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- 1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SKILLS & ITS IMPORTANCE DR B SHESHU KUMAR MD BIOCHEMISTRY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY, KAKATIYA MEDICAL COLLEGE, HANUMAKONDA
- 2. KAKATIYA MEDICAL COLLEGE, HANUMAKONDA AFFILITATED TO KNRUHS, WARANGAL FOUNDATION COURSE FIRST MBBS 2022-23
- 3. • MEDICAL STUDENTS LIFE DIFFERS FROM OTHER EDUCATIONAL COURSES • The undergraduate course is 5 years long - longer than other university courses - and requires endless energy and commitment from the student.. It is also worth remembering that the medical course presents much more than an intellectual challenge to students - they must also learn to deal with interpersonal communication, serious illness and ethical issues.
- 4. 1. WHAT MEDICINE MEANS FOR A STUDENTS • Medicine is a vocational degree and studying medicine allows you to develop the practical and clinical capabilities specific to medicine, as well as the professional and personal attributes necessary to be a doctor DR.T.V.RAO MD 3 2. 4. SKILLS YOU SHOULD PERFECT • Students should develop a range of other transferable skills through your course, such as critical appraisal, observation, liste ning, logical reasoning and decision making. These skills are crucial when working as a doctor, but are just as useful in work outside medicine. DR.T.V.RAO MD 4 3. 5. WRITING COMMUNICATIONS INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS • Written communication - completing assignments, taking patient histories and completing medical reports. • Written and digital documentation a must keep you informed and makes safe from legal litigations in future • Learn using computer whenever required DR.T.V.RAO MD 5 4. 6. CERTAIN TO BECOME A GOOD DOCTOR IF YOU CAN EFFECTIVELY COMMUNICATE • Oral communication - developing listening as well as talking skills through discussing patient treatment with other medical staff, explaining diagnosis and prognosis to patients and relatives in language that they can understand, and developing an empathic approach; DR.T.V.RAO MD 6 5. 7. MEDICINE IS A TEAM WORK – DO NOT GET ISOLATED • Team working - working with others to complete a task, to understand your role and the roles of others within a multidisciplinary health care team; DR.T.V.RAO MD 7 6. 8. JUNIORS WILL RESPECT YOUR LEADERSHIP • leadership - providing guidance to others and gaining responsibility; DR.T.V.RAO MD 8
- 5. 1.9. COMPUTER LITERACY – INFORMATION HANDLING • Computer literacy and information handling - through projects and assignments; • Computers and networking part of our lives make the use of the best resources. • Limit your online work, Do not get addicted to Internet, you deviate from your objectives DR.T.V.RAO MD 9 2.10. TIME MANAGEMENT AND THE ABILITY TO PRIORITISE YOUR WORKLOAD; • Time management is gaining importance for Medical students. • Many subjects, few hours to optimise for learning • Prioritise you work and work load • Be a champion to organize your time you are winner one day DR.T.V.RAO MD 10 3.11. THE ABILITY TO WORK UNDER PRESSURE; • There are undoubtedly many difficult, unchangeable aspects of medical training, but more emphasis on what students like-for example, talking to patients-might mediate these difficulties. • Studentship is a perfect the communication skills, never skip away from clinical training • Talk at least to few patients in a day • The real learning in Medicine is in patient DR.T.V.RAO MD 11
- 6. 1. 12. HELPING STUDENTS TO FIGHT THE STRESS • Basically, the findings seem to indicate that in some cases there needs to be institutional interventions or changes depending on the type of stressors most affecting students. It's up to Medical colleges to provide students with coping methods, or put in place strategic plans for combating stress DR.T.V.RAO MD 12 2. 13. TEACHERS TOO RESPONSIBLE FOR REDUCING THE STRESS • Other methods suggested for reducing student stress are the use of small groups for teaching and support, sensitivity groups, and a counselling service. DR.T.V.RAO MD 13 3. 14. STUDENTS SHOULD LISTEN TO THEIR FRIENDS • Negotiation and mediation - understanding someone else's point of view and being non-judgemental • Some times our friends and class mates understands better than us; DR.T.V.RAO MD 14 4. 15. THE ABILITY TO DEAL WITH UNCERTAINTY AND TO WORK WITHIN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT; • We live in a uncertain world, nothing is predictable next moment ; • Practice to learn what is different, • You cannot choose your teachers • Adjust with best available teachers • Take advantage from competent teachers DR.T.V.RAO MD 15 5. 16. MOST IMPORTANT – BALANCE YOUR LIFE • Personal development planning - self- appraisal, presentation skills and managing your work-life balance. • Everyone's life is unpredictable • Accepting change is the best art • Adjust to the change today tomorrow may be too late DR.T.V.RAO MD 16
