![DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
OF A NOVEL FORCE PLATE
AYMAN SIDDIQUE [ID: 7669311]
MSC MED PROJECT SUPERVISOR: DR. GLEN COOPER](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/27e3a3cb-5f48-45a4-96de-d5dbbae261d8-161214114939/85/Presentation_Dissertation-1-320.jpg)
Presentation_Dissertation
- 1. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL FORCE PLATE AYMAN SIDDIQUE [ID: 7669311] MSC MED PROJECT SUPERVISOR: DR. GLEN COOPER
- 2. INTRODUCTION: DIABETES AND DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2- Diabetes) is a medical condition when the human body is unable to produce the necessary insulin required, or develops insulin-resistance, i.e. cannot respond to its effects. In 2013, the IDF had estimated that the global expenditure attributed to the overall treatment of diabetes to be about USD 548 billion and USD 678 million in 2013 and 2035, respectively.
- 3. PATHWAY TO DIABETIC FOOT ULCERATION “The lifetime risk of a person with diabetes developing a foot ulcer could be as high as 25% and it is believed that every 30 seconds a lower limb is lost somewhere in the world as a consequence of diabetes.” –Boulton As of 2010, 15-20 % of patients who suffer from foot ulcers would be in need of an amputation, with 85% of these foot amputations following diabetic foot ulceration.
- 4. ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN FOOT • 7 short tarsal bones incorporate the heel and back of the instep. • 5 metatarsal bones constitute the structure for the ball of the foot. Each metatarsal is associated with one of the toes. • The toe structure comprises of 14 phalanges and small bones • Tarsal and metatarsal (MTH) bones provide the arch structure of the foot • Bands of ligaments inter-connect and constrict the bones • A thick layer of fatty tissue lies underneath the sole of the foot, in order to absorb the pressure and shock during various stages of gait A human foot consists of 26 bones, which further constitute of 33 joints, 19 muscles, 107 ligaments and several tendons.
- 5. BIOMECHANICS OF PLANTAR FOOT ULCERATION The skin acts as the medium through which internal forces are conveyed to its surroundings as well as the environmental external forces that act on the skin itself and its corresponding subcutaneous tissue. The number of force repetitions required to cause tissue injury decreases as the force (pressure) increases, and vice versa. This is known as a pressure time integral, and many researchers have used this relationship to determine the risk of diabetic foot ulceration. “Mechanical fatigue is defined as the failure of a structure or biological tissue at a submaximal level to maintain integrity because of repeated bouts of loading.” Ulceration is instigated due to the combination of reduced sensation (intrinsic factor) and high plantar pressure (extrinsic mechanical factor) when the foot undergoes uncharacteristic mechanical loading.
- 6. PLANTAR SHEAR FORCE MEASUREMENT: A REVIEW Optical Method (Mackey and Davis, 2006) Strain Gauge Method (Cheng et al.,2010) • Force sensor based on strain gauge techniques and the shear-web principle • The sensor was able to measure the AP and ML shear forces and the normal force at the plantar surface, by utilising the embedded strain gauge rosettes • Each strain gauge rosette provided three sensor output channels The evaluation of plantar stress distribution is crucial in order to identify diabetic feet that are prone to ulceration. • Optics-based force sensor which determined pressure and shear patterns on the plantar surface • The system is able to measure three-dimensional (3-D) stress tensors at all points of contact with the sole of the foot. • The system can be calibrated automatically by simply being activated, and measures optical phase retardance while collecting zero-load data
- 7. ULTRA-SOUND TISSUE IMAGING: A REVIEW • Soft Tissue Response Imaging Device (STRIDE) • Simultaneously subjugated plantar soft tissue to vertical compression and recorded the corresponding mechanical response. • Foot scanner with an embedded tissue ultrasound palpitation (indentation) system (TUPS) in order to evaluate plantar soft tissue properties under the loading of different body-weights. • The scanner allowed real-time tracking of foot movements. Evaluation of the mechanical properties of plantar soft tissues in conjunction with plantar shear measurement could facilitate monitoring of diabetes development and subsequent prevention of diabetic foot ulceration. TUPS: (Zheng et al, 2010) STRIDE: (Parker et al.,2015)
- 8. PROPOSED DESIGN: AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND SPECIFICATIONS AIMS: To design and develop a force plate that can simultaneously measure the tri-axial shear forces of a specific plantar region, and determine the mechanical characteristics of its corresponding soft tissue. OBJECTIVES: • To design concepts for the force sensor which incorporates strain gauge techniques and commercial ultrasound devices • To compare the concepts and progress one of them to the embodiment design phase • To validate the embodiment design through use of FEA and numerical calculations and hence determine a final design for the force sensor • To commission and test the final design before proceeding with manufacturing of force sensor
- 10. PROPOSED DESIGN: DEVELOPMENT, EVALUATION AND FURTHER WORK Construction and analysis of FEA foot model using MRI images of foot Integration into matrix array Determination of sensitivity, hysteresis and non-linearity FEA validation of force sensor design
- 11. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING ANY QUESTIONS?