Pregnancy and its management
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This document discusses pregnancy and its management. It defines pregnancy as the period from conception to birth, describing the three trimesters. It outlines common signs and symptoms of pregnancy like amenorrhea and morning sickness. It then discusses minor disorders of pregnancy affecting various body systems like nausea/vomiting, constipation, and leg cramps. For each disorder, it provides details on causes and recommended management approaches. The document concludes by listing disorders that require immediate medical action during pregnancy like vaginal bleeding or reduced fetal movement.
Pregnancy and its management
- 1. PRESENTED BY, SONAL PATEL, F.Y.M.Sc(N). J.G COLLEGE OF NURSING, AHMEDABAD.
- 4. PREGNANCY DEFINITION The period from conception to birth. After the egg is fertilized by a sperm & then implanted in the lining of the uterus,it develops into the placenta & embryo, and later into a fetus.
- 5. • First 3 months • 1 week to 12 Weeks First Trimester • 3 to 6 months • 13Weeks to 27 Weeks Second Trimester • 6 months to birth of baby • 28 Weeks to the birth of baby Third Trimester TRIMESTER
- 8. 1. Presumptive signs Amenorrhea at 4th week Morning sickness at 14th week Unexplained fatigue Frequent urination at 6th to 12th week Breast tenderness and changes Excessive salivation (ptyalism) Skin changes Quickening at 18th to 20th week.
- 9. 2. Probable signs Positive pregnancy test (presence of HCG detected, by blood or urine test) Enlargement of Uterus Braxton-Hicks contractions Softening of cervix at six to eight weeks (Goodell's sign)
- 10. 2. Probable signs Bluish coloration of cervix, vagina and vulva at six to eight weeks (Chadwick's sign/Jacquemier’s sign) Pulsation in the lateral fornices (Osiander’s sign) Softening & compressibility of the Isthmus(Hegar’s sign) Passive movement of the fetus during an exam (ballottement)
- 11. 3. Positive signs Fetal heart sounds heard by Doppler Fetus visible on ultrasound Fetal movements felt by caregiver Fetus visible on X- ray, MRI
- 13. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Nausea and Vomiting Constipation Acidity and Heartburn Abdominal Discomfort Pica
- 14. 1. NAUSEAAND VOMITING: Due to higher levels of HCG (10 weeks)
- 15. MANAGMENT • Dietary changes • Symptomatic Treatment Avoid • Disagreeable odors, spicy, or Oily foods Medication • When indicated and prescribed.
- 16. 2. CONSTIPATION: due to the effect of progesterone, it diminished physical activity and pressure of the gravid uterus on the pelvic colon. Iron supplements also can contribute to constipation.
- 17. MANAGAMENT • Eating high fiber foods. • Regular do Exercise. • Drink at least six glasses of water per day.
- 18. 3. ACIDITYAND HEARTBURN Due to the growing uterus pressing on the stomach, rising progesterone levels, and decreased gastric motility.
- 19. Eating Slowly Eat frequent, small meals. Drinking milk between meals. To avoid over eating and not to go to bed immediately after the meal. Avoid fatty & gas forming foods. MANAGEMENT:
- 20. 4. ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORT Due to Pressure, pelvic heaviness, is caused by the weight of the uterus on the abdominal wall. Flatulence and distention can be due to large meals, gas-forming foods, and chilled drink.
- 22. 5. PICA When the mother eating abnormal food or unnatural substances such as coal, chalk, ashes. Due to unknown but may be hormones changes To take medical advice.
