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Theories of Architecture and Urbanism
(ARC61303/ARC2224)
Project Part 2:
Comparative Essay
Tutor: Nicholas Ng
Chong Yee Ching
0316102

Table of Content
1.0 Introuction
1.1 Philadelphia
1.2 Kuala Lumpur
2.0 Comparative Analysis
3.0 References

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Philadelphia
Diagram 1.1.1: William Penn’s grid system.
Arch street was once called Mulberry street, its grid system are based on Wiliam Penn’s
original city grid system promotes connectivity and walkable network which are still
maintain until now. It runs from Delaware River westward through old city which
Chinatown neighbourhood are located nearby.
Chinatown was settled by Chinese migrants, discrimination of the local to Chinese
united them together result in rapid growth and formation of Chinatown in Philadelphia.
After uniting the Chinese, there comes the urban renewal especially development on
expressway these cause the Chinese to protest against the development but fail and
causing the lose of home, business, schooling and community togetherness.
Then, Chinatown is rebuild and expand. It functioned as a centre of Chinese community.
It size was then reduced from twelve city blocks to seven city blocks due to city planning.
In the Philadelphia of 2016, gentrification is seen as a threat. The slew of condominium
development leads to threefold increase in home values.
1.2 Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur started as a mining town and was created at the confluence of the Klang
and Gombak rivers. Jalan Petaling and Jalan Tun H.S. Lee. Located near Chinatown was
once the pulse of Kuala Lumpur that holds the heart of economic and culture.

Diagram: Morphology 1889
Looking at the figure ground transformation, transportation and buildings are strategically
built along the river for collection and dispersal serving of tin mining during the glory days
around 1889, where most of the buildings are of the linear typology, its deformation grid
results in urban sprawl and rapid development.
Then towards 1895, extension are made on the infrastructure development in order to
manage collection, it slowly becomes denser and more concentrated around the
railway track where Klang river acts as a natural barrier, separating administrative
building and commercial shop houses.

In 1962, there comes the rapid development that increases the urban density to
strengthen the city centre. Heavy development narrowed certain stretches of river and
resemble large storm drain in some places contribute to the Kuala Lumpur biggest flash
floods.
For the ongoing expansion, the increase of void between buildings are due to destruction.
Increase in building of point typology due to the development of the high rises while old
shophouses are preserved and giving high permeability along the five foot walkway.

2.0 Comparative analysis:
Streets are our most fundamental shared public spaces, but they are also one of the most
contested and overlooked. In urban design, public open space act as an important
element for the street, its role can be seen through its function as a communication that
channel social and activity spaces, this results to the place of assembly where there will
be social intercourse of meeting, known as contact points. Like the existence of the street,
contact points are normally taken for granted as it is an outdoor spaces where activities
carried out, act as an added feature to the city.
Diagram 2.1: Grid system of Philadelphia
Hippodamus introduced the order and regularity into urban planning where broad
straight streets will be seen intersecting each other at right angles. This scheme can be
seen adopting in Philadelphia grid system, it is one of the first cities in North America
where its wide streets intersecting perpendicularly between Schuylkill River and Delware
River, its system is also designed to accommodate the outgrowing community and said
to be providing connectivity and inherently walkable network. In my opinion, the factors
might have relations to them but there is no absolute definitions to define straight streets.
I personally argue that straight path creates a different pace and experience for the
users, and might contain confusion as it creates weak boundary and low ability of path
finding as all the junctions and streets are identical in term of placement like how Lynch
studied on the Boston grid system and concluded it to be hard to navigate through. But
through linear voids between the linear buildings, it can ease the navigation of the users
to slow down the pace which result to the social intercourse of meeting.

Diagram 2.2: Urban oasis towards the center of Petaling Street.
As for the Petaling Street in Kuala Lumpur, only the market in Petaling Street are
designed as an urban oasis to draw people in while no planning was coming in for the
urban design as time and heritage are the ones which shaped Petaling Street. The social
fabric had been change over time as the existing settings are slowly replaced by new
block and paths shown in the figure ground. The non-designated urban form slowly
resulting chaotic path where streets are seems to be broken paths and create isolation
to places. E.g. physical boundary between the upper part and lower part of Petaling
Street resulted from the contact point in the market at the upper part of the street, where
users are mostly target orientated where lower part of the street are only used as a pass
by. But from my observation, the shape ambiguity in the urban form seems to
complement the path finding where there users do not find direction uncertainty as an
issue on site resulting to a better walkability.
Both the sites showed the problematic reality of urban design nowadays where we do
not find definite design to be used to solve the problems and maintain the strengths,
there are pros and cons that should be taken into consideration for urban planning.
Designated streets are to influence the pattern of the entire city to create its own distinct
image and character. Relating back to Jan Gehl’s theory where spectrum of human
activities, the necessary, optional and social result to be an added as an assembly point
of the community which also act as an important feature to the street.

