.
Descriptive design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs
in nature. There is no experimental manipulation, and the researcher does not start with
a hypothesis. The goal of descriptive research is only to describe the person or object of
the study. An example of descriptive research design is “the determination of the different
kinds of physical activities and how often high school students do it during the quarantine
period.”
The correlational design identifies the relationship between variables. Data is collected by
observation since it does not consider the cause and effect, for example, the relationship
between the amount of physical activity done and student academic achievement.
Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events
and present conditions. The term “Ex post facto” which means after the fact, looks at the
possible causes of an already occurring phenomenon. Just like the first two, there is no
experimental manipulation in this design. An example of this is “How does the parent’s
academic achievement affect the children obesity?”
A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of
variables. Although it resembles the experimental design, the quasi-experimental has
lesser validity due to the absence of random selection and assignment of subjects. Here,
the independent variable is identified but not manipulated. The researcher does not
modify pre-existing groups of subjects. The group exposed to treatment (experimental)
is compared to the group unexposed to treatment (control): example, the effects of
unemployment on attitude towards following safety protocol in ECQ declared areas.
Experimental design like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause-and-effect
relationship of two or more variables. This design provides a more conclusive result
because it uses random assignment of subjects and experimental manipulations. For
example, a comparison of the effects of various blended learning to the reading
comprehension of elementary pupils.
What’s More
Activity 3: True or False
Directions: On the space provided, write TRUE if the statement describes quantitative
research and FALSE if it is incorrect.
1. Quantitative data can be presented using tables and graphs.
2. The results of quantitative research can be used to generalize and predict.
3. Quantitative research is flexible so at any stage, the study may change.
4. Quantitative data are more credible, reliable, and useful than qualitative data.
5. The research study cannot be replicated or repeated because it is unique in every
case.
6. Data are in the form of numbers and analyzed statistically.
7. Data analysis is an on-going process. It can be done at any stage of the process.
8. The behavior of the participants is observed and is critical to the analysis of results.
9. Analysis of data is less time-consuming.
10. In quantitative research, the researcher participates and engages the participants
in the study

Activity 4: Yes or No
Direction: Write YES on the blank if the question requires for quantitative approach and NO if
it does not.
1. Are high grades in Mathematics a good indicator for employment after
graduation?
2. Will taking brain enhancers increase examination scores?
3. Are there changes in consumer behavior before and after online selling was
popularized?
4. Do online learning materials enhance the computer skills of students?
5. Are there changes in the study habits of public-school students before and after
the Covid-19 pandemic?
6. What kind of pick-up lines are most appealing to both genders at the early adult
stage?
7. Is there a difference in the academic performance of students using online,
blended and modular learning modalities?
8. Will student’s and parent’s attitudes towards distance learning change over
time?
9. Which of the four SHS tracks (Academic, Tech-Voc, Sports, Arts & Design) is
greatly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic?
10. What are the factors affecting the delayed completion and submission of
assignments/tasks given to students using modular learning modality?
What I Have Learned
Directions: Write your learning about the following:
1. What is quantitative research?
2. What are the characteristics of quantitative research?
3. Discuss the strengths of quantitative research.
4. Discuss the weaknesses of quantitative research.
5. Describe each type of quantitative design and give one (1) example for each kind.
A. Descriptive design.

