Principles_of_Forensic_Science_Presentation.pptx
- 1. Principles of Forensic Science Comprehensive Overview
- 2. Introduction to Forensic Science • Definition: Application of scientific principles and techniques to criminal investigations. • Aims: Assist law enforcement, establish facts, ensure justice. • Scope: Covers various disciplines including biology, chemistry, physics, and digital science.
- 3. Principle of Exchange (Locard’s Principle) • Every contact leaves a trace. • Whenever two objects come into contact, material is transferred between them. • Basis for trace evidence examination such as hair, fibers, glass, and soil.
- 4. Principle of Comparison • Unknown samples must be compared with known standards. • Used in fingerprint, handwriting, and ballistic analysis. • Ensures reliability of identification and authentication.
- 5. Principle of Individualization • Every object, person, or substance has unique characteristics. • Fingerprints, DNA profiles, and tool marks serve as examples. • Individualization strengthens identification in forensic cases.
- 6. Principle of Probability • Forensic conclusions are often based on probability, not certainty. • Statistical methods used in DNA profiling, population studies. • Helps establish likelihood of involvement or exclusion.
- 7. Principle of Analysis • Systematic collection, preservation, and examination of evidence. • Following standard protocols and scientific methods. • Maintains accuracy, repeatability, and objectivity of findings.
- 8. Principle of Circumstantial Facts • Circumstantial evidence can establish links between crime, victim, and suspect. • Examples: fingerprints on weapon, footprints near scene. • Requires corroboration with direct evidence for stronger proof.
- 9. Principle of Law of Parsimony (Simplicity) • The simplest explanation consistent with facts is preferred. • Avoids overcomplication of evidence interpretation. • Supports logical and objective crime reconstruction.
- 10. Principle of Evidential Value • Each type of evidence has specific probative value. • Direct vs circumstantial evidence: different weight in court. • Value depends on relevance, reliability, and admissibility.
- 11. Principle of Multiple Approaches • Use of multidisciplinary methods for analysis. • Integration of biology, chemistry, physics, IT, and psychology. • Ensures comprehensive understanding of evidence.
- 12. Principle of Chain of Custody • Continuous documentation of evidence handling. • Prevents tampering, loss, or contamination. • Ensures admissibility of evidence in court.
- 13. Principle of Reproducibility and Repeatability • Forensic tests must yield the same results when repeated. • Independent verification strengthens credibility. • Crucial for scientific acceptance in court.
- 14. Principle of Ethical Practice • Forensic experts must maintain integrity and impartiality. • Avoid bias, ensure transparency, and uphold justice. • Follow ethical codes and legal standards.
- 15. Conclusion • Principles of forensic science provide the foundation for accurate investigation. • They ensure evidence is handled scientifically, ethically, and legally. • Adherence to these principles enhances the reliability of forensic science in the justice system.