Prinecomi lectureppt ch03

Editor's Notes

• #4: Lecture tip: Mention a few things to your students: If you are asked any question about economics, you could give an answer of “supply and demand,” and most times, you would at least be partially correct. Supply and demand is often the “meat and potatoes” of an introductory economics course. The teaching notes are very important for this chapter when explaining the graphs.
• #5: Lecture notes: Supply and Demand—These words are consistently used by economists when describing how the market economy functions. Businesses of all sizes, from small specialty shops to the largest corporations, compete to supply customers with what they demand. Adam Smith, the founder of modern economics, said this best: "It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest.” Producers try to earn a living by selling products that buyers want. Consumers are self-interested as well; they must decide how to use their money to select the goods that they need or want the most. This process, which Adam Smith termed the “invisible hand,” guides resources toward their highest-valued use. It does this by encouraging the production of goods that buyers value and providing a mechanism, prices, that transfers them to consumers.
• #6: Lecture notes: Markets exist whenever goods and services are exchanged. Some markets are online, and others can be found in traditional “brick and mortar” stores.
• #7: Lecture notes: Both buyers and sellers trade because it makes them better off. Buyers get to consume goods and services they value. Sellers make a profit selling goods and services.
• #8: Economics in the Media Lecture tip: The clip mentioned on the slide can be found in the Interactive Instructor’s Guide. Access the direct link by clicking the icon in the PowerPoint above.
• #9: Lecture notes: For this chapter, we are going to consider a fish market. Pike Place is a fish market in Seattle. A competitive market is one in which there are so many buyers and sellers that each has only a small impact on the market price and output. At a fish market, the goods being sold are similar from vendor to vendor. Because each buyer and seller is small relative to the whole market, no one individual has any influence over the market price. These two characteristics—similar goods and many participants—create a highly competitive market where the price and quantity sold are determined by the market rather than any one person or business. The customers who walk the aisles expecting to buy salmon are mostly individuals. Whether a particular salmon buyer decides to show up at the market on a given day makes little difference when hundreds of buyers visit Pike Place each day. Likewise, there are dozens of vendors who sell salmon at this market. if a single vendor is absent or runs out of salmon, the quantity supplied that day will not be significantly altered—the remaining sellers will have no trouble filling the void. This means that no single buyer or seller has any appreciable influence over the price that prevails in the salmon market.
• #10: Lecture notes: An imperfect market is a market in which either the buyer or the seller has an influence on the market price. For example, the Space Needle affords a unique view of Seattle and Mount Rainier. There is no other experience quite like being on the observation deck looking out for hundreds of miles on a clear day. Not surprisingly, the cost of taking the elevator to the top of the building does not come cheaply. But many customers buy the tickets anyway because they have decided that the view is worth the price. Monopoly Example: At the beginning of the twentieth century, Standard Oil owned 91% of the oil production in the United States. The picture is of John D. Rockefeller. At the beginning of the twentieth century, DeBeers owned 90% of the world’s diamond supply. A monopoly exists when a single company supplies the entire market for a particular good or service. But even in imperfect markets, the forces of supply and demand have a significant influence on producer and consumer behavior.
• #11: Lecture notes: Inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded: If price goes up, quantity demanded decreases; If price goes down, quantity demanded increases. Recall that this is all other things equal (ceteris paribus). Other things can affect consumption as well, not just price.
• #13: Lecture notes: The table shows a hypothetical demand schedule for salmon fillets for Meredith. When the price is $20 or more, Meredith will not purchase any salmon. However, below $20 the amount that Meredith purchases is inversely related to the price. For instance, at a price of $10, Meredith’s quantity demanded is 4 fillets per month. If the price rises to $12.50 per serving, she demands 3 fillets. Every time the price increases, Meredith buys less salmon. In contrast, every time the price falls, she buys more. If the price falls to zero, salmon becomes free, and Meredith would want 8 fillets. She does not want an unlimited amount of salmon because she would grow tired of eating the same thing.
