Presentation iyc
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The document discusses the definition and characteristics of science, describing it as both a body of knowledge and process of discovery that seeks to understand the natural world through questions, evidence, and collaboration. Several fields of science are outlined including chemistry, which is celebrated in 2011 as an international year focusing on its contributions to society. The document also provides examples of scientists throughout history and some interesting facts about chemistry.
Presentation iyc
- 2. DEFINITION SCIENCE The word science comes from the Latin "scientia," meaning knowledge. According to Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is "knowledge attained through study or practice,"
- 3. ASPECT OF SCIENCE The word "science" brings to mind many different pictures: a fat textbook, white lab coats and microscopes, an astronomer peering through a telescope, a naturalist in the rainforest, Einstein's equations scribbled on a chalkboard, the launch of the space shuttle, bubbling beakers ….
- 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE Science is both a body of knowledge and a process Science is exciting. Science is useful Science is ongoing Science is a global human endeavor Discovery: The spark for science Science has limits
- 5. SCIENCE ASKS QUESTIONS ABOUT Science studies the natural world. This includes the components of the physical universe around us like atoms, plants, ecosystems, people, societies and galaxies, as well as the natural forces at work on those things
- 6. NATURAL WORLD From exotic ecosystems to urban smog — can be the subject of scientific inquiry
- 7. SCIENCE CAN INVESTIGATE ALL SORTS OF QUESTIONS When did the oldest rocks on earth form? Through what chemical reactions do fungi get energy from the nutrients they absorb? What causes Jupiter's red spot? How does smog move through the atmosphere?
- 8. SCIENTIST Scientists strive to test their ideas with evidence from the natural world Science depends on interactions within the scientific community. Scientists often work collaboratively. Scientific ideas lead to ongoing research. Answering one scientific question frequently leads to additional questions to be investigated.
- 9. WHO ARE THEY ?
- 10. RutherfordIn the early 1900s, Ernest Rutherford studied (among other things) the organization of the atom — the fundamental particle of the natural world Madam Marie Curie Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Marie Sklodowska Curie, recognizing her discovery of the elements, radium and polonium. Dr. Curie’s achievements continue to inspire students, especially women, to pursue careers in chemistry
- 11. THE DIFFERENT FIELDS OF SCIENCE Natural Sciences Magnetic Field Lines Biology Physics Earth Science Chemistry
- 12. Chemistry Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that take place with that matter •Analytical chemistry •Biochemistry •Computational chemistry •Polymer chemistry •Inorganic chemistry •Physical chemistry •Materials science •Quantum chemistry Organic chemistry •Spectroscopy •Electrochemistry •Stereochemistry Thermochemistry
- 13. International Year of Chemistry, abbreviated IYC 2011. The official slogan of the IYC 2011 is "Chemistry—our life, our future".
- 14. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE IYC 2011 For the first time in the 100-year history of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the worldwide chemistry community is celebrated throughout 2011 the achievements of chemistry and its contributions to the well-being of humankind. At its 44th General Assembly in August 2007 in Torino, Italy, IUPAC unanimously approved a resolution in favor of the proclamation of 2011 as the International Year of Chemistry (IYC 2011: www.chemistry2011.org).
- 15. ACTIVITIES OF IYC,2011 1.Increase the public’s appreciation of chemistry in meeting world needs: Chemistry, which is appropriately called the Central Science, is both a philosophical inquiry and an applied scientific endeavor. Molecular transformations are central to the production of foodstuffs, medicines, fuels, and metals, that is, virtually all manufactured and extracted products. 2. Increase young people’s interest in chemistry 3.Generate enthusiasm for the creative future of chemistry 4.Celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Mme. Curie Nobel Prize and the 100th anniversary of the founding of the International Association of Chemical SocietieS
- 16. MEGA EVENTS OF IYC,2011 An official launch with UNESCO in Paris on January 27–28, 2011 The 43rd IUPAC Congress and 46th General Assembly in San Juan, Puerto Rico on July 30– August 7, 2011. A closing event in Brussels in November 30– December 1, 2011
- 17. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Modern agriculture depends quite heavily on the advances that have been made in science, and chemistry in particular, to maximize the yield of crops and animal products.Fertilizers, pesticides, and antibiotics play ever increasing roles in this field
- 18. POLLUTION IN SOIL IS ASSOCIATED WITH Indiscriminate use of fertilizers Indiscriminate use of pesticides, insecticides and herbicides Dumping of large quantities of solid waste Deforestation and soil erosion
- 19. INDISCRIMINATE USE OF FERTILIZERS Soil nutrients are important for plant growth and development. Plants obtain carbon( C), hydrogen(H) and oxygen(O) from air and water. But other necessary nutrients like nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), potassium(K), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), sulphur(S) and more must be obtained from the soil
- 20. CONTAMINATION FROM FERTILIZERS Fertilizers contaminate the soil with impurities, which come from the raw materials used for their manufacture. Mixed fertilizers often contain ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), phosphorus as P2O5, and potassium as K2O. For instance, As, Pb and Cd present in traces in rock phosphate Metals are not degradable,
- 21. The over use of NPK fertilizers reduce quantity of vegetables and crops The carbohydrate quality of such crops also gets degraded. Excess potassium content in soil decreases Vitamin C and carotene content in vegetables and fruits. The vegetables and fruits grown on over- fertilized soil are more prone to attacks by insects and disease.
