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Microprocessor and Microcontroller
 The introduction of a piece of technology called “Microprocessor” has changed
the way in which we view, analyze and control the world surrounding us over
the past two decades. The first commercial microprocessor is 4-bit 4004
developed by Intel and was made available in 1971. Since then, it took a
phenomenal success in its development and usage. Microprocessor is considered
a product of combined developments in the fields of computer architecture and
Integrated Circuit (IC) fabrication. It has made the concept of personal
computing very feasible.
 The Microcontroller is often considered as a byproduct in the development of
microprocessor. The fabrication process and programming technique which are
responsible in the development of microprocessors has also lead to the
development of microcontrollers. Until a decade ago, the microcontrollers are
less popular in both the technical community and general public even though
most of the consumer electronics like televisions, video games, video cassette
recorders, telephones, elevators etc. comprise of them.
01 1
Microcontrollers
 Embedded Systems
 Operations managed behind the scenes by a
microcontroller
 Microcontroller (MCU)
 Integrated electronic computing device that
includes three major components on a single chip
 Microprocessor (MPU)
 Memory
 I/O (Input/Output) ports
2
01
Microcontrollers
 Support Devices
 Timers
 A/D converter
 Serial I/O
 Common communication lines
 System Bus
3
01
Block Diagram
01 4
Microprocessor (MPU)
 MPU (CPU)
 Read instructions
 Process binary data
5
01
Memory
 Storage Device
 Addresses
 Registers
 Major Categories
 Read/Write Memory
(R/W)
 Read-only-Memory
(ROM)
D7 D0
6
01
Input/Output (I/O)
 Input Devices
 Switches and Keypads
 Provide binary information to the MPU
 Output devices
 LEDs and LCDs
 Receive binary information from the MPU
7
01
Microprocessor-Based Systems
8
01
Microprocessor Architecture
 MPU communicates with Memory and I/O
using the System Bus
 Address bus
 Unidirectional
 Memory and I/O Addresses
 Data bus
 Bidirectional
 Transfers Binary Data and Instructions
 Control lines
 Read and Write timing signals
9
01
Microprocessor-Based System
01 10
Example Microprocessor System
11
01
Software
 Machine Language
 Binary Instructions
 Difficult to decipher and write
 Error-prone
 All programs converted into machine language
for execution
12
01
Instruction Hex Mnemonic Description Processor
10000000 80 ADD B Add reg B to Acc Intel 8085
00101000 28 ADD A, R0 Add Reg R0 to Acc Intel 8051
00011011 1B ABA Add Acc A and B Motorola 6811
Software
 Assembly Language
 Machine instructions represented in mnemonics
 One-to-one correspondence
 Efficient execution and use of memory
 Machine-specific
13
01
Software
 High-Level Languages
 BASIC, C, and C++
 Written in statements of spoken languages
 Machine independent
 Easy to write and troubleshoot
 Larger memory and less efficient execution
14
01
Data Format (8-bit)
 Unsigned Integers
 All eight bits represent the magnitude of a number
 Bit7 to Bit0
 Range 00H to FFH (010 to 25510)
15
01
Data Format (8-bit)
 Signed Integers
 2's Complement
 Bit7 is sign bit
 Positive numbers: 00H to 7FH (010 to 12710)
 Negative numbers: 80H to FFH (-110 to -12810)
01 16
Data Format (8-bit)
 Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD)
 8-bit number divided into two groups of four
 Each group represents a decimal digit from 0 to 9
 AH through FH are invalid
 Example: 0010 0101BCD = 2510
17
01
Data Format (8-bit)
 American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)
 7-bit alphanumeric code with 128 combinations
(00H to 7FH)
 Represents English alphabet, decimal digits from
0 to 9, symbols, and commands
18
01
MPU-Based Systems
 System hardware
 Discrete components
 Microprocessor, Memory, and I/O
 Components connected by buses
 Address, Data, and Control
 System software
 Group of programs that monitors the functions of
the entire system
19
01
MPU-Based System
20
01
MCU-Based Systems
 Microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and
support devices on a single chip
 Buses generally not available to a system
designer
 I/O ports generally multiplexed and can be
programmed to perform different functions
21
01
MCU-Based System
22
01
Computer Architectures
 Princeton versus Harvard Architecture
 CISC versus RISC processors
 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
01 23

