Presentation types of qualitative research
- 3. Presented By, Muhammad Afzal Roll # 14 Muhammad Ishfaq Roll # 13 The University of Lahore Baba Fareed Campus Pakpattan.
- 4. Types of Qualitative Research Introduction • There are 4 major types of qualitative research. • (approaches, forms) • Phenomenology • Ethnography • Case Study • Grounded theory Qualitative research relies primarily on the collection of qualitative data (nonnumeric data such as words , pictures) The difference between qualitative data and quantitative data. • Qualitative data • Quantitative data
- 5. Phenomenology The first major approach to qualitative research is phenomenology. The descriptive study of how individuals experience a phenomenon. The researcher tries to gain access to individuals' life-worlds, which is their world of experience; it is where consciousness exists. Conducting in-depth interviews is a common method for gaining access to individuals' life-worlds.
- 6. Phenomenology The researcher, searches for the invariant structures of individuals' experiences. Phenomenological researchers often search for commonalities across individuals.
- 7. Phenomenology Report After analyzing phenomenological research data, write a report that provides rich description and a "vicarious experience" of being there for the reader of the report.
- 8. Ethnography • The second major approach to qualitative research is Ethnography. The discovery and description of the culture of a group of people. • Ethnography originates in the discipline of Anthropology, the concept of culture is of central importance. • Culture is the system of shared beliefs, values, practices, language, norms, rituals, and material things that group members use to understand their world.
- 9. Ethnography One can study • Micro cultures such as the culture in a classroom • Macro cultures such as the United States of America culture. There are two additional or specialized types of ethnography. • 1. Ethnology .. The comparative study of cultural groups. • 2. Ethno history .. The study of the cultural past of a group of people.
- 10. Ethnography The final ethnography (the report) should provide a rich and holistic description of the culture of the group under study
- 11. Case Study The third major approach to qualitative research is Case Study . The detailed account and analysis of one or more cases. • A case is a bounded system. (a person, a group, an activity, a process). Because the roots of case study are interdisciplinary, many different concepts and theories can be used to describe and explain the case.
- 12. Case Study Robert Stake classifies case study research into three types: • Intrinsic case study where the interest is only in understanding the particulars of the case. • Instrumental case study where the interest is in understanding something more general than the case. • Collective case study where interest is in studying and comparing multiple cases in a single research study.
- 13. Case Study The case study final report should provide a rich (i.e., vivid and detailed) and holistic (i.e., describes the whole and its parts) description of the case and its context
- 14. Grounded Theory The fourth major approach to qualitative research is Grounded Theory. • Grounded Theory is an approach for developing theory that is "grounded in data systematically gathered and analyzed". It is usually used to generate theory. Grounded theory can also be used to test previously grounded theories.
- 15. Grounded Theory Four important characteristics • Fit : Does the theory correspond to real-world data? • Understanding : Is the theory clear and understandable? • Generality: Is the theory abstract enough to the original research study? • Control : Can the theory be applied to produce real-world results?
- 16. Grounded Theory Data analysis often follows three steps: Open coding Reading transcripts line-by- line and identifying and coding the concepts found in the data. Axial coding Organizing the concepts and making them more abstract. Selective coding Focusing on the main ideas, developing the story, and finalizing the grounded theory.
- 17. Grounded Theory The final report should include a detailed and clear description of the grounded theory.