• #14: Image: Animated figure 3.1 Lecture notes: The demand curve is a graph of the relationship between the prices on the demand schedule and the quantity demanded at those prices. Note: Price is the independent variable, yet is plotted on the vertical axis. This may be worth noting, and will probably raise questions from many students why this is done. The only reason I’ve heard is that price is a dollar amount, and dollar amounts are usually placed on the vertical axis. Sometimes, economists write demand equations with P solved as the left-hand side variable, which gives a slope-intercept equation for the demand function. The relationship between price and the quantity demanded produces a downward-sloping curve. As the price rises from $0 to $20, along the y axis, the quantity demanded decreases from 8 to 0 fillets, along the x axis. The demand curve connects all of the data points in the table into one continuous curve. Therefore, when you observe a demand curve, you are looking at a visual representation of a demand schedule. (For simplicity, the demand “curve” is often drawn as a straight line.)
• #15: Lecture tip: Click through to reveal animation of + and =. The market demand is the sum of all the individual quantities demanded by each buyer in the market at each price. At the fish market, the typical day witnesses over 100 individuals buying salmon. However, to make our analysis simpler, assume that our market consists of only two buyers, Derek and Meredith. It often helps students to see this and hear it verbalized together: “At any price, we can add up Meredith’s and Derek’s quantity demanded to get the market quantity demanded.”
• #16: Image: Animated Figure 3.2 Lecture notes: The figure shows individual demand schedules for the people in this market, a combined market demand schedule, and the corresponding graphs. At a price of $10, Derek, who is Meredith’s coworker, buys 2 salmon fillets a month, while Meredith buys 4 fillets. To determine the market demand curve, we add Derek’s 2 fillets to Meredith’s 4 for a total of 6. By adding both of their demand, we arrive at the total market demand. Economists use a lowercase d to denote individual demand, (Derek or Meredith) and an uppercase D for market demand (Derek and Meredith.) The lowercase d and uppercase D convention is important since it provides a simple mechanism to distinguish between individual choices and overall markets.
• #17: Lecture notes: This is a very important distinction! A movement along a demand curve is when we have just a single demand curve, but the price of the good changes. We move from point A to point B along the same curve. We slide up and left OR down and right along the curve. A shift occurs as the result of a change in something OTHER than the price. We will list these determinants in a little bit.
• #18: Image: Animated figure 3.3 Lecture notes: Suppose that the government issues a nationwide safety warning that cautions against eating cantaloupe because of a recent discovery of contamination in some cantaloupe. The government warning would cause consumers to buy less cantaloupe at any given price and overall demand will decline. Looking at the figure, we see that an overall decline in demand will cause the entire demand curve to shift to the left of the original curve, from D1 to D2. People want to buy less at ANY PRICE. They are buying less even though the price didn’t change! What about when a variable causes demand to increase? Suppose that the press has just announced the results of a medical study indicating that cantaloupe contains a natural substance that lowers cholesterol. Because of the newly discovered health benefits of cantaloupe, overall demand for it would increase. This increase in demand would shift the demand to the right from D1 to D3.
• #24: Lecture notes: So we’ve seen the graphs. It’s time to discuss what could CAUSE a demand shift to occur. When your income goes up, it improves your purchasing power. Assuming that prices are steady, individuals with more purchasing power are able to buy more of what they want. In this context, it is useful to identify two types of goods: normal and inferior. A consumer will buy more of a normal good if the consumer’s income goes up. A restaurant dinner is a normal good since increased income makes going out more affordable. When people have more money to spend, the demand for restaurant dinners increases and the demand curve shifts to the right. Similarly, decreases in income will diminish demand and shift the demand curve to the left. For most people, this is intuitive since it is human nature to want more “good stuff.” More income implies the ability to buy additional goods and services. Likewise, less income means that you can’t afford to buy as much as you did before. When the consumer’s income goes up, holding other things constant, the consumer will buy less of an inferior good. An inferior good is a product that is considered of lesser quality by consumers. Examples include used cars as opposed to new cars, rooms in boarding houses as opposed to your own apartment or house, and tuna fish as opposed to filet mignon. As income goes up, consumers buy less of an inferior good because they can afford something better.
• #25: Lecture tip: Ask the students for examples before revealing the text. Most goods we buy are normal goods. Often, we can think of goods being normal and inferior in relation to other goods. For example, ground beef might be inferior to steak.