- 24. Due to altered posture and extra weight carried. MANAGEMENT: Frequent rest periods are recommended. Anemia must be Find out. Take necessary treatment. Obtaining regular exercise. 1. Fatigue
- 25. Common in pregnancy(50%) Due to weight gain, hyperlordosis, high heel shoes, urinary infection or constipation. 2. BACKACHE
- 26. Encourage Rest. Avoided Excessive weight gain. Sleeping on a firm mattress. To wear appropriate, well-fitting shoes, Avoid High-heeled shoes. Apply local heat and light massage. Avoid MANAGMENT
- 27. -Common -Worse at night. May be due to deficiency vitamin. Due to ischemia & changes in Ph or electrolyte status. 3. LEG CRAMPS:
- 28. Take the prescribed vitamins B & D per doctor’s instructions. Eat a diet with adequate calcium or prescribed calcium. Getting regular exercise, especially walking. Patient lie on her back. MANAGMENT
- 30. Veins that have become enlarged and twisted(later months) Due to weakness of the vascular walls. 1. VARICOSE VEINS
- 31. Wearing support shoes. Elevating the feet when sitting. Lying with the feet & hips elevated. Get adequate rest. Perform moderate exercise. Avoiding leg crossing, long time standing or sitting, constrictive clothing. Avoid obesity. MANAGMENT
- 32. A swollen vein or group of veins in the region of the anus. MANAGEMENT: Soaking in a warm sit’z bath. Sitting on a soft pillow. Eating high fiber food & avoiding constipation. Drinking sufficient fluids. Increasing exercise such as walking. Applying ointment, drugs taken if needed. 2. HEMORRHOIDS(PILES)
- 33. The woman presents with dizziness or light headache. Other causes may be dehydration, hypoglycemia, prolonged standing, standing upright suddenly. 3. FAINTING
- 34. Sitting with the feet elevated. Avoid prolonged standing. Changing the position to the left lateral recumbent to relieve the pressure of the uterus. MANAGMENT
- 35. Due to weight or evidences of preeclampsia. Generalized edema, always serious, must be investigated. 4. ANKLE EDEMA
- 36. Edema subsides on rest with slight elevation of the limbs. Maintain good posture. Restrict excessive salt intake. Avoiding prolonged standing & sitting. MANAGMENT
- 37. 1. BREATHLESSNESS Due to progesterone, allergic problems, (12th week) MANAGEMENT Take a Proper Rest. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- 39. Discomfort caused by the fetal movements, frequency of micturition, some anxiety or fear.(late pregnancy) 1. INSOMNIA
- 40. MANAGMENT Take rest in the afternoon. Drink a glass of warm milk at bed time. Tuck a pillow under the abdomen when lying in a left lateral position Talk about her fear and anxiety so that she can have a sense of normality and lightness.
- 41. Common and usually due to tension. Severe, persistent headache due to preeclampsia, eclampsia. (third trimester) MANAGEMENT Changing position slowly. Regularly Check Blood Pressure. Eating small snack. Use PCM only if prescribed by physician. 2. HEADACHE
- 43. It is a white or yellowish mucous discharge from the vagina. MANAGEMENT: Proper cleansing hygiene. Wear cotton underwear. To cleanse the vulva at least once a day with soap & water & to dry thoroughly. 1. VAGINAL DISCHARGE(LEUKORRHEA)
- 44. Urinary frequency and stress incontinence in multiparas are common, especially in advanced pregnancy. Due to increased intra abdominal pressure and reduced bladder capacity. Suspect urinary tract disease if dysuria or hematuria is present. 2. URINARY SYMPTOMPS
- 45. Limiting fluid intake in the evening. Voiding at regular intervals. MANAGMENT
- 46. 1.SKIN Scarring of the skin of abdominal area is called Pregnancy stretch marks or Striae gravidarum. Dark vertical line that appearance from navel to pubis is called Linea Nigra. Chloasma or Mask of Pregnancy means Brown patches of pigmentation on forehead, cheek,neck. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
- 47. Take anti-histamine, if needed. Washing with mild soap and cotton underwear might help to ease the irritation. MANAGMENT
- 48. Antenatal Advice
- 49. Vaginal bleeding Reduced fetal movement Frontal or recurring headache Rupture of the membrane Sudden nausea and sickness Epigastria pain DISORDERS THAT REQUIRE IMMEDIATE ACTION
- 50. Summary
- 52. Write Nursing care plan on Antenatal mother. Submitted Date :26/01/2018 Venue: F.Y.MSc (N) Class Assignment