Procedural Memory Essay

Procedural Memory Essay
Semantic, episodic, and procedural memory are all vital to humans, and I can't imagine a life lived
without these everyday functions. Damaging the temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex engender a loss
of semantic memory. Without semantic memory I would lose my general knowledge. Basic
certainties that I've obtained since preschool would fly out the window. A person doesn't realize how
much capacity a human brain stores, I still have multiplication tables imbedded into my mind.
Imagining a life without conscious data like multiplication, the sounds of letters, and/or even the
simplest information like knowing what a tree looks like, is a very scary thought to process. The
concept of not being able to recognize the items and scenery around me would be the scariest task
that I would lose if my semantic memory disappeared. I couldn't even fathom a life without such
simple knowledge. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I wouldn't be able to type this paper without procedural memory. Procedural memory is what
allowed Clive Wearing to maintain his ability to play music. Right now I don't have to think about
how to get my fingers to smack the keys of my key board, and Clive didn't have to think about how
to create music; however, once Clive stopped to think about what he was doing he couldn't play
anymore, because procedural memories are retrieved from unconscious thought. The most alarming
activity that I would lose would be not being able to move my body parts without a conscious effort.
After you learn how to walk or ride a bike you never forget these actions, and if I lost them I
wouldn't know how to
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Learning New Skills Analysis
A person can't be successful at learning new skills, without being familiar with how we actually
learn something, including the components of knowing, and the components of knowledge and the
difference in these descriptions.
Who doesn't need to become more successful in their job, think better in general and generate great
ideas so that they can increase their true income potential? In order to change and grow individually,
you have to change your thinking. One of the most popular ways to improve your thinking is to
learn new thinking skills. However, you will not be very effective at learning new skills, if you do
not comprehend how we learn, the three facets of knowing, and the three facets of knowledge.
Learning new skills can be complicated. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once you understand how to learn a new skill or subject, it's critical to pay attention to
remembering, so you can recall what you've learned. The more attention you give a subject, the
simpler it will be to recall the information.
Since memory is the lowest level in knowledge, let's focus on it in depth now. In simple terms, basic
recall is all about memory. Memory is the mental activity of recalling information that you have
learned or experienced. That simple definition covers a complicated system that involves many
different parts of the brain that serves us in different and unique ways.
Memory may be either short–term or long–term. In short–term memory, the brain stores info for a
couple of moments: that is about the time it will take a person to look up a friend's telephone
number. Short term memory is actually vulnerable, and it is designed to be. If not, the human brain
might rapidly experience

H. M.: The Separation Of Declarative Memory
Back when H.M. was seven he was in an accident with a bicyclist, this began this patients journey
of medical mishaps including seizures and amnesia. At age ten the seizures start and at sixteen they
became more intense. He attempted to work but by 27 even that would be too much because of his
seizures. After much consideration Doctor Scoville was able to convince H.M. to undergo bilateral
medial temporal lobe resection, which is common knowledge but I will explain anyway. It is a
procedure done on the brain to separate the temporal lobe tissue to reduce seizures. After the
procedure Doctor Millner noticed that while the procedure worked for the seizures there was an
incredible amount of memory deficiency, to the extent of forgetting things ... Show more content on
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These were thought of as the only two types of memory but during H.M. research they realized they
were doing it wrong. Next came the separation of declarative memory into two parts; Declarative
and nondeclarative. Declarative is memory that is nonvisual and like remembering names and faces
and nondeclarative is memory such as skills, habits and emotions. The reason this discovery came
through was because in H.M.'s ability to move was not impaired but his declarative memory was
diminishing. This can be proven because of the tests ran on H.M. where he was put to the test of
identifying famous people throughout history. He did quite well for a man his age during the
decades prior to his surgery, but the same can't be said for after. By observing this they figured out
that the medial temporal lobe is not the storage for all of the brains long–term memory. Sometime
down the road they figured out that childhood memories lost their emotional