• #26: Lecture notes: Goods do not exist isolated from other goods. Goods can be related to other goods. Complements are two goods used together. When the price of a complementary good rises, the demand for the related goes down. Substitutes are two goods that are used in place of one another. When the price of a substitute good rises, the demand for the related good goes up. Consider this pair of complements: color ink cartridges and photo paper. When the price of a complementary good (ink cartridges) rises, the quantity demanded of that good (ink cartridges) goes down, and the demand for the related good (photo paper) also goes down, since the total price of purchasing the items together increases. Substitute goods work the opposite way. When the price of a substitute good increases, the demand for the alternative good increases. For example, the demand for Microsoft’s Xbox will increase if the price of the Nintendo Wii goes up, assuming the price of the Xbox remains unchanged.
• #27: Lecture tip: Before revealing the bullets, ask the class for examples! Picture: Apparently some people think Red Vines and Mr. Pibb are great complements.
• #28: Lecture notes: Economists like to be able to explain all the factors that cause a price change or a shift in demand. Changes in “tastes and preferences” is sometimes used as a “catch-all” category. If an economist can explain that 90% of a consumption change is caused by changes in income and prices of other goods, he may state that the final unexplained 10% may be due to changes in tastes and preferences, which are harder to empirically measure. From book: Better information about the goods and services that we buy is one way that tastes and preferences can change. We have already seen examples of changes in preferences resulting from information in our example of salmon. Contamination caused a decrease in demand because people no longer cared to eat the fish. On the other hand, if people learn that eating salmon lowers cholesterol, their preference for the fish will go up.
• #29: Lecture tips: Future Expectations Ask the students if they (or a friend) works at a gas station. If they have “inside information” and know that the price of gas will go down 50 cents next week, will you still buy gas today? Or will you wait? Number of Buyers Recall that the market demand curve is the sum of all individual demand curves. Therefore, another way for the market demand to increase is when more individual buyers enter the market. In the United States, we add 3 million people each year to our population. All of those new people have needs and wants like the rest of us. Collectively, they add about 1% to the overall size of many existing markets on an annual basis.
• #30: “Beyond the Book” Slide Lecture notes: Goods are not isolated in some sort of single-market vacuum. A change in the price of one good can affect it and other goods as well. However, the effects will be different!
• #31: “Beyond the Book” Slide Lecture notes: When the price of peanut butter increases, there is a decrease in the quantity demanded for peanut butter (a movement along the peanut butter demand curve). This is the first law of demand. Remember also that peanut butter and jelly are complements. Since we are consuming less peanut butter, we consume less jelly also, even though the price of jelly didn’t change. The demand for jelly decreases (jelly demand curve shifts inward).
• #32: Lecture Tip: The in-class quizzes in this chapter will really help reinforce graph concepts. Take your time! Lecture notes: Explanation: Move from point A to point B. This is an increase in quantity demanded. Movement along a demand curve. Price↓ Qd↑
• #33: Lecture notes: Explanation: Move from point A to point B. This is a decrease in quantity demanded. Movement along a demand curve. Price↑ Qd↓
• #34: Explanation: Substitutes. Price of a substitute good fell, so my demand for the Big Mac decreased. Whoppers are cheaper? I buy more Whoppers and less Big Macs! This is a shift in demand for Big Macs.
• #35: Lecture notes: Explanation: Income. Steak is a normal good. More money means a higher demand for steak.
• #36: Lecture tip: Note that this is the SAME event from the last slide, but we are examining a DIFFERENT good. Lecture notes: Explanation: Income. Sam’s Club soda is an inferior good. More income means the demand falls for the inferior good. If I buy less Sam’s Club sida, I might buy MORE of a NORMAL good, such as Pepsi.
• #37: Lecture notes: Explanation: Complements. Pizza is a great complement to your favorite beverage. More beverages consumed  more pizza consumed, even though the price of pizza didn’t change!
• #38: Explanation: Tastes and Preferences. New information is known about health benefits. They simply want the good more. Demand increases. This slide also illustrates that we can narrowly define a market if we want. Sometimes, we focus on a narrow demographic of individuals when studying consumption.
• #39: Lecture tip: The quiz is designed to see if the students understand if an event will cause a movement or shift with demand for a good.
• #40: Lecture notes: Normal good—outward SHIFT in demand.
• #41: Lecture notes: Movement along a demand curve. Movement down and to the right.
• #42: Lecture notes: Coke gets cheaper, so we buy more Coke. If we buy more Coke, we buy less Pepsi.
• #43: Lecture notes: Not all of the “negative” events are bad. For example, income rising with an inferior good, and the price of a substitute falling aren’t necessarily bad. The same can be said on the right. Not all of the “positive” events are good, such as income falling and buying more of an inferior good.