- 7. 1. 17. IMPROVE YOU PRESENCE • Consider the skills developed on your course as well as through your other activities, such as skilled work, volunteering, family responsibilities, sport, membership of societies, leadership roles, etc. Think about how these can be used as evidence of your skills and personal attributes. Then you can start to practice who you really are, identify what you may be lacking and consider how to improve your profile. DR.T.V.RAO MD 17 2. 18. DO REMEMBER THE EMOTIONAL IMPACT OF PRACTICE OF MEDICINE • We love practicing medicine. Unequivocally. Yet it sometimes seems as much a burden as a privilege. We begin our careers in the anatomy room, a ghoulish lab in which many “civilians” would faint. We cut our teeth in bloody operating rooms and intensive care units from which few people leave intact. We spend our lives bearing witness to the sufferings and diseases of troubled souls. We are well paid, intellectually stimulated, and, if we are lucky, trusted and maybe even loved by our patients. Yet on certain days, when our patients do not do well, the trade-off seems untenable. DR.T.V.RAO MD 18 3. 19. WISH TO BE UPDATED AND KNOWLEDGED • The work is well within the capacity of all who make the entrance requirements, but extra reading and revision needs to be done in the evenings and at weekends, to keep up with the course. If students are living at home, they will need quiet periods each evening and at weekends, free from distraction DR.T.V.RAO MD 19 4. 20. LEARNING TO STUDY WITH NEW RESEARCH IDEAS • In recent years, cognitive scientists have shown that a few simple techniques can reliably improve what matters most: how much a student learns from studying. • Instead of sticking to one study location, simply alternating the room where a person studies improves retention. So does studying distinct but related skills or concepts in one sitting, rather than focusing intensely on a single thing.
- 8. • Where medical information comes from 1.Medical information on Google comes from high-quality websites, medical professionals, and search results.We find and analyze health-related information from high-quality sites across the web. 2.Teams of doctors carefully review and refine the information. 3.Licensed medical illustrators create visuals. • If you search for a symptom, you could find a section called "Health conditions related to this search." This section comes from search results and our Knowledge Graph. We check these results for relevance.
- 9. • Medical information on Google • You can search on Google for medical information that doctors review. You can learn more about the following:Symptoms • Treatments • Medical conditions • Prevention and safety • Concerns • Tip: Medical information on symptoms and treatments is available only in some countries. We provide medical information on the most frequently searched topics. Images are informational only.
- 10. • TIPS ON SEARCHING THE INTERNET FOR MEDICAL INFORMATION Ibrahim Mansoor, MBBS Additional article information Abstract Searching for references is part of everyday life in medicine. Since the arrival of the Internet, it has provided great promise for clinicians because of its ready provision of access to large amounts of knowledge and information. But because of the overload of information, searching for particular information has now become a tedious time-consuming and frustrating task. This article describes effective ways, tips, tools, detailed search techniques and strategies for searching for medical information. It also lists some useful resource and database sites that can help in the search for accurate information. Keywords: Internet Search, search tools, World Wide Web Finding information on the Web may be difficult, but not impossible. As an alternative to a central catalogue, the Web offers a choice of dozens of different Search Engines, each with its own database, command language, search capabilities, and method of displaying results. The Search Engines, also known as Search Services, find documents to match your interests. Each search engine operates on its database of URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), texts and descriptions that point to the actual documents on the World Wide Web.1–2 It must be pointed out that whenever a search is made with the help of a search tool, what is viewed is data extracted from the database of this search tool and not from the whole World Wide Web. Since none of these search tool databases includes the whole World Wide Web, different results are obtained from different search tools. All search tools provide the search results as lists of Web documents with hypertext links, which when clicked take us to that particular Web document from the search tool. The search tools on the Web fall into two main categories: Subject Directories, which rely heavily on the human element as part of their indexing strategy, and Search Engines, which keep human/data interaction to a bare minimum. Both use software robots called “Spiders” that crawl the Web, newsgroups, and gopher, FTP (File Transfer Protocol) and WAIS (Wide Area Information System) sites, extracting URLs addresses and keywords to add to the search tool's database. Both of these search tools have benefits and drawbacks, depending on what you are willing to sacrifice.2 New MetaCrawlers have now emerged, as the best for querying multiple engines at once. They do not maintain their own database; instead, they act as middle agents passing queries to many major search engines.3–5 TIPS FOR SEARCHING The following are brief and very effective search tips that apply to most of the search tools available on the