Diagram 2.3: Storefront of Burlington
Necessary activities are also known as functional activities where it will be taken place
regardless of the physical environment, like taking transit to work, waiting for a bus or to
school or even shopping for groceries etc. Therefore the social patterns of student and
workers would normally review to be the same despite the physical condition because it
is a necessity to go to work and study. Taking an example in Arch Street, existence of a
bus stop in front of Burlington mall. At this settings, the daily routine on waiting a bus would
leads to a contact point where it allow moderate contact intensity among the users
because there is a higher possibility to meet the same person again, this allow the
development of relationship and to maintain the already established relationship leads
to the establishment of acquaintances and chance contacts. At the same location, the
open space of the storefront itself also provides unintended seating and bench to allow
people to meet and gather which would lead to passive contacts where these available
seats allow people to chance upon one another to allow further contacts to be made.
This necessary activities sought to bring out the contact point that was being made.
Diagram 2.4: Allocation of ‘invisible’ bus stops.

In Petaling Street, bus stops that are being indicate as a contact point establish contacts
that are pretty much similar as the ones in Philadelphia but through observation,
Malaysia’s bus do stops at places without a bus stand to pick up and drop off users and
for visitors around the area, this leads to social activities where people attracts people,
the users who waited the bus on daily basis would know the exact location where buses
drops and pick up the users, it is normal to see a bunch of people standing at the
pavements waiting for the bus to arrive, this would leads to people acknowledging the
culture of the ‘invisible’ bus stops therefore following the users, chance acquaintances
contacts where visitors would ask about the schedule then making further contacts, in
comparison, this culture in Petaling Street allow the higher possibility of contacts and
referring back to Jan Gehl’s definition in contact point intensity, bus stops in Petaling
Street establish a higher intensity where acquaintances contacts can be achieved
through converse than passive contacts in Arch Street.
Diagram 2.5: King’s Street
As referring ‘Life Between Buildings’, Jan Gehl optional activities depends to a significant
degree on what the place has to offer will makes how people behave and feel about it.
The better the condition of a place, the more optional activity will occurs and hence
resulted to longer necessary activity lasts. This can be reinterpreted from King’s Market in
Philadelphia where the market is only available for the morning session, which the stalls
would be extended out to the street pavement itself that somehow obstructed the path
of the pedestrian, the deconstruction of form captures attention. Meeting regular
clientele daily will establish and acquaintances undemandingly as the shopping grocery
would be a necessary activity that would need to work on daily basis, developing
moderate contact intensity. The frequent visit at the same place along the same street
at the same time provides more potential of connection thus developing a deeper
contacts.

Diagram 2.6: Location of Karat Market Diagram 2.7: Activities of Karat Market
On the other hand, Karat Market in Petaling Street appeared to be in a larger form in
compared to Kings Market, the stalls are laid out on the pavement of the sidewalk where
people still can utilized the five foot walkway and small part of the sidewalk to look at the
trading goods. It is said to be an necessary activity for the traders because they would
need to open the stall but for customers it would be optional activity as it depend on
the weather that are inviting to indicate the customers’ availability. This allows the
acquaintances network between the traders and the customers as activities like trading,
conversation and bargain happens to be the economic activities that would carry
around the market. This informally slow down the pace of the users resulting in a
moderate intensity of contact point where acquaintances and passive contacts would
be developed where these frequent meet of the traders and customers would allow
connection to grow and chance to develop contacts.
Diagram 2.8: Sidewalk of Philadelphia Diagram 2.9: Side walk of Petaling Street
Speaking about the sidewalks of both the country, it is found that both the site indicated

