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- 1. Regional Petroleum Hydrogeological study of Bakken Formation, Canadian part Birendra Kumar Piya MSc Integrated Petroleum Geosciences 2012/2013 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Physics, University of Alberta Supervisor: Professor Ben J. Rostron August 8, 2013 1
- 2. OBJECTIVE To Carry out general hydrogeological study of Bakken formation in Canadian parts. To generate Potentiometric surface map, structural maps and to determine the groundwater flow direction. To analyse and evaluate the chemistry (TDS) of the formation waters To generate Pressure versus depth plots To determine the position of hydrocarbon entrapments using UVZ method 2
- 3. Introduction Alberta Saskatchewan Study area Manitoba Canadian Shield North Dakota South Dakota Siouxarch Montana Wyoming Location : Longitude: 990 30' to 1110 53' W Latitude : 490 to 520 20' N Area: 84,000 Sq. Miles̴ (216,700 km2 ) Thickness: 0 – 47m Bakken formation area 200,000 Sq. miles (520,000 Km2 ) (Kent and Christopher, 1994, Wikipedia) Modified from, Benn and Rostron, 1998, Bakken outline-Smith and Bustin, 2000 Study area 3
- 4. Geoscout Final Report Data Source Accumap (IHS) •Structural data, •Chemical data •Pressure data Culling of data Data analysis Database management Microsoft Excel Calculation of Hydraulic heads Calculation for formation density Calculation of DFR and driving force Calculation of �∇ and �∇ Surfer and IlWISHydraulic head map, UVZ map Structure map, TDS map, Methods Hitchon and Brulotte, (1994) 4
- 5. Formulas • Hydraulic head (h) = z +( P/ρg) ….……..1 • U =V – Z…………………………………...2 • U= {ρo/(ρo - ρw)} * ho…………………… 3 • V={ρw/(ρw-ρo)}*hw …………………………4 • DFR = (Δρ * E)/(ρ0 * Hf)…………………5 • The driving force (F) = Hf +(Δρ/ρf) * E. ..6 Hubbert, 1953; Davies, 1987 5
- 6. GENERAL GEOLOGY Williston Basin Bakken Formation Lodgepole Threefork formation Meissner, 1978 Osinski, 1970, Rocanville area lodgepole threefork 6
- 7. Hydrostratigraphy Of Williston Basin Melnik, 2012 Melnik 2012, 12 aquifer, 12 aquitard Palombi, 2008, 19 aquifer, 13 aquitard 7
- 8. The Laramide orogeny was caused by subduction of a plate at a shallow angle. Wikipedia.org Tectonics: • Associated with laramide orogene Mountain building activity, in late Cretaceous period. Oceanic plate sliding under the North American plate at shallow angle. According to Kent and Christopher (1994), the origin of the basin is mainly due to subsidence and upliftment caused due to normal process of heating and cooling process in the inside of the earth. 8
- 9. Depositional environment • Upper member: deposited in anaerobic condition (deep marine environment ) i.e. restricted circulation of Oxygen • Middle member: aerobic condition (diagenetically altered to dolomites) • Lower member: dysaerobic condition • Deposited during major cycle of onlap and offlap sediments (Transgression and regression series) • The presence of some organic remains like planktonic organic spores, fish remains, cephalopods, ostracodes and conodonts indicate marine to marginal marine water conditions • Absence of wave generated structure indicates deposition below storm wave base Halabura et al. (2007). Meissner, (1978) 9
- 10. S N Lower depth Upper depth Contour interval 500 ft NW SE Bakken structure maps 10
- 11. Meissner, 1978 lower member = 3-20m Middle member = few cm to 30m Average = 13m upper member Max thickness varies 4-18m = Average 2m Halabura et al, 2007 11
- 12. Analysis Hydraulic Head h = z + P/ρg = z + Ψ Hydraulic head is the sum of elevation head and the pressure head ΨB hB SB Surface zB Formation Name Bottom Hole Latitude Bottom Hole Longitu de KB Elevatio n (m) Upper Depth (m) Lower Depth (m) Average kPa Head H BAKKEN / TORQUAY 52.05 -109.99 753.7 766.0 778.8 772.4 5910.90 583.84 BAKKEN / TORQUAY 52.05 -109.99 753.7 805.0 816.0 810.5 5910.9 545.74 BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.07 -108.98 726.9 886.1 897.9 892.0 9173.47 770.01 BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.06 -109.44 679.7 876.0 884.0 880.0 9101.63 727.49 BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.33 -109.99 700.1 857.0 873.0 865.0 8535.02 705.13 BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.38 -109.37 699.1 883.0 888.0 885.5 8400.70 669.94 BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.44 -109.83 689.5 739.0 751.0 745.0 8154.30 775.72 BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.50 -109.28 677.7 886.1 897.9 892.0 7675.20 568.09 BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.50 -109.81 693.8 876.0 884.0 880.0 7868.30 615.87 depth P Hubbert, 1953 12