Memory And Sensory Memory
Everyday people rely on memory. Remembering to set your clock the night before, the routine you
do every morning getting ready for the day, remembering what you must do for the day, and
remembering something as simple as making a sandwich. None of this is possible without memory.
Memory is the ability to be able to mentally remember and manipulate information. Memory can be
affected by strong emotions, injuries and diseases. There are different types of memory; sensory,
short–term, and long–term memory. Sensory memory is sensory information coming at you that you
can be retained for a few milliseconds. It's the shortest memory out of the three and is held just long
enough to move to short–term memory. In sensory memory, we have iconic (visual) and echoic
(auditory) memory. Iconic memory is the visual memory one sees and retains. When looking at
objects, faces, words, or numbers your brain may choose to keep some information and move it to
short–term memory. When you are exposed visually to something, majority of the time its lost
within 500milliseconds. Negative effects can cause sensory memory capacity to decrease but the
precision of what is seen increases (Spachtholz, Kuhbandner, & Pekrun, 2014.) When exposed to
negative sensory, what you can remember is decreased but the detail of what you remember is more
accurate.
Echoic memory is a sensory memory that is specific to receiving auditory information. Majority of
what we hear is forgotten in 1 second. Sensory memory allows us to collect information and process
it just long enough to move to short term memory. After sensory memory, there is short–term
memory or as some call it working memory. Here, memory is stored long enough to use it. When a
task is needed to be completed, it is obtained here and may be quickly forgotten after the task is
complete. Short–term memory and long–term memory can work back and forth. Information that is
deemed important and to be remembered goes to long–term memory and when you need to
remember something, it comes from your long–term memory and goes back to short–term memory.
After it is used, it goes back to long–term memory to be recalled at a later time. Information that
comes from sensory memory and is not forgotten

Evaluation Of A Model Of Memory Whilst Weighing Up The...
This essay aims to make an appraisal of two models of memory whilst weighing up the strengths
and limitations of each. The two models of memory I will be evaluating are the Multy–store Model
of Memory (MSM) and Level of Processing Model.
Memory is defined as the mental process of encoding, then storing and retrieving information. To
enable us to store any information out memory first needs to encode information. This require three
types of encoding which are semantic encoding, which is encoding information through the
information's meaning; acoustic encoding, which is encoding information through sound; and visual
encoding which interprets information through visual images, McDermott & Roediger III (2015).
This process allows us to interpret and organise the information ready to be stored in our memories.
The second stage is the storage stage where the information enters the memory and is maintained
there for a period of time. The final stage is the retrieval stage which involves where information
that is stored in the memory being located and used, Study.com (2003–2015).
There are limits to the short–term memory (STM) span, which is the longest number of items or
digits a person can recall and instantly repeat back in the correct order. Most adults can store
between 5 and 9 items in their short–term memory. This notion was put forward by Miller (1956)
and he called it the magic number 7, McLeod (2009). He thought that STM could hold 7 (plus or
minus 2 items) because it

Memory and Human Survival
CASE SCENARIO ESSAY: TOPIC 1
After a motor vehicle accident Tom was left with an acquired brain injury with damage to the frontal
lobe and the left temporal lobe. As a result Tom has been experiencing many difficulties, in
particular with his memory. Memory refers to the mental capacity to retain information and convert
it into a form that can be stored and retrieved at a later time. Storing and retrieving memories
involves passing information from one stage to the next and then retrieving that information from
long–term memory. (Burton, Westen & Kowalski, 2012, p.261) Memory is an integral part of human
survival and without it, learning new skills, such as the ones required by Tom to regain his loss of
function, could never prevail. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Declarative memory is further divided into semantic memory and episodic memory. Semantic
memory is an acquired meaning of structured record of facts, meanings, concepts and knowledge
about the external world whereas episodic memory is memories of experiences and specific events
in time that are often autobiographical and have emotions associated with them.
Due to his acquired brain injury, with damage to his frontal and left temporal lobe, it has been
identified that Tom is currently experiencing difficulties with working memory. Difficulties with
working memory are often seen as an inability to stay on task and following multi–stepped
instructions as it becomes challenging to manipulate information in the brain. In addition to this,
Tom is also displaying further memory difficulties with the damage to his left temporal lobe being
the most probable cause. The left temporal lobe is believed to play an import role in long–term
memory as well as the location of the Wernicke's area that holds the storage of the semantics of
language. This area may have received damage to as Tom is showing difficulty with understanding
language, yet another difficulty that will need to be considered throughout his rehabilitation.
Specifically the medial temporal lobe, and hippocampal region are known to play a role in the
formation of new semantic knowledge. Therefore if Tom received severe damage to

Short Note On Procedural Memory
Long Term Memory
Procedural Memory–Apart of the long term memory, responsible for knowing how to do things ex–
how to ride a bike
Procedural Knowledge–Knowing how to simple things ex– how to tie your shoe or riding a bike,
this does not include conscious thoughts (conscious– aware, so not aware of doing actions.
Semantic Memory–Knowledge of meanings, the basics and about the world
Episodic Memory– ''Stores info from events that we have experienced''
Endel Tulving–"An Estonian Canadian experimental psychologist and human research on memory
influenced psychologist, scientist, and others." He defined long term memory(one of the earliest to
define long term memory). He proposed to define the difference between episodic, semantic, and
procedural memory."
Declarative Knowledge–Knowing, ex– when mom's birthday is, dogs are animals, and Columbus is
the capital of Ohio. Long term memory is located in the inner fold of the temporal lobe. Temporal
lobe lies beneath the temples on the head. The temporal lobe controls hearing.
Alzheimer 's
Alzheimer 's–A disease in the brain that destroys memory and other functions.
Symptoms–
Cognitive: Confusion,difficulty thinking/understanding/concentrating, makes things up and not able
to create new memories,can't do simple math or not able to recognize simple things.
Behavioral: aggression, agitation, difficulty with self care, irritability, meaningless repetition of own
words, personality changes, lack of restraint, or