• #44: Lecture notes: Answer: Think about the difference between the following: Increase in demand Increase in quantity demanded If you want to increase demand, you need to cause a shift in demand. This is done by reducing the price of the complement goods. If you decrease the price of drinks, this is an increase in quantity demanded, NOT an increase in demand!
• #45: Economics in the Media Lecture tip: The clip mentioned on the slide can be found in the Interactive Instructor’s Guide. Access the direct link by clicking the icon in the PowerPoint above. Summary: At first, the clip shows moving along a demand curve by lowering price. However, there’s still no effect since the hula hoop seems to be unpopular. Then, after a boy finds discarded hula hoops, popularity (and demand) of hula hoops increases. This causes the demand curve to keep shifting outward, resulting in higher prices.
• #46: Lecture notes: Many supply topics are analogous to demand. Thus, you may not have to spend as much time teaching supply. For supply, we can talk about the fish market again.
• #47: Lecture notes: Analogous to demand: There are many ways to convey information. Supply schedule: table Supply curve: graph We can also use math and equations. Market supply: this is just adding up the supply of all potential sellers of the good.
• #48: Lecture notes: The supply schedule for salmon in the table shows how many salmon that Sol Ammon, owner of Pure Food Fish, would sell each month at different prices. When the market price is $20.00, Sol is willing to sell 800 salmon fillets. At $12.50 Sol’s quantity supplied is 500. If the price falls to $10.00, he supplies 100 fewer fillets, or 400. Every time the price falls, Sol supplies less salmon. This means he is constantly adjusting the amount of salmon he offers. As the salmon prices fall, so do Sol’s profits. Since Sol’s livelihood depends on selling seafood, he has to find a way to compensate for the lost income. So he might offer more cod instead. Sol, and the other seafood vendors must respond to price changes by adjusting what they offer for sale in the market. This is why Sol offers more salmon when the price of salmon rises, and less salmon when the price declines.
• #49: Lecture tip: Click to show the math signs. Lecture notes: Sol Ammon is not the only vendor selling fish at the Pike Place Market. The market supply is the sum of the quantities supplied by each seller in the market at each price. However, to make our analysis simpler, let’s assume that our market consists of just two sellers, City Fish and Pure Food Fish, each of whom sells salmon. Verbally go through a few of the rows just to show the addition. We have added City Fish’s supply to Pure Fish Food. The result is seen in the table, where we calculate the market supply in the last column, and in the figure, where their two separate supply curves are added to create the market supply curve.
• #50: Image: Animated Figure 3.6 Lecture notes: The A supply curve is a graph of the relationship between the prices in the supply schedule and the quantity supplied at those prices. As you can see the figure, this relationship produces an upward-sloping curve. Sellers are more willing to supply the market when prices are high since this generates more profits for the business. The upward-sloping curve means that the slope of the supply curve is positive, which illustrates a direct, or positive, relationship. For instance, when the price of salmon increases from $10.00 to $12.50 per fillet, Pure Food Fish will increase the quantity it supplies to the market from 400 to 500 fillets. The supply curve is graphed from the data in the previous table.
• #51: Image: Animated Figure 3.7 Lecture notes: BE CAREFUL!! Note once again that is a LEFTWARD or RIGHTWARD shift. When the supply curve shifts left, the new supply appears to be “above” the old supply, and students might think this is an increase in supply when in fact it is a decrease in supply!!!! From the text: When a variable other than price changes, it causes the entire supply curve to shift. For instance, suppose that food scientists at Starbucks discover a new way to brew a richer coffee at half the cost. The new process would increase the profits of Starbucks because the costs of supplying a cup of coffee would go down. The increased profits motivate Starbucks to sell more coffee and open new stores. Therefore, overall supply increases. This causes the supply curve to shift to the right of the original curve, from S1 to S2 in the figure. Note that the retail price of coffee has not changed. When we shift the curve, we assume that price is constant, and that something else has changed. What happens when a variable causes supply to decrease? Suppose that a hurricane devastates the coffee crop in Columbia, and reduces world supply by 10% for that year. There is no way to make up for the destroyed coffee crop and, for the rest of the year at least, the quantity of coffee supplied will be less than the previous year. This decrease in supply would shift the supply curve to the left, from S1 to S3.
