principles of new urbanism - 10 core principles.ppt

New Urbanism
CT.LAKSHMANAN B.Arch.,M.C.P.
SRM SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
Principles of New Urbanism

Principles of New urbanism
1. Walkability
2. Connectivity
3. Mixed-Use &Diversity
4. Mixed Housing
5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design
6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure
7. Increased Density
8. Smart Transportation
9. Sustainability
10. Quality of Life

Walkability
 Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work
 Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street; porches,
windows & doors; tree-lined streets; on street parking; hidden
parking lots; garages in rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets)
 Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases

 daily activities like shops, schools, hospitals,
playgrounds, leisure and institutional buildings all
occur within walking distances that is within a
radius of ten minutes of walking (Congress For The
New Urbanism, 1996 – CNU 1996).
 In addition residential units within neighbourhoods
should be linked to service centres, areas of
employment and public transportation terminals by
pedestrian walkways (Larsson, et al., 2007).

 The main concern provoking for the provision of
activities and services within walking distance is traffic
congestion, high-energy consumption and air pollution,
which is all, caused by the dependence on the
automobile.
 The Charter of New Urbanism further advocates for the
neighbourhood’s streets to make equal provision for
the pedestrian, the cyclist and the automobile. It also
requires for neighbourhoods to prioritise on the
appropriate location of public buildings and the creation
of public spaces (CNU 1996).

principles of new urbanism - 10 core principles.ppt

 The latter was quantified by (Wei, Xiao, Wen, & Wei, 2016)
who added that In order to create walkable cities, the “5D”
theory must come to play where elements such as
 DENSITY - denser populations,
 DESIGN - pedestrian friendly designs,
 DIVERSITY - different destinations,
 DETINATION ACCESSIBILITY - more accessible activities and
 DISTANCE TO TRANSIT - distances to transportation
need to be considered when creating these neighbourhoods.
 To create more walkable streets, urbanists need to consider
things like different activities along the street, visually
appealing features, protection from weather elements,
sidewalks and one-way routes (Galston, 2017).

Connectivity
 Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases
walking
 A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys
 High quality pedestrian network and public realm makes
walking pleasurable

Connectivity
 To enhance connectivity, neighborhood parks
should be located along pedestrian and cycling
routes, which are made safe through proper lighting,
safe access and neighborhood surveillance
 Projects should avoid constructing freeways that
traverse through neighborhoods because they
destroy property values in the city and also inflict
physical impediments that divide neighborhoods
from one another (Congress For The New
Urbanism, 1996).

Connectivity
 Cities in which rail systems have been
implemented show how effective it is as a lot
of people make use of the rail system
because they find it to be faster and more
comfortable as opposed to busses.
 The rail system also attracts real estate
projects to locate along it and encourages
compact developments at the transit stations
(Congress For The New Urbanism, 1996).

Mixed-Use & Diversity
 A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site. Mixed-use
within neighborhoods, within blocks, and within buildings
 Diversity of people - of ages, income levels, cultures, and races

 According to (Larsson, et al., 2007) “Flexibility in zoning enables mixed uses,
change of use and sub-divisions”.
 As a result, this means creates room for one to expand, increase uses and
erect external structures in the yard that are legal.
 The benefits of locating diverse land uses in close locality to one another as
stipulated by (Larsson, et al., 2007) includes, the promotion of sustainability
as it can spare the use of resources and infrastructure, less need for
motorised transportation and better chances of social interaction for people
from different social spheres.
 In addition, Mixed uses can be situated alongside activity corridors and
public transport paths or next to main service nodes and commercial centers.

Mixed Housing
 A range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity
 New Urbanism reiterates a neighbourhood to be the basic component of all
residential districts. Within such neighbourhoods, a mixture of housing and
apartment types, where streets are well connected accommodating both the
pedestrian and the automobile (CNU, 1996).