I 'll Start From The Middle
I'll start from the middle. It's how it must be in art. Each creation is a new start, always from the
point where we are at the moment: the midway. From the middle of the stage I observe how
experiences determine my choices, create patterns and unique ways of relationship with the creative
process. My body is the starting point for investigations. Izquierdo (2011) tells us that we can only
create from what we know, and what we know is in our memories.
I observe the stories that my movement tells me. These are the body memories. This observation is
grounded by the recognition of the relationship that occurs between mind and body. Recent studies
(CALDEWELL, 2012; DAMASIO, 2011) show that only through our body can we have a mind.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, memory is not something set in the past. It is rather an event of the present. The body
memory can only be studied and observed in the present. "What we have acquired as skills, habits
and experience, has become what we are today; implicit knowing is our lived past". (FUCHS, 2003,
p. 02). Our body is our living memory, constantly modified by new experiences. It's not like a
museum or an old trunk where we put away our memories. The body is, actually, something that's
always renewed by the present.
In this essay I've chosen to discuss movement patterns or habits that are part of the procedural
memory. Movement patterns can be considered the neurological and muscular organization that
underlies the motor responses of our body. Sometimes, these motor responses are conditioned and
it's hard to obtain different answers, even for different stimulus. This can be a trap during the
process of creating choreography.
Kandel (2009) identifies three main forms in the process of learning: habituation, sensitization and
conditioning. From the studies of physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), Kandel (2009) argues that
these forms of learning occur from the association of a stimulus with another stimulus or a stimulus
with a response. Habituation occurs when the repetition of a stimulus leads to suppression of a
response. Sensitization is the reverse. In this case, we learn to give attention to a stimulus

Which Lobe Is The Most Important Part Of The Brain Essay
The most important part of the brain involved in memory is the cerebral cortex. It is located on the
outermost layer of the brain and is responsible for thinking and processing information from the five
senses. It is made up of tightly packed neurons and is the wrinkly–like form that surrounds the brain.
The cortex is divided into four different lobes–the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital, which are
all for different types of sensory information. As the name indicates, the frontal lobe is located on
the front of the brain. The frontal lobe is the part of the brain that controls important everyday
cognitive skills such as emotion, problem solving, memory, language, judgement, and sexual
behaviour. It has often been described as the "control panel of our personality and our ability to
communicate." The parietal love is located on the upper back part of the cortex and is involved in
the sensory information that should do with touch taste and temperature. This lobe can carry
information within seconds, with the information being integrated and processed. The temporal lobe
is positioned on the bottom part of the cortex, right behind the temples on your face. Its function is
to process auditory information from the ears. "It is also key to being able to comprehend or
understand speech." One of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explicit memory is information that consciously and intentionally remembered. Declarative memory
is the recall of information such as dates, words, faces, events, and concepts. Procedural memory is
the recall of how to do things such as swimming or driving a car. Procedural memory is usually
considered implicit because people don't have to consciously remember how to perform actions or
skills. Semantic memory is the recall of general facts learned. Episodic memory is the recall of
personal

Distributive Justice Essay
2.1 Distributive Justice
Distributive justice explains the process of "attaining the equitable exchange relationships by
allocating the benefits and costs'' (Smith et al., 1999, pp. 358–359). Its is revealed that compensation
is one of the most widely used tool that that organization have to react on a customer complaints
related to distributive justice Tax et al., 1998).
Effective ways of distributive Justice can be assed in reaction to injustice resultant from a failure of
service by offering refunds, coupons and free gifts (cf. Kelley et al., 1993). There is a practical proof
of customers getting a fair response from the organization's complaint management process and are
satisfied with it as well (Goodwin and Ross 1992). Evidence suggested that distributive justice has
the largest share of post complaint satisfaction (Mattila 2001). ... Show more content on
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189). Organizations having procedures, tools, and policies in place and are expected to assist to
handle a complaint process by providing a feedback to customers (Davidow, 2000). Hence a proper
setup of policies, tools and procedures should be established in order to speed up the process of
handling the customers' complaints (Davidow, 2003b). With regards to handling a complaint
process, procedural justice justifies the fairness of procedures, tools and polices in order to have
proper setup of complaint handling procedures (cf. Davidow, 2003b). There are several experimental
studies have been conducted to proof the importance procedural justice for complaint handling.
Author shows that customers who have reported high level of complaint handling satisfaction has
experienced high level of procedural justice (Tax et al. 1998). (De Ruyter and Wetzels 2000) stated
that high level of procedural fairness leads to more satisfied