- 13. • In practice direction of flow is normal to the equipotential lines, provided no variable density and aquifer is horizontal Final Potentiometric surface map Contour interval 40m 1120 – 400m 13
- 14. Potentiometric surface Map •Factors affecting flow direction are density variation, temperature, pressure and topography. 14
- 15. WDF (F) = �� + Δ�/��∇ �∇ DFR = (Δ�/ �� ) * ( � / �∇ ∇ f ) Davies, 1987 �∇ � = pressure related driving force (Δ�/��) � = density and slope related driving force∇ 15
- 16. Easting Northing Δ Hf Δ Z ρf kg/m3 ρw kg/m3 (Δρ/ρf)*ΔE DFR Driving force 305508.6 5425089.1 0.001 0.001 1010 1000 0.00099 0.002 0.00001 302416.9 5426812.9 0.0011 0.0011 1010.1 1000 0.00108889 0.003 0.00001111 299052.8 5427876.72 0.0012 0.0012 1010.2 1000 0.00118776 0.004 0.00001224 295537.9 5428512.8 0.0013 0.0013 1010.3 1000 0.00128661 0.005 0.00001339 291998.3 5428920.78 0.0014 0.0014 1010.4 1000 0.00138544 0.006 0.00001456 288465.9 5429154.51 0.0015 0.0015 1010.5 1000 0.00148425 0.007 0.00001575 284926.4 5429160.57 0.0016 0.0016 1010.6 1000 0.00158304 0.008 0.00001696 281379.9 5428974.13 0.0017 0.0017 1010.7 1000 0.00168181 0.009 0.00001819 277850.3 5428844.11 0.0018 0.0018 1010.8 1000 0.00178056 0.01 0.00001944 274347.6 5428957.72 0.0019 0.0019 1010.9 1000 0.00187929 0.011 0.00002071 270800.7 5429193 0.002 0.002 1011 1000 0.001978 0.012 0.000022 267129.2 5429440.06 0.0021 0.0021 1011.1 1000 0.00207669 0.013 0.00002331 263574.1 5430053.69 0.0022 0.0022 1011.2 1000 0.00217536 0.014 0.00002464 Calculation of WDF and DFR 16
- 17. Hydraulic gradient map Variation: 0.001 to 0.014 ΔHf=Δh/Δx =( h2-h1)/l 17
- 18. Topographic gradient map Variation; 0.001 to 0.037 ΔE=Δz/Δx = (z2-z1)/l 18
- 19. Driving Force Ratio map DFR = (Δ�/ �� ) * ( � / �∇ ∇ � ) Variation: 0.002 to 1.106. Variable density flow 19
- 20. Driving force Vector map: WDF (F) = �� + Δ�/�� �∇ ∇ Variation: 0.000251 to 0.006082 20
- 21. Density map of Bakken formation (Canadian part), contour interval 10kg/m3 997.69 kg/m3 to 1186.06 kg/m3 �� = 730.6+2.025*T-3.8*0.001*T^2+(2.362-1.197*0.01*T+1.835*0.00001*T^2) *P+(2.374-1.024*0.01*T +1.49*0.00001*T^2-5.1*0.0001*P)*C Chierici, 1994 21
- 22. Borehole Temperature map Contour interval 50 C Variation: 10o C to 850 C, average 33o C Corresponds with Bachu and Burwash (2012) 22
- 24. P-D plots for Bakken formation in Manitoba region 24
- 25. P – D plot for different aquifer zone In Alberta region Ordovician 25
- 26. Geochemistry Ions Minimum mg/l Maximum mg/l Average Count Total Ave % Max % Na+ 34 122687 12185 301 303 32.57 29.95 Cl- 2790 190300 19965 303 303 53.37 46.45 K+ 1 38500 1350 200 303 3.61 9.40 Ca++ 5 18273 734 292 303 1.96 4.46 Mg++ 1 4854 245 300 303 0.65 1.18 HCO3- 18 8170 858 300 303 2.29 1.99 SO4 -- 1 23360 1921 296 303 5.14 5.70 CO3 ++ 0.05 3440 144 74 303 0.38 0.84 OH- 0 98 4 27 303 0.01 0.02 TDS 173 319172 35335 266 303 pH 5 9.7 7 300 303 26
- 27. End Member = NaCl (Brines) Chebotarev (1955) Groundwater evolution chart 27
- 28. Contour interval 20000 mg/l28
- 29. 29
- 31. UVZ method U = V – Z U = {ρo/(ρo - ρw)} * ho V = {ρw/(ρw - ρo)} * hw M. K. Hubbert, 1953 ρo = 0.844 g/cm3 ρ w = 1 g/cm3 Well Id (UWI) Longitude Latitude Head H ρw = g/cm3 ρo = g/cm3 V0 U0 = v0 - z 100/01-01-031-02W4/0 -110.15 51.62 690.18 1.0089 0.844 4222 2386 100/01-34-024-06W4/0 -110.75 51.08 1092.8 0 1.0140 0.844 6518 2386 100/01-34-031-03W4/0 -110.34 51.69 646.63 1.0140 0.844 3857 2386 100/02-10-026-03W4/0 -110.34 51.20 1042.5 4 1.0140 0.844 6218 2386 100/02-11-015-29W1/0 -101.37 50.26 427.11 1.0140 0.844 2548 3124 100/02-11-029-03W4/0 -110.32 51.46 879.85 1.0261 0.844 4957 3124 100/02-14-016-28W1/0 -101.23 50.36 405.20 1.0140 0.844 2417 3363 100/03-04-028-04W4/0 -110.51 51.36 935.16 1.0140 0.844 5578 3602 100/03-13-014-29W1/0 -101.32 50.18 452.13 1.0140 0.844 2697 4079 100/03-21-015-27W1/0 -101.14 50.29 413.98 1.0140 0.844 2469 4340 100/03-26-028-03W4/0 -110.32 51.42 821.11 1.0140 0.844 4898 4102 100/03-26-031-01W4/0 -110.04 51.68 526.72 1.0140 0.844 3142 3883 31
- 32. V0 Map 32
- 33. Structural map overlay on V0 Map 33
- 34. U0 plots (Intersection points between V0 and Z value 34
- 35. 2 1 Possible site for petroleum accumulation UVZ map for Light Oil (ρ0=0.844 g/cm3 ) Possible sites for hydrocarbon entrapment marked in a circle 35