have a large wide sidewalk where we can see the prioritizing of pedestrian instead of
roads that accommodate automobiles. Philadelphia was identified to be one of the most
walkable cities as of the designated sidewalks and also the adoption of the grid system,
and for Petaling Street itself, the five foot walkway that was old and full of historical value
are preserve. The wide street was constructed instead of road as of during the old days,
people do not depends on automobile but carriage instead. Till the modern era with all
the technologies, the five foot walkway are never a must. To compare both the
countries’ sidewalks, I personally would prefer the one with shade which is the five foot
walkway as the shaded space that allow continuity of visual network would leads to
activities where chance passive and acquaintances contacts.
Going back to activites, Gehl addressed that there is three types of outdoor activities
that leads to contacts take place where necessary activities and optional activities were
address, left social activities. Social activity depends on the presence of others in the
public spaces (Gehl, 1986) it is the fruit of the quality and length of the other types of
activities, these activities occurs spontaneously where social interaction can occurs
anywhere. This involves simple greetings and conversations, communal activities of
various kinds, and simply seeing and hearing other people. (Gehl, 1987) And because of
all these spontaneous activities, resulted to meaningful outdoor spaces and attractive in
terms of activities complementing each other.
Diagram 2.10: Friendship Arch, Philadelphia
In Arch Street, it is identified that the Friendship Arch that indicate the Chinatown has its
high imageability that marks the entrance to Chinatown neighbourhood. Its form and
prominent size capture the attention and form crowds around the arch as people
attracts people, curiosity draws people in. Ones would actually identify this activity
attraction which its prominence as a landmark and also crowd attraction where people
usually take picture around the arch and this action results in attracting more people

around to stop by and allow possible contacts with one another. It is identified to be a
low intensity contact point where people ‘stop’ and ‘go’, therefore chance passive
contacts. Whereas in Petaling Street, the most prominent landmark are said to be the
Chinatown arch that located at the front and back of the Petaling Street Market
addressing the sense of arrival to the people where it has the similarities as the friendship
arch in Philadelphia that was located at the junction of the street, this also results in
passive contacts where at junction, people waiting to cross the road, crossing the road,
walking pass one another allows the lowest levels of passive contacts where it happens
when people gets to see and hear about one another without making further contacts.
Both of the contact point are categorized under low contact intensity where there is only
occurrence of passive contacts, where people contribute to social activities.
Diagram 2.11: Staircase at storefront of Philadelphia
As mentioned earlier about the social activities, there are also chances of design
contributing to social activities instead of just people attracting people. Like the staircase
indicated at the frontage of some shop lots in Arch Street, people do see it as an
opportunity as it can be seen as a seating for passive contact and opportunity for
acquaintances network while meeting with neighbour and co-workers. The existence of
people between buildings make the space more favourable, this attracts more use of
the street for personal purposes as it allows people to make observation on the human
activities happening along the street and experience them. In terms of complexity and
visual richness in façade design or even architecture would also capture the attention of
the passerby where people would slow down their pace and develop contact chances
by being present in the same place.

Diagram 2.12: Design orientated social activities.
Column that seen from the frontage of the shoplots in Petaling Street can also be seen
as an opportunity for people lying towards the column, comfortably talking to each other
or even looking at the display of the shoplot, this is one of the feature found at site
preserving the heritage seems to ease the pace of the people possibly develop the
usage of the space to more personal. Similar with the usage of staircases at the sidewalk,
ignoring the hygiene issue, people tend to just sit down and rest, talk to each other, or
looking at the view of the street, this too result in passive contact where people gets to
see and hear about one another.
Diagram 2.13: Sri Mahamariamman Temple Diagram 2.14: Guan Ti Temple
And for the shoplots façade around Petaling Street, it is mostly under colonialism which
a sudden appear of the gigantic Sri Mahamariamman Temple or even the Chinese Guan
Ti Temple breaks the connectivity of the façade, capture the attention of the people
to slow down and take picture, this also resulted in people attracts people.

Diagram 2.15: Relationship between physical environment and activities. (Gehl, 1986)
From all the analysis addressed, the activity do comply with chart that address activities
with quality of the physical environment as mentioned and listed with a few statements
supporting, which I totally agree with it. I shall conclude that the contact point in
Philadelphia are mostly element orientated where most of the contact points that I had
identified are mostly at storefronts and design orientated, it do not accommodate a lot
of open spaces as contact points that chance people contact. On the opposite,
contact point of Petaling Street are mostly people attract people that most of the
activities accommodate on site are social activities that chance higher possibility and
intensity of contacts. In a nutshell, good walkability would not define a higher chance of
contact intensity while in this case it would be in opposition.

3.0 References
1. Castagnoli, F. (1971). Orthogonal town planning in antiquity (1st ed.). Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Press.
2. Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Island Press.
3. Gehl, J. & Svarre, B. How to study public life (1st ed.).
4. Planning Philadelphia. (2016). Xroads.virginia.edu. Retrieved 28 November 2016, from
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/penn/pnplan.html
5. Spaces, P. (2016). Jan Gehl - Project for Public Spaces. Project for Public Spaces.
Retrieved 28 November 2016, from http://www.pps.org/reference/jgehl/

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