The Effect of Sleep on Face Recognition Memory
The Effect Of Sleep On Face Recognition Memory Sleep serves multiple purposes, ranging from
restoring energy to maintaining homeostasis. Recent research has also shown that sleep plays a
crucial role in memory consolidation (Scullin, 2013). There are two main types of long–term
memory: explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (procedural) memory. Declarative memory is
responsible for learning facts, events, and memories that can be consciously recalled, whereas
procedural memory is the unconscious memory of motor skills and how to perform tasks. Several
studies primarily in adults demonstrated that sleep improves procedural memory as well as
declarative memory (Ellenbogen, et al., 2006). Declarative memory is important in school, work,
and social settings. Early sleep and memory studies showed evidence that NonREM sleep improves
performance on declarative memory tasks, such as recall and recognition. Decline in declarative
memory consolidation is correlated with a decline in slow–wave sleep. However, the effect of sleep
on face recognition memory, a type of declarative memory, is relatively unstudied. Little do people
know about how sleep affects memory for faces. The ability to recognize face is critically dependent
on the medial temporal lobe of the brain (Squire, 2004). Learning and remembering new faces is a
common, efficient, and socially important ability. Face recognition is almost indispensable in nearly
all social interactions. Memory for faces is

Sleep : Memory And Memory
Sleep Enhances Memory
When the brain first encounters an idea, thought, image, experience, or action it works to form or
encode a memory. There are many different kinds of memories that can be formed. Each must be
consolidated in order to remain a stable memory. All five stages of sleep support some phase of
learning and memory (Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). This article discusses the different types of
memory, stages of sleep, and what occurs that potentially strengthens memory while sleeping.
Memory
Sensory, short–term, and long–term are the three types of memory. Together they work to encode,
consolidate, store, and recall information. Short–term memory is the temporary place that
information is stored before forgetting or further encoding occurs. Long–term memory consists of
subcategories that relate to different types of information with different activation sections of the
brain. These include Explicit/Declarative memory and Implicit/Non–Declarative memory. The
Declarative memory is responsible for holding episodic and semantic memories. Episodic pertains
to experiences and autobiographical events. Semantic memories involve facts, concepts, and verbal
symbols. While the implicit (unconscious) memory is involved in procedural memories such as
skills, tasks, use of objects, and movements of the body. It is also involved in emotionally
conditioned memories as well. Each type of memory demands activity in particularly different areas
of the brain. (CITE)
Short–Term

Declarative Memory Essay
How the Brain Learns As Sousa (2017) states, "Learning is the process by which we acquire new
knowledge and skills; memory is the process by which we retain the knowledge and skills for the
future" (p. 86, 87). A person has the ability to learn many things throughout his/her lifetime.
Research states that a person can store unlimited amounts of information in forms of memory.
Declarative and non–declarative are two different types of memory that people use to learn and
grasp new concepts. Both of these types of memory are used in order for a person to gain
knowledge, develop habits, and build muscle memory. Declarative Memory. Declarative memory
describes the remembrance of facts, names, objects, and music. Declarative memory is used in ...
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Although, some of the categories can be challenged with research, most researchers would agree on
the breakdown of these categories. Procedural memory involves any type of memory that is learned
through motor and cognitive skills. These types of memory can include riding a bike, driving a car,
and knowing a procedure such as a morning ritual or habit. One can do these skills without thinking
too much about the activity. For example, when one first started driving, one was focused on the
brake and the gas as well as driving with both hands on the wheel. After a person learns how to
drive, one may forget that he/she was driving or gave no thought on what to do at a stop light. This
also applies to things such as reading, writing, and differentiating various types of colors. Although
there may be some thinking involved, the majority of the time one is simply using procedural
memory to complete these tasks. Perceptual representation system can be a part of the procedural
memory but has a slight difference. Perceptual representation can be described as the ability to put
together fragmented words and to tell whether a picture/thing can exist in the real world (Sousa,
2017). As Sousa (2017) states, "Classical conditioning (also called Pavlovian conditioning) occurs
when a

Emotion and Procedural Memory
Do you remember how you learned how to ride a bike, read a book, or read a book? These and many
more activities you are allowed to do are all cause of procedural memory. Procedural memory are
the motor skills that you have developed from repeated times. These things, such as walking,
talking, eating, start when you are born. You do these motor skills and actions so much that they
become more of a habit and you do not notice that you are actually do them. People do not stop and
say to their selves "Remember to breath, in, then out" or "to walk, you put your right foot out first,
then your left". That would make life a little more difficult than it already is. Humans and animals
can learn with feedback. For example, when we start driving, we will learn the amount of pressure
we have to put on the peddle for the car not to go to fast or too slow. "Perceptual learning training
with feedback is not formally different from that experienced by a rat required to choose between a
triangle and circle, say, when one of these is followed by a given outcome (e.g., access to food) and
one is not. Contemporary associative theories of animal discrimination learning (e.g., that proposed
by Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) provide an explanation of such learning" (Mitchell & Hall, 2014).
Another habit we have as humans are is superstitious learning. Superstitious learning is "actions
performed even when there is no causal relationship between the action and its consequences"
(Eichenbaum, 2008). For