- 36. Possible site of oil accumulation UVZ map for heavy Oil (0.933 g/cm3 ) Possible sites for hydrocarbon entrapment marked in a circle More confined than the light one. 36
- 37. Conclusion • Hydraulic head values gradually decreases towards North and northeast direction • Deeper parts of the formation indicate variable density flow due to variation in density and the increase in salinity • The TDS value increase towards deeper portion of the basin and ranges from less than 10,000 mg/l to up to maximum of 317,00 mg/l. • Hydrochemical study shows that, the formation water is rich in sodium and chlorine ions that follow a positive trend with TDS. • UVZ map for light oil show two possible sites for hydrocarbon entrapments. 37
- 38. •The P-D plots results, occurrences of two pressure zones, one at a depth less than 1300m (underpressure zone) and the other at a depth greater than 1300m (overpressure zone). Recommendation: Detail study covering entire Bakken formation (US and Canada Part) is necessary to be carried out in order to understand petroleum hydrogeological characteristics of the Bakken formation as a whole. For this, enough data, enough budget and sufficient time are required. 38
- 39. Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge, Supervisor Professor Ben Rostron Director of IPG program Prof. David Potter All IPG Professors EAS staffs (Technical non technical) Anatoly Melnik, Tibor Lengyel IPG Pool Awards (sponsored by ConocoPhillips, CNRL and Nexen All IPG classmates 39
- 40. References: Benn, A. A and B. J. Rostron, 1998, Regional hydrochemistry of Cambrian to Devonian aquifers in the Williston basin, Canada-USA, Eighth international Williston Basin Symposium, Sakatchewan Geological Society Special Publication No. 13, p. 238-245. Bachu, S., and B. Hitchon, 1996, Regional Scale Flow of Formation Waters in the Williston Basin, AAPG Bulletin, v. 80, No. 2, p. 248-264. Bachu, S., and R. A. Burwash, 2012, Geothermal Regime in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 30. Chebotarev, I. I., 1955. Metamorphism of natural water in the crust of weathering, Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 8, Issue 1-2, p. 22-48, 137-170, 198-212. Chierici, G. L., 1994, Principles of petroleum reservoir engineering. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, p. 430 Davies, P. B., 1987, Modelling Areal, Variable density, ground water flow using equivalent freshwater head, analysis of the potentially significant errors, proceedings of the solving groundwater problems with models conference and exposition, NWFA, p. 888-903. Halabura, S., L. Buatois, S. Angulo, and L., Piche, 2007; From Source to Trap: A review of the Bakken Petroleum System, Upper Devonian-Mississippian, and Southeastern Saskatchewan. Hubbert, M. K., 1953, Entrapment of petroleum under hydrodynamic condition, AAPG Bulletin, v. 37, no. 8p. 1954-2056. 40
- 41. Hitchon, B., and M. Brulotte, 1994, Culling Criteria for "Standard" formation water analyses, Elsevier Science Ltd. vol. 9, pp. 637-645. Kent, D. M., and J. E. Christopher, 1994, Geological History of the Williston basin and Sweetgrass Arch, Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin Chapter 27. Meissner, F. F., 1978, Petroleum Geology of the Bakken Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota and Montana; in the economic Geology of the Williston Basin: Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, 1978 Williston Basin Symposium, Montana Geological Society, 4th Annual Field Conference, September 10 to 12, Guidebook, p. 207-227. Melnik, A., 2012, Regional Hydrogeology of Southwestern Saskatchewan: Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 153 p. Osinski, W. P. C., 1970, Geology and Production History of South eastern Saskatchewan, a report submitted to Department of Mineral Resources of Saskatchewan, Geological science branch, Sedimentary geology division. Palombi, D. D., 2008, Regional Hydrogeological Characterization of the Northeastern Margin in the Williston Basin: Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 196 p. Smith, M. G., and R. M. Bustin, 2000, Late Devonian and Early Mississippian Bakken and Exshaw Black Shale Source Rocks, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: A Sequence Stratigraphic Interpretation, AAPG Bulletin, v. 84, No. 7, p. 940-960. 41
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