Presentation from students
- 2. Over view The first cases of human infection with H1N1 influenza virus were detected in April 2009 (miaziya 2001) in San Diego and Imperial County, California and in Guadalupe County, Texas. The virus has spread rapidly. The virus is widespread in the United States at this time and has been detected internationally as well.
- 3. Swine influenza is an acute upper respiratory disease characterized by fever, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, and labored breathing H1N1 is a NEW influenza VIRUS that causes people to get sick.
- 4. INFECTIOUS AGENT Swine influenza is caused by influenza A viruses, which are further characterized by subtypes. The most common subtypes are H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2.
- 5. Occurrence Swine influenza has been reported from North and South America, Europe, parts of Asia and Africa. Swine influenza viruses are thought to be enzootic in most areas that have dense populations of pigs, but they might remain undetected in some regions, as infected herds can be asymptomatic or have only mild clinical signs.
- 6. Reservoir Reservoir for Swine influenza viruses mainly are pigs, but some viruses can also live in turkeys, ferrets and mink.
- 7. Mode of transmission In mammals, influenza viruses are transmitted in droplets and aerosols created by coughing and sneezing, and by contact with nasal discharges, either directly or on fomites. While most viruses are thought to enter the body through the respiratory tract, the eye might act as an additional entry point, based on evidence from humans and laboratory animals. Close contact and closed environments favor transmission.
- 8. Incubation Period The incubation period for swine influenza in people is unknown; however, influenza generally becomes apparent within a few days of exposure in all mammals. Clinical signs seem to appear in approximately 2-3 days in cases caused by triple reasserting H3N2 swine influenza viruses.
- 9. Period of communicability The virus can live on hard surfaces from 2-8 hours Adults are contagious beginning 1 day before the onset of symptoms and up to 24 hours after their fever has subsided (without taking fever reducing medicines such as Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen)
- 10. Susceptibility Susceptibility is all Because it’s new virus, many people have LITTLE OR NO IMMUNITY to it.
- 11. Clinical manifestation (symptoms) Fever (above 100 degrees F) Cough Sore Throat Runny or Stuffy Nose Body Aches Headache Chills Fatigue Diarrhea & Vomiting (serious signs / not normal) Severe illness and death are possible
- 12. Emergency warning signs Most people should be able to recover at home, but watch for emergency warning signs that mean you should seek immediate medical care. In adults: • Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath • Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen • Sudden dizziness • Confusion • Severe or persistent vomiting • Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough
- 13. In children: • Fast breathing or trouble breathing • Bluish or gray skin color • Not drinking enough fluids • Severe or persistent vomiting • Not waking up or not interacting • Irritable, the child does not want to be held • Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough
- 14. Diagnostic Tests Tests used to detect influenza virus infections in humans can include RT-PCR, virus isolation and assays to detect influenza virus antigens.
- 15. prevention CDC’s five flu-safety tips that are helpful to stop the spread of swine flu (or any other flu) are to: 1/. Stay home if someone is sick. 2/. Avoid close contact with people who are sick. 3/. Wash hands often and avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth. 4/. Cover mouth or nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. 5/. Keep up with health information in the community.
- 16. Treatment Treatment is largely supportive and consists of bed rest, increased fluid consumption, cough suppressants, and antipyretics and analgesics (eg, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) for fever and myalgia. Severe cases may require intravenous hydration and other supportive measures. Antiviral agents may also be considered for treatment or prophylaxis .
- 18. Oseltamavir INFLUENZA A AND B PROPHYLAXIS 75 mg PO qDay for at least 10 days Dosing considerations Initiate within 48 hours of exposure For community outbreak, may administer for up to 6 weeks INFLUENZA A AND B TREATMENT 75 mg PO q12hr x5 days
- 19. Zenamivir INFLUENZA A & B, PROPHYLAXIS Household setting: 10 mg inhaled qDay for 10 days Initiate within 36 hours of exposure Community outbreaks: Begin within 5 days of outbreak; may administer for up to 28 days INFLUENZA A & B, TREATMENT Start within 2 days of symptom onset; administer 2 doses on day 1, at least 2 hours apart
- 20. Peramivir Indicated for treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients aged &ge:18 yr who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days 600 mg IV as a single dose Infuse diluted IV over 15-30 minutes
- 21. Vaccines Influenza vaccine trivalent Influenza vaccine quadrivalent
- 22. Complication The complication that had been reported frequently is bacterial pneumonia.
- 23. Thank you