The Three Theoretical Components Of Long Term Memory
POLLYANNA PATRIOTA DE ALMEIDA
What are the three theoretical components of long term memory? For each component, describe a
related clinical case of amnesia.
Beyond the short intervals covered by sensory and working memories, the possible subdivisions of
long–term memory have been controversial.
However, the distinction between explicit and implicit memory has been generally incorporated into
the accepted conceptual anatomy of memory researchers.
Explicit memories are those for which the individual can retain an awareness of the circumstances
of the event recalled.
Implicit memories involve no conscious awareness but nevertheless, changes in the performance of
subject in other ways show that the original event modified subsequent performance.
The distinction between episodic and sematic memory was introduced by Tulving (1972)
Tulving suggested that episodic memory was a system that received and stored information about
when and where they had occurred.
On the other hand, semantic memory was seen by Tulving as the memory necessary for the use of
language.
Tulving (1972) drew a distinction between episodic memory which contains a record of personally
experienced events that have happened to us, and semantic memory which contains our general
knowledge of the world and is more abstract in form.
He considered these as a separate memory store, and in 1985 added a third store called procedural
memory.
Procedural memory according to Tulving (1985) is involved in tasks

The Three Stages Of Memory Encoding
On a day–to–day basis humans are processing different information constantly. Have you ever
wondered how this is possible? Have you ever wondered why you are able to obtain new
information, store it, and then recall it for later usage? For example, how is it possible that we can
study for a test one day, and then the next day we are able to retrieve that very information to use to
take and pass a test? Because memory is an important cognitive process it helps us to record the
past, so we are able to refer back to it at a later date. If humans didn't have a memory, we would
only be able to understand the present and our past wouldn't exist. The urge to study how memory
works and the concept behind, it has been around for many years. ... Show more content on
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This happens through three stages which include encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Memory Encoding
Before information is able to be stored successfully in our memory, information from our sensory
input has to be changed into a form in which our brain is able to comprehend. For example, our
perception of something may be different from how it is actually explained, so we have to "encode"
it in order to better understand it. There are three main stages where encoding occurs; visual
(picture), acoustic (sound), and semantic (meaning) (McLeod, 2007). We go through these three
stages often without even realizing it. For example, when we have to remember a series of numbers
for something, we may keep referring back to it so we have a mental image of it (visual), we may
repeat it to ourselves ( acoustic), and it has to be significant to us otherwise we would have a need to
remember it (semantic).
Memory Storage
Storage in the human memory is the second of the three processes. The process of storing
information involves filtering out and filing information so our brain does not experience an
information overload. The information our brain receives can be stored into our long–term, short–
term or sensory memory. Memory storage also involves how long we are able to obtain that
information and how much information our brain can actually withhold. According to Miller (1956)
most adults are able to store between 5 and

Procedural Memories Of Procedural Memory
Do you remember the time you had learned to ride a bike? Do you understand how you can still ride
a bike every day? The answer is called Procedural Memory. Procedural memory is a step–like
process of how to do the important work that you decide every day. It is connected with long term
memory and is the most basic form of memory. Procedural memory is usually part of an implicit
memory. Procedural memory refers to the sensory motor skills by repeating the actions over and
over. The procedural memory stores bags of information in our heads on how to perform a specific
procedure and makes actions more automatic. In addition, these memory systems can function
independently, so you cannot lose those memories. Many examples are playing an ... Show more
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The step–like memory is first stored in the motor cortex. Then this memory will be sent to the
cerebellum of the brain. Procedural memory works with a motor and spatial data to store
information. Procedural memory depends more so on the frontal cortex, not the medial temporal
lobe. Procedural memory is automatic and is lumped with cognitive loads of strain on the body.
Procedural memory includes acquisition, storage and retrieval processes. There are three sections in
procedural memory. They have conditioned reflexes, emotional associations, and skills or habits.
They are all associated with some section of your brain. First, conditioned reflex is connected with
the cerebellum. However, the emotional association is connected with the amygdala. The skills and
habits are part of the cerebellum and neocortex. The neocortex is the motor of the brain.
To show, according to scientists, procedural memory is controlled by different parts of the brain.
Inside the brain, the cerebellum or the parietal cortex, or the prefrontal cortex can be used for early
learning of motor skills in the memory. Damages to certain places in the brain like the cerebellum or
the basal ganglia can also affect the procedural learning in many ways. The cerebellum is so
important because it has been needed to coordinate the flow of movements and the skilled motion of
the brain.
Though, Procedural memory operates by the striatal neural