internet:4–5 (1) The accuracy of the search depends on the greater number of search words used. (2) Good keyword selection is as much about excluding the irrelevant as it is about including the relevant. Being as specific as possible will yield the best results. (3) Since no single search tool will supply all your needs, use at least two or three different tools regularly. Learn the features and the capabilities of these tools to use them effectively. (4) It is wise to check more than one search tool for any topic because search results vary widely from one to another. (5) If you are more interested in broad, general information, the first place to go to is a Subject Directory. If you are after narrow, specific information, a Web Search Engine is probably a better choice. (6) Most of the search engines return results with confidence or relevancy rankings. In other words, they list the hits according to how closely they think the results match the query. Consequently, it is often not necessary to browse through more than the first few pages of results, even when the total results number in the thousands. (7) Many search engines provide two different interfaces for searching the internet; the Basic and the Advanced. The Basic or Simple search interface is a good place to start your search but it lacks many of the search engine's features. If you are looking for information that is hard to find, you can search more effectively by using the advanced search capabilities of the search engines. (8) Wherever possible, use Boolean commands in your search query. Boolean commands are specific words or symbols that allow you to include, combine, or restrict the keywords of your search. Some search engines will allow you to use Boolean commands only from advanced search interface. (9) Some search engines do not support Boolean commands directly. They use the characters instead of Boolean operators to include and exclude terms. Most search engines will allow you to use these Implied Boolean commands. ( 10) Each engine catalogs information in a different way. Knowing how each engine works helps to use the right search engine for the job on hand. AN EXAMPLE OF A PRACTICAL EFFECTIVE SEARCH TECHNIQUE
- 11. AN EXAMPLE OF A PRACTICAL EFFECTIVE SEARCH TECHNIQUE • Here is a list of easy to follow techniques and strategies explained with an example that can definitely boost your search engine's performance. (1) State What You Want to Find: In one or two sentences, state what you want to find on the internet. For example: What are the recent findings about a new drug therapy discovered for cancer treatment? Using the information “contained” in these statements, you can see how an effective query can be built by following the guidelines. (2) Identify Keywords: Break down the topic into key concepts and underline the main concepts in the statement. What are the recent findings about a new drug therapy discovered for cancer treatment? (3) Use nouns as query keywords: When conducting a search, the central keywords in your queries will be nouns. Though sometimes adverbs and adjectives can help refine your search, the key pivot point is a noun, or series of nouns. In our example, the noun is Drug, drugs. Actions (verbs) and modifiers (adjectives, adverbs, predicate subjects) are very diverse, easily substitutable, and generally not universally applied in any given description. Search engines either return too many “hits” for these words that are not very useful or “throw them away”. As a general rule, try to avoid using action terms and modifiers in your queries. (4) Use sufficient number of keywords in query: One of the major mistakes usually made in preparing a query is not providing enough keywords.
- 12. • submit 1.5 keywords per query. This number is insufficient to find accurately the information you are seeking. Thus, a central task in query formulation is for you to identify a sufficient number of appropriate keywords. In our example, the possible keywords are new, drug, drugs, therapy, treatment, cancer, and neoplasm. (5) Truncate words to pick up singular and plural versions: One of the mistakes in query formulation is inadequate use of word stemming, or truncation. By using either only singular or plural version of a word, we would eliminate about half of the potential documents that we would like to use as our search basis. The better way to handle this problem is through truncation. Truncation is applying a wildcard character after the first few letters in a term (the “stem”). The asterisk (*) is the most universally accepted truncation wildcard. This wild card means any word or letter after this. Generally, you must also have a minimum of three characters at the beginning of the word as your stem basis. Once marked for truncation, any matching characters after that will be picked up in the search query. In our examples, the keywords that can be truncated are as follows: Drug*, discover*, cancer*, treatment*. (6) Use synonyms and variant word forms: Another way of increasing your search effectiveness is to be as specific as possible; that is include as many terms and synonyms as you can think of to describe your topic fully. The best synonyms provide relatively complete coverage for the subject at hand and are ‘“pitched” for the right informational objective.
