![Evolution in 1970
First microprocessor (4004, 60,000 oper/s) invented by intel. A
microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing
logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit, or a small
number of integrated circuits. The microprocessor contains the
arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry required to perform the
functions of a computer's central processing unit. The integrated
circuit is capable of interpreting and executing program instructions
and performing arithmetic operations.[1] The microprocessor is a
multipurpose, clock-driven, register-based, digital integrated circuit
that accepts binary data as input, processes it according to
instructions stored in its memory, and provides results (also in
binary form ) as output. Microprocessors contain both
combinational logic and sequential digital logic, and operate on
numbers and symbols represented in the binary number system.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/presentation91-230731071307-26276d5d/85/Presentation-9-1-pptx-15-320.jpg)
Presentation 9 (1).pptx
- 1. Group members 1.Ankur Sharma(2008410300012) 2.Ankur Yadav(2008410300013) 3.Anurag Singh Yadav(2008410300014) 4.Arvind Kumar(2008410300015) 5.Ashish Kumar(2008410300017) 6.Ashutosh Singh(2008410300018) 7.Ashutosh Singh(2008410300019) 8.Astha Kushwaha(2008410300020) 9.Avanish Kumar Gupta(2008410300021) 10.Avanish Ranjan Srivastava(2008410300022)
- 3. Magnetic tape allows for inexpensive mass storage of information and is a key part of the computer revolution. The IBM 726 was an early and important practical high-speed magnetic tape system for electronic computers. Announced on May 21, 1952, the system used a unique ‘vacuum channel’ method of keeping a loop of tape circulating between two points, allowing the tape drive to start and stop the tape in a split-second. The Model 726 was initially sold in 1953 with IBM’s first electronic digital computer, the Model 701, and could store 2 million digits per tape. Evolution in 1951 UNIVAC introduces the "UNISERVO" tape drive for the UNIVAC I computer. It was the first tape storage device for a commercial computer, and the relative low cost, portability and unlimited offline capacity of magnetic tape made it very popular. UNIVAC tapes were ½" wide, 0.0015" thick, up to 1,500' long, and made of phosphor- bronze with a metallic coating. Weighing about three pounds, each reel could hold 1,440,000 decimal digits and could be read at 100 inches/sec. Evolution in 1952
- 4. Evolution in 1953 In 1953, MIT’s Whirlwind becomes the first computer to use magnetic core memory. Core memory is made up of tiny “donuts” made of magnetic material strung on wires into a grid. Each core stored a bit, magnetized one way for a “zero,” and the other way for a “one.” The wires could both detect and change the state of a bit. Though several inventors were involved, it was MIT’s Jay Forrester who perfected the technology. In 1971, the introduction of the Intel 1103 DRAM integrated circuit signaled the beginning of the end for magnetic core memory in computers.
- 5. Evolution in 1954 Optical Fiber was invented by Indian physicist Narinder Singh kapany. An optical Fiber, or optical fibre in Commonwealth English, is a flexible, transparent Fiber made by drawing glass(silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical Fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the Fibers and find wide usage in Fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data transfer rates) than electrical cables. A solar battery converts the sun's energy into electricity. In 1954, Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller, and Daryl Chapin invented the first solar battery. The inventors created an array of several strips of silicon (each about the size of a razor blade), placed them in sunlight, captured the free electrons and turned them into electrical current
- 6. Evolution in 1956 The era of magnetic disk storage dawns with IBM´s shipment of a RAMAC 305 computer system to zellerbach Paper in San Francisco. The computer was based on the new technology of the hard disk drive — the world’s first. The RAMAC disk drive consisted of 50 magnetically coated metal platters capable of storing about 5 million characters of data. RAMAC allowed real-time random access to large amounts of data, unlike magnetic tape or punched cards. A working RAMAC hard disk assembly is demonstrated regularly at the Computer History Museum.
- 7. Evolution in 1957 Japanese engineer Jun-Ichi Nishizawa invented the semiconductor laser A laser diode ( LD, also injection laser diode or ILD, or diode laser ) is a semiconductor device similar to a light-emitting diode in which a diode pumped directly with electrical current can create lasing conditions at the diode's junction. Evolution in 1958 American engineer Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC).An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material , usually silicon. Large numbers of tiny MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors) integrate into a small chip. This results in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete electronic components.
- 8. Evolution in 1959 MOSFET (MOS transistor) invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs .The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET), most commonly fabricated by the controlled oxidation of silicon. It has an insulated gate, the voltage of which determines the conductivity of the device. This ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. A metal-insulator- semiconductor field-effect transistor or MISFET is a term almost synonymous with MOSFET. Another synonym is IGFET for insulated- gate field-effect transistor.