B. Correlational design.
C. Ex post facto design.
D. Quasi-experimental design.
E. Experimental design.
What I Can Do
Directions: Read and identify ten (10) different quantitative research titles and classify them
as to which quantitative design they belong.
RESEARCH TITLE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Lesson
2
FORMULATING
RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON
CONCLUSIONS
What’s In
You have learned from Lesson 1 that quantitative research is a formal, deductive, and
systematic process that focuses mainly on obtaining and analyzing numerical data. The
method of data collection is objective and replicable. At the same time, its analysis is statistical
and generalizable to the population making the findings of quantitative research very credible
and useful for administrators, law makers, scientists, decision-makers and business owners.
It is for these reasons that quantitative analysis can be applied and very useful to various fields
of study. In this lesson, you will uncover the role of quantitative research in the advancement
of knowledge across disciplines.
Key Question: How is quantitative research applicable across fields?
What I Need to Know
People indulge in research to know more, to solve problems, or to improve existing
conditions. More and more institutions promote research studies while younger individuals
indulge in research projects not only because they are required to but also because they came
to realize the value and benefits research has to offer. The quantitative research’s systematic
way of finding the answers forges its pertinence regardless of the area or sector. The more
you perceive the value of quantitative research to different groups or field of study, the more
you appreciate it, hence, igniting your interest from knowing that you may make use of it in
your own chosen track.
What’s New
Activity 1: Where do I belong?
Direction. Listed in Column A are the important inventions, innovations or discoveries in
history. Identify which field in Column B do these discoveries have great
importance.
Column A Column B
1. Vaccine A. Agriculture and Fisheries
2. Refrigeration B. Natural and Physical Science
3. Printing press C. Business and Accounting
4. Computer D. Information and Communications Technology
5. Airplane E. Arts
6. Photo finishes F. Education
7. Social media G. Sports
8. Paint H. Humanities and Social Science
I. Mathematics

Activity 2: Expanding your vocabulary!
Directions: Read through the text of this lesson and look for an underlined word that has the
same meaning as the word in the list below. Write the word on the space provided.
1. Intercession -
2. To find out –
3. Salable -
4. Quicken, expedite -
5. Relationship -
6. Create, produce -
7. Compatibility -
8. Toughest -
9. Changeable -
10. Global, widespread -
What Is It
Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
The value of quantitative research to man’s quest to discover the unknown and
improve underlying conditions is undeniable. Throughout history, quantitative research has
paved the way to finding meaningful solutions to difficulties. For instance, the development of
vaccines to strengthen our immunity against viruses causing highly communicable diseases
like polio, influenza, chickenpox, and measles to name a few, underwent thorough
experimental trials. You bet, scientists and medical experts all over the world today are
working their best to fast track the development, testing and release of the vaccine for the
Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (Covid-19) as the pandemic has critically affected the world
economy, education, as well as physical and emotional well-being of people.
The findings of the quantitative study can influence leaders’ and law-makers’ decisions
for crafting and implementing laws for the safety and welfare of the more significant majority.
For example, a community with high cases of Covid-19 positive patients is mandated by law
to be under Enhanced Community Quarantine where only the most essential businesses can
operate. On the other hand, cities with less or zero case will be under General Community
Quarantine where some businesses, public and private offices are already allowed to operate.
Using quantitative design helps us determine and better understand relationships
between variables or phenomenon crucial to reducing the range of uncertainty because the
mathematics (more of this in the last module) behind quantitative studies helps us make close
estimates of the outcome (dependent variable) from a given condition/s (independent
variable). Relationship between demand and supply, age and health, discipline and academic
achievement, practice and winning at sports, depression and suicidal rates, algae population
and Oxygen demand are just few examples of real-life applications of correlation studies in
the past that we still apply today.
Most inventions and innovations are products of quantitative studies. Before you can
enjoy the uses and features of a smart phone, it took years of research to establish compliance
to standards for interoperability, to find the most cost-effective raw materials, and to identify
the sleekest and sturdiest design, the fastest data saving and processing power, and most
marketable add-ons according to consumer needs. Indeed, mankind will dwell in the darkness
of ignorance if not for the people who conducted their research before reading about it from
books or manuals.