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presentation_microcontroller_1457634560_181219.ppt

  • 1. Microprocessor and Microcontroller  The introduction of a piece of technology called “Microprocessor” has changed the way in which we view, analyze and control the world surrounding us over the past two decades. The first commercial microprocessor is 4-bit 4004 developed by Intel and was made available in 1971. Since then, it took a phenomenal success in its development and usage. Microprocessor is considered a product of combined developments in the fields of computer architecture and Integrated Circuit (IC) fabrication. It has made the concept of personal computing very feasible.  The Microcontroller is often considered as a byproduct in the development of microprocessor. The fabrication process and programming technique which are responsible in the development of microprocessors has also lead to the development of microcontrollers. Until a decade ago, the microcontrollers are less popular in both the technical community and general public even though most of the consumer electronics like televisions, video games, video cassette recorders, telephones, elevators etc. comprise of them. 01 1
  • 2. Microcontrollers  Embedded Systems  Operations managed behind the scenes by a microcontroller  Microcontroller (MCU)  Integrated electronic computing device that includes three major components on a single chip  Microprocessor (MPU)  Memory  I/O (Input/Output) ports 2 01
  • 3. Microcontrollers  Support Devices  Timers  A/D converter  Serial I/O  Common communication lines  System Bus 3 01
  • 5. Microprocessor (MPU)  MPU (CPU)  Read instructions  Process binary data 5 01
  • 6. Memory  Storage Device  Addresses  Registers  Major Categories  Read/Write Memory (R/W)  Read-only-Memory (ROM) D7 D0 6 01
  • 7. Input/Output (I/O)  Input Devices  Switches and Keypads  Provide binary information to the MPU  Output devices  LEDs and LCDs  Receive binary information from the MPU 7 01
  • 9. Microprocessor Architecture  MPU communicates with Memory and I/O using the System Bus  Address bus  Unidirectional  Memory and I/O Addresses  Data bus  Bidirectional  Transfers Binary Data and Instructions  Control lines  Read and Write timing signals 9 01
  • 12. Software  Machine Language  Binary Instructions  Difficult to decipher and write  Error-prone  All programs converted into machine language for execution 12 01 Instruction Hex Mnemonic Description Processor 10000000 80 ADD B Add reg B to Acc Intel 8085 00101000 28 ADD A, R0 Add Reg R0 to Acc Intel 8051 00011011 1B ABA Add Acc A and B Motorola 6811
  • 13. Software  Assembly Language  Machine instructions represented in mnemonics  One-to-one correspondence  Efficient execution and use of memory  Machine-specific 13 01
  • 14. Software  High-Level Languages  BASIC, C, and C++  Written in statements of spoken languages  Machine independent  Easy to write and troubleshoot  Larger memory and less efficient execution 14 01
  • 15. Data Format (8-bit)  Unsigned Integers  All eight bits represent the magnitude of a number  Bit7 to Bit0  Range 00H to FFH (010 to 25510) 15 01
  • 16. Data Format (8-bit)  Signed Integers  2's Complement  Bit7 is sign bit  Positive numbers: 00H to 7FH (010 to 12710)  Negative numbers: 80H to FFH (-110 to -12810) 01 16
  • 17. Data Format (8-bit)  Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD)  8-bit number divided into two groups of four  Each group represents a decimal digit from 0 to 9  AH through FH are invalid  Example: 0010 0101BCD = 2510 17 01
  • 18. Data Format (8-bit)  American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)  7-bit alphanumeric code with 128 combinations (00H to 7FH)  Represents English alphabet, decimal digits from 0 to 9, symbols, and commands 18 01
  • 19. MPU-Based Systems  System hardware  Discrete components  Microprocessor, Memory, and I/O  Components connected by buses  Address, Data, and Control  System software  Group of programs that monitors the functions of the entire system 19 01
  • 21. MCU-Based Systems  Microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and support devices on a single chip  Buses generally not available to a system designer  I/O ports generally multiplexed and can be programmed to perform different functions 21 01
  • 23. Computer Architectures  Princeton versus Harvard Architecture  CISC versus RISC processors  Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 01 23