- 13. • In our first example, the possible synonyms, alternate spellings, and variant word forms of each keyword are as follows: drug*: therapy, treatment; cancer*: neoplasm, malignant; discover*. A thesaurus, and a dictionary, are both worthwhile sources of synonyms for the major subject(s) in your query. (7) Combine keywords into phrases where possible: A very effective way to increase the relevance or precision of “hits” is to search as a phrase. Phrases are combinations of words that must be found in the search documents in the EXACT order as shown. You denote phrases within closed quotes (“”). Phrases should be used where the constituent terms are naturally married; like “lipo-protein” or “lipoprotein*”. It is a powerful search technique for significantly narrowing your search results, and it should be used as often as possible. Some other examples are “Ischemic heart disease”, “Diabetes Mellitus”, “Downs syndrome” etc. When using phrases, it is important to consider nuances of the phrase that wouldn′t normally be of concern. For example, the spaces between words are as important as characters. Some search tools provide specific options for phrases; some do not allow them at all, but almost all allow you to enter a phrase in quotes, ignoring the quotations if not supported. (8) Combine Synonyms with Boolean or Use Boolean or to string together synonyms. For example discover* or find; popular or common or favorite; treatment* or therapy*. (9) Combine 2 to 3 “concepts” in query: Triangulating on multiple query concepts narrows and targets results
- 14. • generally by more than 100-to-l. For example, the concepts in our examples could be as follows: “Cancer therapy”; “new drugs*”; discover* or find; method* or way* or technique*. (10) Distinguish “concepts” with parentheses: Nest single query “concepts” with parentheses. A simple way to ensure that the search engines evaluate your query in the way you want, from left to right: (“Cancer therapy”) (“new drugs*”). (11) Order “concepts” with subject first: Put main subject first. Engines tend to rank documents more highly that match first terms or phrases evaluated: (“new drugs*”) (discover* or find) (“Cancer therapy”). (12) Link “concepts” with the AND operator: Combine keywords with Boolean AND. AND glues the query together. The resulting query is not overly complicated nor nested, and proper left-to-right evaluation order is ensured: (“new drugs*”) and (discover* or find) and (“cancer therapy”). • TIPS ON SEARCHING THE INTERNET FOR MEDICAL INFORMATION, brahim Mansoor, MBBS, Journal of Family & Community Medicine Vol.9 No.1 – April 2002
- 16. • Top Health Sites While there are dozens of great websites that provide reliable, trustworthy, unbiased health and medical information, here are two of the best all-purpose sites that are easy to use. • Medlineplus.gov: Sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and managed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus provides information on more than 900 diseases and conditions in their "Health Topics" section, and links to other trusted resources. • It also provides a directory of hospitals, clinics and healthcare providers, a medical encyclopedia and medical dictionary, tutorials on common conditions, tests, and treatments, extensive information on prescription drugs, supplements and herbs, and links to thousands of clinical trials. It even offers a senior specific health site (nihseniorhealth.gov) that makes age-related health information easier to get. • MayoClinic.com: Owned by the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, this site is produced by more than 3,300 physicians, scientists and researchers from Mayo Clinic, and provides in-depth, easy-to-understand information on hundreds of diseases and conditions, drugs and supplements, tests and procedures. It also offers a nifty "Symptom Checker" tool and "First-Aid Guide" for fast answers to all types of health conditions, along with medical blogs, expert answers, videos and links to additional resources. • Disease Specific Sites There are also dozens of other sites dedicated to specific diseases and conditions. Here are some top-rated sites as listed by the Medical Library Association on cancer, heart disease, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. • Cancer: American Cancer Society (cancer.org), National Cancer Institute (cancer.gov), Association of Cancer Online Resources (acor.org) and Cancer Care (cancercare.org). • Heart disease: American Heart Association (americanheart.org), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (www.nhlbi.nih.gov) and Congenital Heart Information Network (tchin.org). • Diabetes: American Diabetes Association (diabetes.org), National Diabetes Education Program (ndep.nih.gov), Joslin Diabetes Center (www.joslin.harvard.edu), and Diabetes Monitor (diabetesmonitor.com). • Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's Association (alz.org), Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation (alzinfo.org), and Alzheimers.gov.