• #52: Lecture notes: Just like demand, we can have a movement along a supply curve, or a shift of the entire supply curve. A movement along a supply curve is when we have just a single supply curve, but the price of the good changes. We move from point A to point B along the same curve. We slide up and right OR down and left along the curve. A shift occurs as the result of a change in something OTHER than the price. We will list these determinants in a little bit.
• #53: Lecture notes: The cost of inputs is probably the main supply shifter. Cost of inputs: Businesses exist to make money and when the prices of inputs—the resources used in the production process—change, so do profit margins. Inputs can take a number of forms and may include laborers, equipment, raw materials, buildings, and capital. Each of these resources is critical to the production process. If the cost of inputs declines, profit margins improve. Improved profit margins make the firm more willing to supply the good. So, for example, if Starbucks was able to purchase coffee beans at a significantly reduced price, it would be willing to supply moer coffee. Conversely, higher-input costs reduce profits. For instance, at Starbucks, store employees, or “baristas” as they are commonly called, comprise a large component of the cost. An increase in the minimum wage would require Starbucks to pay its workers more or use fewer workers. Both of these options are bad for business and could make Starbucks less willing to supply coffee. Technology: Technology refers to the knowledge that producers have about how to produce their products. An improvement in technology allows a producer to produce more output with the same resources. Or, to put it another way, an improvement in technology allows the producer to produce a given level of output with fewer resources. For example, if a new espresso machine works twice as fast as the old technology, Starbucks could serve its customers more quickly, reduce the often long lines, and increase the number of sales it makes. As a result, Starbucks would be willing to produce and sell more espresso at each price. In other words, if the producers of a good discover a new and improved technology, or a better production process, there would be an increase in supply; the supply curve for the good would shift to the right.
• #54: Lecture tip: Your students probably know the definition of tax, but they may not have heard of a subsidy. Think of a subsidy as the opposite of a tax. Instead of paying the government, a subsidy is when the government pays you! From the text: If the producer has to pay a tax on the good that it is producing and selling, this payment to the government becomes an added cost of production. One example is the cigarette tax. The presence of the cigarette tax on tobacco companies adds to the overall cost of production and will cause a loss of profit. So placing a tax on the producer’s good will cause a decrease in the willingness to supply the good. The reverse is true for a subsidy, which is a payment to the producer to encourage production. Subsidies act to reduce the firm’s costs. Some examples of subsidies are payments made to farmers, the construction of new stadiums to entice professional sports teams to locate in a particular city, and subsidies to encourage the production of certain types of energy. Providing a subsidy to the producer of a good will increase the available supply of the good. College education is a particularly good example. Many state universities, colleges, and two-year institutions receive government appropriations, or subsidies, to reduce the cost of tuition to students. As a result, subsidies have made many colleges more accessible and affordable.
• #55: Lecture notes: #4 is pretty self-explanatory. Similar to the market demand. In this case with supply, if there are more sellers, there is more market supply. #5 (from text): A seller who expects a higher price for the product in the future may wish to delay sales until a time in the future when it will bring a higher price. For instance, florists know that the demand for roses spikes on Valentine’s Day and Mother’s Day. In order to be able to sell more flowers during the times of peak demand, when they can charge substantially higher prices, many florists work later and hire temporary workers to make deliveries in order to increase their ability to supply flowers while the price is high. Likewise, the expectation of lower prices in the future will cause sellers to offer more for sale now. This is particularly noticeable in the electronics sector where newer—and much better—products are constantly being developed and released. Sellers know that their current offerings will soon be replaced by something better, and consumer demand for the existing technology will plummet. This means that prices typically fall the longer a product is on the market. Since producers know that the price will fall over time, they supply as many of the new models as possible before the next wave of innovation cuts the price that they can charge.
• #57: Lecture notes: Cheese is an INPUT in making pizza. If input costs of pizza go up, the supply of pizza decreases.
• #58: Lecture notes: An ice storm will decrease the number of firms supplying oranges. It may destroy most of their crop. Answers B and D will increase DEMAND for oranges.
• #59: Lecture tip: Recognize that answer A is a normative statement, but that normative statements still play a role in policy-making.
• #60: Lecture notes: We have examined supply and demand separately. Now it is time to see how the two interact. The real power and potential of supply and demand analysis is how it predicts prices and output in the entire market. Think about a scissors cutting a piece of paper. Which blade does the cutting? Both blades work together to cut the paper.