- 9. Evolution in 1960 Evolution in 1961 The Ferranti Sirius is announced. The Sirius was a small, low-cost business computer using a simple programming language. Its main memory was a Magnetostrictive delay line. The medium here was a thin strip of special metal rolled into a coil, with transducers at either end. Like all delay lines, bits were fed into one end, detected at the other, and continuously recirculated. Although this type of delay line was considered to be somewhat slow, its low cost made it attractive to computer designers. American engineer Theodore Harold Maiman developed a LASER.A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation . The word "laser" is an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation .first laser was built at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.
- 10. Evolution in 1962 Nick Holonyak Jr. invented the LED.A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons (Energy packets). The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphors on the semiconductor device.
- 11. Evolution in 1963 The Compact Cassette or Music cassette (MC), also commonly called the tape cassette, cassette tape, audio cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is an Analog magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback. It was developed by the Dutch company Philips in Hasselt, Belgium, by Lou Ottens and his team. It was introduced at the Berlin Radio Show on August 30, 1963. Evolution in 1964 IBM's 2315 disk cartridge is announced. This 1MB disk cartridge was used with the IBM 1800 and 1130 computers, and it provided easily transported “personal storage” for users of those small computers. Each 2315 consisted of a magnetically coated, direct access disk encased in a plastic cartridge that easily fit into built-in disk drives. When it was inserted into the disk drive, a power drive engaged the disk and spun it at 1,500 revolutions per minute. Simultaneously, an arm extended to perform read and write functions on the disk's magnetic surfaces.
- 12. Evolution in 1965 The IBM 2314 direct access storage facility is introduced. It was an improvement over the 2311 disk storage drive and provided higher data storage density. Eight drives (plus a spare) with removable 29 MB disk packs shared one control unit. The extra drive was a spare for the user or could be worked on by a field engineer while the other eight were in use by the customer. Attached to a System/360 computer, it supported applications like online banking, ATMs, and just-in-time manufacturing. Evolution in 1966 Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of infrared light through an optical Fiber. The light is a form of carrier wave that is modulated to carry information .Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth , long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference is required .This type of communication can transmit voice, video, and telemetry through local area networks or across long distances.
- 13. Evolution in 1967 The IBM 1360 Photo-Digital Storage System is installed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The system could read and write up to a trillion bits of information—the first such system in the world. The 1360 used thin strips of film on which were written data created by an electron beam and a wet photographic development process. The system used sophisticated error correction and a pneumatic robot to move the film strips to and from a storage unit. Only five were built.
- 14. Evolution in 1968 Liquid Crystal Display by George H. Heilmeier.A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly,instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden. For instance: preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. Evolution in 1969 The Astron wristwatch, formally known as the Seiko Quartz-Astron 35SQ, was the world's first "quartz clock" wristwatch It is now registered on the List of IEEE Milestones as a key advance in electrical engineering
- 15. Evolution in 1970 First microprocessor (4004, 60,000 oper/s) invented by intel. A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit, or a small number of integrated circuits. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry required to perform the functions of a computer's central processing unit. The integrated circuit is capable of interpreting and executing program instructions and performing arithmetic operations.[1] The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock-driven, register-based, digital integrated circuit that accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results (also in binary form ) as output. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic, and operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary number system.
- 16. Evolution in 1971 Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process. It produces high- quality text and graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively-charged cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially-charged image. The drum then selectively collects electrically-charged powdered ink (toner), and transfers the image to paper, which is then heated to permanently fuse the text, imagery, or both, to the paper. Evolution in 1972 First modern ATM(IBM 2984) by IBM..An automated teller machine (ATM) or cash machine (in British English) is an electronic telecommunications device that enables customers of financial institutions to perform financial transactions, such as cash withdrawals, deposits, funds transfers, balance inquiries or account information inquiries, at any time and without the need for direct interaction with bank staff.
- 17. Evolution in 1973 Mobile Phone by John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola. A mobile phone, cellular phone, cell phone, cell phone, handphone, hand phone or pocket phone, sometimes shortened to simply mobile, cell, or just phone, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone network(PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture and, therefore, mobile telephones are called cellular telephones or cell phones in North America
- 18. Evolution in 1974 Programmable pocket calculator by Hewlett-Packard. Programmable calculators are calculators that can automatically carry out a sequence of operations under control of a stored program. Most are Turing complete, and, as such, are theoretically general-purpose computers. However, their user interfaces and programming environments are specifically tailored to make performing small-scale numerical computations convenient, rather than general-purpose use. Evolution in 1975 First personal computer (Altair 8800)) by Roberts .The Altair 8800 is a microcomputer designed in 1974 by MITS and based on the Intel 8080 CPU. Interest grew quickly after it was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics and was sold by mail order through advertisements there, in Radio-Electronics, and in other hobbyist magazines.
- 19. References 1.Memory & Storage | Timeline of Computer History | Computer History Museum 2.Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering - Wikipedia.