The table below shows some of the contributions of quantitative research to other fields
and their example.
Field Contribution/Application Example
Social Science • Show effects of intervention to
group behavior
• Understand cultural or racial
conflicts
• Human satisfaction and
stressors
The effects of pandemic
on social behavior and
economic stability
Natural and Physical
Sciences
• Investigate the effectiveness of
a product or treatment to
illnesses
• Finding or enhancing alternative
energy sources
• Advancement in material
science
Antidiabetic properties of
common Philippine herbs
Agriculture and
Fisheries
• Increase the yield of crops
• Prevent and cure crops and
livestock diseases
The effectiveness of
organic and inorganic
fertilizer to vegetable
production
Sports • Enhance athletic performance Diet and exercise
techniques for different
kinds of sports
Business • Offer device marketing
strategies
• Improve marketability
Effectiveness of Facebook
ads on sales.
Arts and Design • Show relationship between
color and architectural space
• Maximize use of Multimedia and
adaptation for recreation,
business marketing and lifestyle
changes.
The effects of music on
learning and behavior.
Environmental Science • Determine Cause and effects of
climate change
The environmental factors
affecting natural calamities

Journalism
Anthropology
Quantitative
Research
History
Engineering
What’s More
Directions: In a separate sheet, make a concept map (example below) of all other
fields/disciplines where you think quantitative research can be applied. Explain
why quantitative research is important to these fields.

What I Have Learned
Directions: Answer the following questions clearly and briefly.
A. How is quantitative research relevant to different discipline?
B. Briefly explain the importance or contribution of quantitative research to each of the
following fields of study.
Field Importance / Contribution
Natural and Physical Science
Education
Sports
Arts and Design
Agriculture and Fisheries
Information and
Communication Technology
Social Science
Business and Accounting

What I Can Do
Directions: Search online or from a book or publication one particular quantitative study for
every field below and indicate its contribution to the development of knowledge
to that field.
Field Title, Author/s, Year published Contribution
Education The Better You Feel the Better You
Learn: Do Warm Colours and Rounded
Shapes Enhance Learning Outcome in
Multimedia Learning? Munchow, H,
Mengelkamp, C, Bannert, M. (2017)
Finds a way to improve
learning through colors
and shapes.
Medicine
Sports
Food Industry
Agriculture
Arts
Social Science
Environmental
Science
ICT
Energy

Lesson
3
SOURCES OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
What’s In
You have learned from the previous lessons that quantitative research is concerned
about numerical or measurable values that we can analyze statistically. How do we measure
such values? Is it measurable at all times? Do these values change? Are these values
applicable for descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental and experimental
research? In this lesson, you will learn about the different classifications of data used in
quantitative research and their examples.
What I Need to Know
Variables play a significant role in quantitative research. When you intend to
accomplish something through research, the boundaries of your goal must be defined first to
direct your focus into a specific characteristic or condition through identifying the variables of
your research study. Doing such eliminates complexities and elaborate work especially for a
senior high school student like you. Knowing the different kinds of research variables also aids
in smooth data collection and analysis.
What’s New
Activity 1: Let’s review!
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which variable is manipulated by the researcher?
A. Extraneous variable C. Dependent variable
B. Independent variable D. Confounding variable
2. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative variable?
A. Plant variety C. Hair color
B. IQ D. Race
3. Which of the following is an example qualitative variable?
A. Monthly sales C. gender
B. Basketball player number D. IQ

4. The variable is the presumed effect of the manipulation on the object/subject of the
experiment.
5. A type of variable that represent categories and can be ordered.
A. Nominal C. Ordinal
B. Discrete D. Ratio
6. What type of variable is characterized by evenly dispersed range of numbers?
A. Nominal C. Dichotomous
B. Interval D. Ratio
7. The variable that has potential effect on the dependent variables that are not part of the
study.
8. A variable that is used to name, categorize, or label the attributes being measured.
A. Nominal C. Ordinal
B. Interval D. Ratio
9. What type of variable is gender?
B. Interval D. Continuous
10. What type of variable is height of students before and after taking growth enhancers for 2
months?
B. Interval D. Continuous
What Is It
To get an answer to an inquiry that they are investigating, researchers will observe and
measure the quality or quantity of the object of the study. It is therefore imperative for the
researcher to identify the variables significant in explaining observed effects or behavior.
A Variable is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies. For instance, during
the quarantine period, your mother planted tomato seedlings in pots. Now common
understanding from science tells you that several factors are affecting the growth of tomatoes:
sunlight, water, kind of soil, and nutrients in soil. How fast the tomato seedlings will grow and
bear fruits will depend on these factors. The growth of tomatoes and the number of fruits
produced are examples of the Dependent Variables. The amount of sunlight, water, and
nutrients in the soil are the Independent Variables. If there is an existing relationship between
the independent and dependent variables, then the value of the dependent variable varies in
response to the manipulation done on the independent variable. The independent variable is
also identified as the presumed cause while the dependent variable is the presumed effect. In
an experimental quantitative design, the independent variable is pre-defined and manipulated
by the researcher while the dependent variable is observed and measured. For descriptive,
correlational, and ex post facto quantitative research designs, independent and dependent
variables simply do not apply.