• #61: Lecture notes: In economics, important points on graphs usually occur at intersections or points of tangency. The equilibrium price and quantity are sometimes labeled on the graph as P* and Q*, respectively.
• #62: Lecture notes: QD = quantity demanded QS = quantity supplied Shorthand like this will speed up note taking. Shortage: not all consumers get to buy what they want. Surplus: too much, the firm has leftovers it wants to sell, but can’t Price rises over time with a shortage. Why? Consumers may bid prices upward if they are desperate to purchase the good. Think of an auction
• #63: Lecture notes: QD = quantity demanded QS = quantity supplied Shorthand like this will speed up note taking. Shortage: not all consumers get to buy what they want. Surplus: too much, the firm has leftovers it wants to sell, but can’t. Price falls over time with a surplus. Why? Producers need to unload mounting inventories. To do this, the price must be lowered.
• #64: Image: Animated Figure 3.9 Lecture tips: Spend A LOT of time talking about this graph, and talk about it in two parts. Lecture notes: In the figure, we can see that when the price of salmon fillets is $10, consumers demand 500 fillets and producers supply 500 fillets. This is represented graphically at the point E, known as the equilibrium point, where the demand curve and the supply curve intersect. At this point, the two opposing forces of supply and demand are perfectly balanced. Equilibrium: Notice that there is only one price, $10, at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. At this price, all the fillets that sellers in the market supply are sold. Every buyer is able to find a salmon fillet, and every producer is able to sell his entire stock of fillets. When this is the case, we say that $10 is the equilibrium price, where the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded. The equilibrium price is also called the “market-clearing price,” since this is the only price where no surplus or shortage of the good exists. Similarly, there is also an equilibrium quantity, of 500 fillets, where the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded. When the market is in equilibrium, we sometimes say that “the market clears,” or that “the price clears the market.” The equilibrium has a special place in economics because movements away from that point throw the market out of balance. The equilibrium process is so powerful that it is often referred to as the law of supply and demand. According to the law of supply and demand, market prices adjust to bring the quantity supplied and quantity demanded into balance. Shortage: At any price below the equilibrium price of $10, we will have a situation where Qd > Qs, referred to as a shortage.  In this case, at a price of $5, Qd (at point B) is 750 and Qs (at point A) is 250.  The difference between 750 and 250 is 500, meaning that at a price of $5, consumers want to buy 500 more pounds of the good than suppliers are willing to sell.  This is the shortage. Surplus: At any price above the equilibrium price of $10, we will have a situation where Qs > Qd, referred to as a surplus.  In this case, at a price of $15, Qs (at point F) is 750 and Qd (at point C) is 250.  The difference between 750 and 250 is 500, meaning that at a price of $15, suppliers want to sell 500 more pounds of the good than consumers are willing to buy.  This is the surplus.
• #65: “Economics in the Media” Slide Lecture tip: The clip mentioned on the slide can be found in the Interactive Instructor’s Guide. Access the direct link by clicking the icon in the PowerPoint above.
• #69: “Economics in the Media” Slide Lecture tip: The clip mentioned on the slide can be found in the Interactive Instructor’s Guide. Access the direct link by clicking the icon in the PowerPoint above.
• #72: Clicker Question Correct answer: D This is a movement up and left along a demand curve. Price is on the vertical axis, and quantity demanded is on the horizontal axis.
• #73: Clicker Question Correct answer: A This is a rightward shift in the demand for X. People want to buy more X, even though the price of X didn’t change.
• #74: Clicker Question Correct answer: B Without price controls, the market will “correct” itself and move toward equilibrium. A shortage is due to the price being too low. The price will rise to correct the shortage.
• #75: Clicker Question Correct answer: C Supply increase will cause Q increase and P decrease. Demand increase will cause Q increase and P increase. The P effect is uncertain. The Q effect is definitely an increase.
• #76: Clicker Question Correct answer: D Low-skilled labor is a major input in the production and harvesting of fruits and vegetables. If we restrict low-skilled labor by having harsh immigration laws, there may be one of two results: The fruit and vegetable harvest gets done by higher-paid domestic workers, which raises production costs. The harvesting jobs will not be completed if no workers are found willing to do the job, which will decrease the supply of fruits and vegetables.