What Is Procedural Memory?
Most people have heard of memory. But do most people know the definition of memory? It's the
mental capacity or faculty of retaining and reviving facts, events, impressions, etc., or of recalling or
recognizing previous experiences. There's a lot of other things about memory that are worth
knowing. For instance, have you ever heard of muscle memory? It's how your body remembers to
do things. That means if you learn to ride a bike, you'll never forget how, unless you go through
great mental trauma or brain damage.
Besides procedural memory, there are also many other types of memory. There's the basics, short
term and long term, but there are subcategories within that, such as explicit, implicit,
autobiographical, and declarative memory. There have been studies that show sleep actually helps
your procedural and declarative memory. Non–REM sleep helps your declarative memory, and
REM sleep helps your procedural memory.
Many other studies have been done on memory. For instance, when a man had surgery for
intractable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
65 to 69 year olds remembered 65% of the learned words, and 80 to 85 year olds with higher
education remembered 60% of the words. However, 80 to 85 year olds without higher education
remembered less than 50% of the words. This study proved that people with low education had a
higher chance of getting Alzheimer's. From the books I read and websites I visited, I also know a lot
of other facts about memory. If you've ever forgotten why you walked into a room, it's because you
entered a doorway. When you walk into a room, your brain thinks that you're starting a new process,
so it takes that as a signal to clear your short term memory. Something else I found interesting is that
even if you have perfect recall or photographic memory, you often can't remember infancy because
your brain is programmed not to remember it. Which is odd because memory starts 20 weeks after

Mtl's Involvement In Implicit Memory
These findings were replicated in an extension of the complementary learning systems framework,
which simulated how separate portions of the MTL (additionally characterized by connections to
separate cortical regions) may support both episodic memory processes (explicit) and rapid
extraction of statistical regularities (in contrast to the slow process of learning distributional
information in the neocortex as instantiated by previous models (Schapiro et al, in press).
Several theoretical frameworks may explain MTL involvement in implicit memory. For example,
Schohamy & Turk–Browne (2013) provide a framework by which the MTL may be active in both
explicit and implicit memory processes. First, the hippocampus in the adult brain is highly
connected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a recent study, Bertels et al., (2012) found that performance in their proxy for statistical learning
could not be accounted for simply by implicit learning. They used an adapted version of the visual
statistical learning task (Fischer & Aslin, 2001), which included 12 stimulus items formed into 4
triplets. The transitional probability within triplets was always 1 and between .33. However, the test
phase used a so–called direct measure (put forth as a measure of an explicit memory trace in a
previous study by Kim et al., 2009) in which participants were presented with a 4AFC completion
task. Participants were presented with a triplet that was missing and item and asked to complete the
triplet. They were then asked a binary confidence measures were also collected during this phase.
Above chance performance on trials in which the participant said they were guessing suggests
implicit processing and a correlation between performance and confidence suggests that the
participant may be using explicit processing. The test phase also included an indirect measure (also
put forth as a measure of implicit learning in a previous study, Kim et al., 2009) the rapid serial
visual presentation (RSVP) test. In this task participants had to detect a shape in a rapid series of
visual shapes. If participants were sensitive to the statistical regularities present in the exposure
phase and were able to store these regularities,

Episodic Memory: Declarative Or Procedural?
Memory can be declarative or procedural. A declarative memory would be concerned with
experiences and facts, while a procedural memory is related with skills, or 'how to'. A declarative
memory is further classified into episodic memory and semantic memory. An episodic memory is
based on awareness of a previous experience in a particular situation at a particular time. It is
developed throughout childhood. A semantic memory is concerned with the factual knowledge
about the world (Tulving 1983,1993,2002). The article initially explains the cognitive neuroscience
of the development of the episodic memory formation. Behavioral evidence indicates an episodic
memory emerges from childhood through adulthood. Developments in cognitive functions such

Episodic Memory
As teachers, we are here to educate our students in our areas, but how do we know when students
actually understand and learn the information being taught? Marilee Sprenger (1998) said "memory
is the only way to verify learning". After researching the parts of the brain and learning how it
processes information, her statement is true. "Memory is the process by which we retain the
knowledge and skills for the future" (Sousa, 2011). According to Sprenger (1998), there a five
separate memory lanes: semantic, episodic, procedural, automatic, and emotional. Semantic memory
deals with words and is the most difficult because you must process it repeatedly for long–term
effects. Episodic memory is location–driven. The procedural memory is your "how–to" memory.
Automatic memory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Final memory is emotional memory, which connects back to the amygdala where all your emotions
lay. "Effective teaching uses strategies to help students recognize patterns and then make the
required connections to process the new working memories so they can travel into the brain's long–
term storage areas" (Willis, 2007). The first strategy I will do in my classroom is to provide down–
time in between learning episodes. I teach in block scheduling and I've come to realize that students
remember best what comes first, then when comes last, but tend to forget everything in the middle.
If I break my block time into four sections, since high school students can handle about 20 minutes
in working memory, I give students time to process the information being taught. The down time
would be a brain break. During the brain breaks students could be