Mixed Housing
 In Neighborhoods considered to be low income, there are high
rates of unemployment, more people dependent on social grants,
people working part time and some working long hours for low
salaries that are insufficient to afford one a house or sustain their
families (Congress For The New Urbanism, 1996).
 This is why New Urbanism advocates for mixed income
communities. Mixed income development and diverse housing
typologies improve the neighborhood by allowing for alternatives
and flexibility; this then gives the inhabitants a greater range of
choices and opportunities (Larsson, et al., 2007).

Mixed Housing
 A good example was a program implemented in Chicago, U.S.
where families from a low-income community were moved to
mixed income communities and was confirmed to be a
success as new employment opportunities arise, which
increased incomes and educational performance was
enhanced too.
 The latter is why local authorities need to create
neighborhoods with more sustainable housing developments
that cater for all income groups

Quality Architecture & Urban Design
 New Urbanism gives emphasis to creating neighborhoods that are
attractive and aesthetically pleasing through architecture that is
human scaled, in the end, allowing for human comfort by generating
a sense of place through beautified environments ;
 Special placement of civic uses and sites within community.
 Human scale architecture & beautiful surroundings nourish the
human spirit

Quality Architecture & Urban Design
 The design of buildings should also conform to the
existing climate by encourgaing the use of active
and passive solar design for regulating
temperatures, lighting and ventilation in buildings
(Congress For The New Urbanism, 1996) .
 The latter is why builders should build according to
the existing “climate, solar radiation, terrain, building
materials and practices”

Traditional Neighborhood Structure
 Discernable center and edge
 Public space at center
 Importance of quality public realm; public open space
designed as civic art
 Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk

 With regards to a traditional neighbourhood structure, The Congress for the
New Urbanism (1996) prescribes for an ideal neighbourhood to be
characterised by dense mixed uses consisting of public, institutional and
commercial uses that are located within a walking distance from each other
allows for more accessibility to daily activities to a larger portion of people
within a neighborhood.
 However, the neighborhoods designed nowadays create mono functional
and fragmented land uses that require more trips by car and are only
convenient for the wealthy citizens (Congress For The New Urbanism, 1996).
 This is why New urbanism then gives emphasis on creating neighborhoods
that are functional, enhancing social integration, characterized by the
availability of basic services, areas of employment, commercial hubs and
public transportation, different housing types and densities.

1 (
இனிப்புச் சுவை sweet)
2 (
புளிப்புச் சுவை Sour)
3 (
காரச் சுவை Pungent)
4 (
உவர்ப்புச் சுவை Salt)
5 (
துவர்ப்புச் சுவை Astringent)
6கசப்புச் சுவை (Bitter)

 Neighborhoods should ensure for a balanced variety of quality
public spaces and a mixture of relaxation and opportunities for
amusement.
 It should then have different forms of park like plazas, sports
fields, riverbeds, pocket parks and linear corridors. Neighborhoods
should maintain existing natural areas as the main features that
define them.
 A distribution of different sized green spaces creating a network
which links green streets, pedestrian routes, urban plazas and not
forgetting Storm water, which acts as a secondary function for
recreational amenity

Traditional Neighborhood Structure -
Transect planning
 Highest densities at town center; progressively less dense towards the edge.
 The transect is an analytical system that conceptualizes mutually reinforcing
elements, creating a series of specific natural habitats and/or urban lifestyle
settings.
 The Transect integrates environmental methodology for habitat assessment
with zoning methodology for community design.
 The professional boundary between the natural and man-made disappears,
enabling environmentalists to assess the design of the human habitat and
the urbanists to support the viability of nature. This urban-to-rural transect
hierarchy has appropriate building and street types for each area along the
continuum.

 It is then evident that as you move from the urban setting towards the more
rural, the plant coverage and more natural environments are visible than in
the urban area.
 The transect is divided into six different zones which range from T1 Natural
zone to T6 Urban core zone, has its own unique rules for physical design
that address for example such issues as the placemenet of buildings,
streetscape design and setback requirements

Increased Density
 More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for
ease of walking, to enable a more efficient use of services and
resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable place to
live.
 New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of
densities from small towns, to large cities

 Most urbanists cannot stress enough on the need for
densification in settlements as it reduces the cost of living for
its inhabitants seeing that most facilities can be accessed
through walking.
 “Densification will be achieved through reduced erf-size(plot
size), alternative housing types and mixed development. Within
existing areas densification will include infilling and redesign”
 Neighborhoods should be dense creating intense land uses
like school, shops and work, to be located nearby transit stops
with a maximum walking distance of 400- 800 meters.