DICHOTOMOUS
ORDINAL
NOMINAL
CONTINUOUS
DISCREET
QUALITATIVE
(CATEGORICAL)
QUANTITATIVE
(NUMERICAL)
VARIABLE
It is important to note other factors that may influence the outcome (dependent
variable) not manipulated or pre-defined by the researcher. These factors are called
Extraneous Variables. In our example above, the presence of pests and environmental
stressors (e.g. pets, extreme weather) are the extraneous variables. Since extraneous
variables may affect the result of the experiment, it is crucial for the researcher to identify them
prior to conducting the experiment and control them in such a way that they do not threaten
the internal validity (i.e. accurate conclusion) of the result. Controlling the extraneous
variable can be done by holding it constant or distribute its effect across the treatment. When
the researcher fails to control the extraneous variable that it caused considerable effect to the
outcome, the extraneous variable becomes a Confounding Variable. For example, if the
tomato had been infested by pests (confounding variable) then you cannot conclude that
manipulations in sunlight, water, and soil nutrients (independent variable) are the only
contributing factors for the stunted growth and poor yield (dependent variable) of the plant or
is it the result of both the independent variables and the confounding variable.
The variables can also be classified according to their nature. The diagram below
shows the different classifications:
I. Quantitative Variables, also called numerical variables, are the type of variables used
in quantitative research because they are numeric and can be measured. Under this category
are discrete and continuous variables.
A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values or
values between fixed points. For example: number of students in a class, group size
and frequency.
B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a
positive or a negative. Example: height, temperature.
Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:
A. Intervals are quantitative variables where the interval or differences between
consecutive values are equal and meaningful, but the numbers are arbitrary. For
example, the difference between 36 degrees and 37 degrees is the same as between
100 degrees and 101 degrees. The zero point does not suggest the absence of a
property being measured. Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is assigned as the melting
point of ice. Other examples of interval data would be year and IQ score.

B. Ratio type of data is similar to interval. The only difference is the presence of a true
zero value. The zero point in this scale indicates the absence of the quantity being
measured. Examples are age, height, weight, and distance.
II. Qualitative Variables also referred to as Categorical Variables are not expressed in
numbers but are descriptions or categories. It can be further divided into dichotomous,
nominal or ordinal.
A. Dichotomous variable consists of only two distinct categories or values, for example,
a response to a question either be a yes or no.
B. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. In here, you may have more than
2 categories of equivalent magnitude. For example, a basketball player’s number is used
to distinguish him from other players. It certainly does not follow that player 10 is better
than player 8. Other examples are blood type, hair color and mode of transportation.
C. Ordinal variable, from the name itself, denotes that a variable is ranked in a certain
order. This variable can have a qualitative or quantitative attribute. For example, a
survey questionnaire may have a numerical rating as choices like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked
accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical rating like strongly agree, agree,
neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other examples or ordinal variable: cancer
stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify Top 20 hits, academic honors (with highest,
with high, with honors).
What’s More
Activity 2: Identifying variables
Directions: Identify the Independent, Dependent and Extraneous variable/s in each of the
following situations.
1. Three groups of students were placed in a classroom with controlled room temperatures
of 18°C, 20°C, 25°C. The math exam scores of the students were then taken and compared
to the other groups.
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:
Extraneous variable:
2. An online seller would like to know whether the indication of price on Facebook posts will
attract consumers more. He posted 50 products for sale on Facebook market, 25 of which
he indicated the price while the remaining 25 products, did not have prices. Buyers were
just instructed to send him a personal message (pm) if they want to know the price. He
then identified which products have greater sales.
Dependent variable:

3. A housewife wanted to know which soil is best for her pechay plants: the soil purchased
from an online seller, soil from her backyard compost or the soil underneath the nearby
bamboo tree. She planted 30 pechay seeds into each soil source and then compared the
growth of pechay after a month.
Dependent variable:
4. Jenny is only borrowing the cellphone chargers of her brother, sister and mother because
she lost her phone charger. All chargers are of the same specifications as hers even
though they have different phone brands. However, she would like to know which charger
and charging cable combination would fill her phone battery the fastest. She used the
following codes as her reference and charged her phone uninterrupted using the following
combination. The charging time of the phone was then compared.
Brother’s Charger: BB Sister’s Charger: SS Mother’s Charger: MM
Brother’s Cable: bb Sister’s Cable: ss Mother’s Cable: mm
Combination Charging
time
time
time
BBbb SSss MMmm
BBss SSbb MMbb
BBmm SSmm MMss
Dependent variable:
5. A teacher wanted to know which learning delivery modes (pure online, pure modular,
combination of online and modular) is most effective and has the fastest turnaround time
in the submission of accomplished activities among her Grade 12 students. She divided
the students into 3 groups, gave them the same activity sheets and asked them to submit
as soon as it is completed. She then compared the scores and completion time of the 3
groups.
Dependent variable:
Activity 3: Classifying variables
Directions: Identify the following variable as either qualitative or quantitative. Then, classify
which specific category they belong.
Data Type of variable
(Qualitative/Quantitative)
Classification
(Discrete, continuous,
interval, ratio, nominal,
dichotomous, ordinal)
Ex. Number of eggs laid by chickens Quantitative Discrete, interval
1. Amount of fertilizer given to plants
2. Weight of Pechay harvested (in
grams)
3. Speed of car
4. Tomato plant variety
5. Color of alcohol packaging (blue,
orange, white, pink)

6. Educational level of parents (high
school grad, college grad, MS,
PhD)
7. Online seller satisfaction rating (1-
5 stars)
8. Cellphone brand
9. Number of Covid-19 positive cases
10. Type of music
11. Number of passengers in a PUJ
12. Socio-economic status
13. Gender
14. Temperature in Fahrenheit
15. Civil Status
Activity 4: Let’s Go Online
Go to the link below and practice what you’ve learned from this lesson:
https://bit.ly/2TEw2o4
https://bit.ly/2X3TdtL
What I Have Learned
Directions: Explain briefly what is being asked for.
1. Compare and contrast qualitative variables and quantitative variables.
2. Why are dependent and independent variables not applicable in a descriptive type of
research?
3. How important is it for the researcher to identify the type of variables used in the study?

4. How does confounding variable affect the validity of the study?
5. When do we use discrete, continuous, nominal, ordinal?
What I Can Do
Make a quick survey to your friends, family members and professors who have
previously conducted a quantitative research study. Evaluate the title of their papers and
identify the independent, dependent, and other variables.

Summary
• Quantitative research uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed
data to investigate observable phenomena.
• Characteristics of quantitative research are (1) Large sample size, (2)
Objective, (3) Visual result presentation, (4) Faster data analysis, (5)
Generalized data, (6) Fast data collection, (7) Reliable data, and (8)
Replication.
• Kinds of quantitative research are (1) Descriptive, (2) Correlational, (3) Ex post
facto design, (4) quasi-experimental, and (5) experimental.
• Types of Variables: (1) Independent, (2) Dependent, (3) Extraneous, (4)
Continuous, (5) Discrete, (6) Dichotomous, (7) Nominal variable and (8)
Ordinal variable.
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex
Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph

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