Memory And Its Impact On Our Lives
Memory makes us. It is, to an extent, a collection of unique and personal experiences that we, as
individuals, have amassed over our lifetime. It is what connects us to our past and what shapes our
present and the future. If we are unable remember the what, when, where, and who of our everyday
lives, our level of functioning would be greatly impacted. Memory is defined as or recognized as the
"sum or total of what we remember." Memory provides us the ability to learn and adjust to or from
prior experiences. In addition, memory or our ability to remember plays an integral role in the
building and sustaining of relationships. Additionally, memory is also a process; it is how we
internalize and store our external environment and experiences. It entails the capacity to remember
past experiences, and the process of recalling previous experiences, information, impressions, habits
and skills to awareness. It is the storage of materials learned and/or retained from our experiences.
This fact is demonstrated by the modification, adjustment and/or adaptation of structure or behavior.
Furthermore, we as individuals, envision thoughts and ideas of the present through short–term
memory, or in our working memory, we warehouse past experiences and learned values in long–
term memory, also referred to as episodic or semantic memory. Most importantly, memory is
malleable and it is intimately linked to our sense of identity and where we believe we belong in the
world.
In remembering that

What Role Does Procedural Memory Play In My Life
Before taking this class, I was aware that our minds play an important role in how we live our lives,
but I did not know the extent to which it influences even the smallest details of everyday
functioning. For example, picking up habits from my role models is actually a detailed learning
method called observational learning. It surprised me that there are names and common patterns
associated with one's identity status, and types of stress with different causes. I also became aware
of an example of how procedural memory guides my everyday activities, and I realized how lost I
would be without that function. Clearly, psychology has many small, but collectively large, impacts
on the everyday functions of myself and others.
There are many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thankfully, almost all of my stress is a result of minor things, but I can still determine common
patterns of stress types, and I have a personal example for all of the main stress categories. The first
type of stress is frustration, which can be described as wanting something, but being unable to attain
it. I may experience this type of stress in a minor way every day. All I want after school is to go
home and have a glass of chocolate milk and some bread. I look forward to this moment all day at
school, but when the bell finally rings, I always seem to have some sort of meeting, task, or long
conversation that is determined to keep me away from my snack, and my happiness is delayed one
more day. The upside to this setback is that, when I finally do get a glass of chocolate milk and some
bread, it will taste very good as a result of all the waiting. The second form of stress is conflict, in
which one must decide between two things that cannot coexist. An example of this that occurs in my
life is the choice between a good night's sleep or a lot of studying. Both will have positive effects
and negative effects. The third stressor is change, that is, any life event that alters the normal
routine. In the beginning of the year, my family and I experienced change with the addition of a
foreign exchange student. Adding a mature family member can cause a lot of

Short Memory : Long Term Memory
Long Term Memory Long term memory is located in the inner fold of the temporal lobe. Temporal
lobe lies beneath the temples on the head. The temporal lobe controls hearing. There is three types
of memory that goes with long term memory.
First is procedural memory. Procedural memory is apart of the long term memory and is responsible
for knowing how to do things ex– how to ride a bike.
Next is semantic memory. Semantic memory is knowledge of meanings, the basics and about the
world. Then episodic memory. Episodic memory ''Stores info from events that we have
experienced.''
There is also knowledge that is related to memory. First is procedural knowledge. Procedural
Knowledge is knowing how to simple things ex– how to tie your shoe or riding a bike, this does not
include conscious thoughts (conscious– aware, so not aware of doing actions. Then there is
declarative knowledge. Declarative knowledge is knowing, ex– when mom's birthday is, dogs are
animals, and Columbus is the capital of Ohio.
Endel Tulving is "An Estonian Canadian experimental psychologist and human research on memory
influenced psychologist, scientist, and others." He defined long term memory(one of the earliest to
define long term memory). He proposed to define the difference between episodic, semantic, and
procedural memory."
Alzheimer 's
Alzheimer 's is a disease in the brain that destroys memory and other functions. Symptoms of this
disease are confusion,difficulty