 Ensure that the public transportation is safe, convenient and
affordable and this will see more people using public transport
over private cars.
 Congress For The New Urbanism (1996,p.103) has
established that “ patrons will tolerate longer walking distances
between transit stops and their home than they will between
transit stops and their work places, shops, or other major
destinations”.
 The trick lies in reducing the walking distances to transit stops
and locate civic centers, school, shops and offices at transit
stops and maximize the densities of surrounding developments

Smart Transportation
 A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns, and
neighborhoods together
 Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of
bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily
transportation

 As much as New Urbanism promotes for walkability, planners
must also take note that people will still continue to drive their cars
and this is why streets must still accommodate the automobile
(Congress For The New Urbanism, 1996).
 Smart transportation entails a good connection of quality trains
that connect different neighbourhoods, towns and regions, with
transit stops located within a distance that is easily accessible via
bicylces and walking (New Urbanism, N.D.).
 Smart transportation encourages street designs to accommodate
the pedestrian, bicycles, rollerblade, scooters, the cars however,
urbanists must encourage walking by defining the sidewalks and
planting trees for shading

 New Urbanism encourages street designs to protect the
pedestrian with the use of traffic calming measures like traffic
circles and narrow streets (Congress For The New Urbanism,
1996).
 Other traffic calming measure include speed humps and raised
pedestrian crossings; usage of entryway infrastructure showing
a new speed management when entering areas with high
pedestrian traffic; roundabouts; Pavement narrowing and
optical treatments such as spot camera, average speed and
automated in-vehicle enforcement (Wijers, 2017).

Sustainability
 Minimal environmental impact of development and its
operations
 Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of
natural systems
 Energy efficiency
 Less use of finite fuels
 More local production
 More walking, less driving

 As much as urban design strives to beautify cities,
Urbanists must ensure for the protection and
preservation of the natural environment by reducing
the impact of urban activities on the environment
(Mersal, 2016).
 For urban design to attain sustainable
development, there are three independent
elements that need to be employed, which are the
social aspect, the economic aspect as well as the
environmental aspect (Mersal, 2016).

 Environmental sustainability is realised by providing for adequate
open space, pollution reduction, protection of sensitive
environments, the consumption of energy efficient sources,
sanitation systems that are harmless to the environment, as well
as reducing waste by recycling (Larsson, et al., 2007).
 Social sustainability entails fufilling the communities needs such
as involving them in the planning process, establishing democratic
institutions, transparency and equality of the genders as well as
fairness in allocating resources while putting the vulnerable more
priority (Larsson, et al., 2007).
 Economic sustainability ensures for sufficient jobs, education and
livelihood opportunities within neighbourhoods as well as
equitable distribution of wealth through subsidies and social
welfare, ownership of assets and affordable lifestyles (Larsson, et
al., 2007).

Quality of Life
 Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living, and create places that enrich, uplift,
and inspire the human spirit.

Quality of Life
 Quality of life is one concept, which has no specific definition; hence
one can find numerous definitions by different authors. (El Din, Shalaby,
Farouh, & Elariane, 2013) believe that, “the concept of community
quality of life is often used to explore community factors, resources, and
services that are observed by community members as factors
influencing their life quality or assisting them in coping with each other”.
 Equally, (El Din, et al. 2013) go on to explain that the definition of
quality of life is not based on the physical qualities but it rather explains
the relations of physical features, its dynamics as well the reticular
relationships.
 Rahnama, et al. 2012 adds that multifunctional neighbourhoods units
that are walkable reinforce a good quality of life.

"The sum of human happiness increases because of New
Urbanism" -Andres Duany

principles of new urbanism - 10 core principles.ppt

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