- 22. PESTICIDE USE Pesticides are defined as the substance or mixture of substances used to prevent, destroy, repel, attract, sterilise, stupefy or mitigate any insects. Generally pesticides are used in three sectors viz. agriculture, public health and consumer use. The consumption of pesticide in India is about 600 gms. / hectare, where as that of developed countries is touching 3000 gms. / hectare
- 23. INDISCRIMINATE USE OF PESTICIDES, INSECTICIDES AND HERBICIDES The first widespread insecticide use began at the end of World War II and included DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and gammaxene. Insects soon became resistant to DDT and as the chemical did not decompose readily, it persisted in the environment.
- 24. COND. Since it was soluble in fat rather than water, it biomagnified up the food chain and disrupted calcium metabolism in birds, causing eggshells to be thin and fragile. As a result, large birds of prey such as the brown pelican, ospreys, falcons and eagles became endangered. DDT has been now been banned in most western countries. Ironically many of them including USA, still produce DDT for export to other developing nations whose needs outweigh the problems caused by it.
- 25. COND. The most important pesticides are DDT, BHC, chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, aldrin, malathion, dieldrin, furodan, etc. The remnants of such pesticides used on pests may get adsorbed by the soil particles, which then contaminate root crops grown in that soil. The consumption of such crops causes the pesticides remnants to enter human biological systems, affecting them adversely
- 27. CONTROL OF SOIL POLLUTION The following steps have been suggested to control soil pollution. To help prevent soil erosion, we can limit construction in sensitive area. In general we would need less fertilizer and fewer pesticides if we could all adopt the three R's: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. This would give us less solid waste. Reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide use Reusing of materials
- 28. FUN AND INTERESTING CHEMISTRY FACTS • Fun chemistry face: liquid oxygen is blue. • Warwick Hillier, Australia National University, Canberra
- 29. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE •Unlike many substances, water expands as it freezes. •The only elements that are liquid at room temperature are bromine and mercury. •However, you can melt gallium by holding a lump in the warmth of your hand.
- 30. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE • An ice cube takes up about 9% more volume than the water used to make it. • If you pour a handful of salt into a full glass of water, the water level will actually go down rather than overflowing the glass. • There is about 1/2 lb or 250 g of salt (NaCl) in the average adult human body
- 31. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE • A pure element can take many forms. For example, diamond and graphite both are forms of pure carbon. • The chemical name for water (H2O) is dihydrogen monoxide. • The only letter that doesn't appear on the periodic table is J.
- 32. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE • Lightning strikes produce O3, which is ozone, and strengthen the ozone layer of the atmosphere. • The only two non-silvery metals are gold and copper. • Although oxygen gas is colorless, the liquid and solid forms of oxygen are blUE
- 33. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE • The human body contains enough carbon to provide 'lead' (which is really graphite) for about 9,000 pencils. • Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, while oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth's atmosphere, crust, and oceans (about 49.5%). • The rarest naturally-occurring element in the earth's crust may be astatine. The entire crust appears to contain about 28 g of the element
- 34. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE • Hydrofluoric acid is so corrosive that it will dissolve glass. Although it is corrosive, hydrofluoric acid is considered to be a 'weak acid'. • One bucket full of water contains more atoms than there are bucketfuls of water in the Atlantic ocean
- 35. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE • Approximately 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere was produced by the Amazon rainforest. • Helium balloons float because helium is lighter than air. • Bee stings are acidic while wasp stings are alkaline
- 36. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE • Hot peppers get their heat from a molecule called capsaicin. While the molecule acts as an irritant to mammals, including humans, birds lack the receptor responsible for the effect and are immune to the burning sensation from exposure. • Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide, CO2. • Liquid air has a bluish tint, similar to water
- 37. KETCHUP & BAKING SODA VOLCANO • The acetic acid in ketchup reacts with baking soda to produce an extra-special type of lava for a chemical volcano. This is a non- toxic volcano recipe that is sure to please! Volcano game
- 38. SOME PHOTOGRAPHS Piers Sellers performs a spacewalk outside the ISS on July 13, 2006. NASA/Getty Images
- 39. SOME IMPORTANT PHOTO Image of the sun acquired by the Extreme Photo of Earth from the ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) at the Galileo spacecraft, Dec. 11, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center July 1990 15, 1999. NASA
- 40. Mad Scientist