Physical, Cognitive, And Health Aspects Of Aging
Just recently I learned about physical, cognitive, and health aspects of aging. Along with that, I
learned that some diseases may be prevented with simple exercise and healthy eating, while others
are unavoidable. Certainly, last week's topics were interesting and optimistic as they raise awareness
to healthy habits can lead to a better quality of life. Since then, I have taken some steps to become
healthier, by being more active. What's fascinating, is that I am learning more about myself and can
therefore, apply this knowledge in my personal life and employment. Upon examining the titles for
this week's topics, it seems that we are going to delve into what psychology is most known for, the
study of the mind and how that plays a role with intelligence, personality, memory, and identity. I
am expecting to learn about the different types of memory and the process behind it, but most
importantly learn about different types of personalities and how that's determined.
Memory is vital in cognition, as the absence of long term memory is like loosing the information
stored on a computer (Ziegler, 2014, para. 2). I couldn't imagine life without long term memory.
There are different parts to memory, such as long term memory and short term memory. Long term
memory is further broken down to explicit and implicit memory. Interestingly, I learned that through
the use of implicit memory, specifically procedural memory, is the reason behind why I was able to
ice skate recently, after not

Hippocampus Synthesis Essay
The hippocampus is a component of the brain that is used for memory. Neuroscientist now know
this because of a patient who received surgery on his hippocampus and it caused his memory to be
altered. The study of the patient led to many new discoveries of human memory and how it is
specifically related to the hippocampus.
The patient known as H.M. had surgery on his brain. He received surgery because of a crack on his
skull he got as a little boy was causing seizures. The crack is what caused him to have "seizures,
blacking out and lose control of bodily functions" (Kean, 2014). The seizures caused him to dropout
of high school making him feel desperate is what caused him to get surgery. The surgery was
performed on H.M. in order to "reduce seizures" that he had for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
His explicit long–term memory was mainly affected. Meaning that his mind without a hippocampus
was only able to make "initial impressions" hindering him from keeping the memories for long
period of time and the memories would simply just disappear (Kean, 2014). This is why he was
unable to remember specific facts, events and what made him "Unable to form new memories"
(Kean, 2014). The surgery also affected H.M.'s short–term memory. He was able to "Remember a
random numbers for 15–minutes", with the use of rehearsal this task would lengthen his short–term
memory but he would forget that the task had even taken place 5–minutes later (Kean, 2014). Since
the sensory memories were unable to reach the hippocampus this caused him not to properly store
short–term memories or long–term memories. This is what caused him to only "retain information
long enough From moment to moment To finish a sentence" (Kean, 2014). H.M. was asked " to
trace a third star in the narrow space between the outline of two centric ones" while only using a
mirror (Kean, 2014). The first drawings he did "horribly" but improved after many attempts even
though he had

The Arts And Shared Knowledge
The natural sciences and the arts are two areas of knowledge that play a prominent role in producing
knowledge. Shared knowledge refers to procedural (knowing how) or propositional knowledge
(knowing that) which is agreed upon and accepted by groups of people; it evolves over time as
methods of justification change. For example, the Areas of Knowledge are considered shared
knowledge because many people contribute to them. Personal knowledge differs between
individuals; it includes personal skills, acquaintances and procedural knowledge that have been
acquired through experience. It is much harder to communicate personal knowledge because it is
based on personal experiences that differ between individuals (Knowledge in ToK). Although they
can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the essay prompt, 'shaping' refers to the idea that shared knowledge has a direct impact or
influence on the acquisition of personal knowledge. It implies that we rely on shared knowledge to
gain personal knowledge. In the natural sciences, reason is heavily used to gain personal knowledge;
shared knowledge is therefore required to form assumptions and premises in reasoning models. The
more people rely on reason, the stronger the influence of shared knowledge on personal knowledge.
In the arts, shared knowledge also impacts the gathering of personal knowledge. Intuition plays as
initial role in knowledge acquisition and does not require a framework of shared knowledge to
function. However, other ways of knowing like sense perception, language and imagination can be
also used to produce knowledge. Such ways of knowing rely on shared knowledge and thus imply
that personal knowledge in the arts is shaped by it. The extent to which personal is shaped therefore
depends on the ways of knowing being employed. Perhaps the key consideration is that shared
knowledge in the natural sciences (eg. the periodic table) is in general, universally accepted. In the
arts however, opposing forms of shared knowledge can exist due to there being different
perspectives on art. Maybe this explains why shared knowledge is more readily relied upon in
science compared to art. In conclusion, shared knowledge can shape personal knowledge in both the
natural sciences and the arts to varying

Procedural Memory Paper
Memory
Leslie Farris
California Baptist University
Abstract
"Memory is the mental faculty for recalling ideas. In the initial stage of the memory process sensory
signals are retained for a very short time perhaps only fractions of a second. A person who is wide
awake memorize far better than a person who is in a state of mental fatigue" (Cohen, Taylor,
Memmler 2009). Memory is defined in Goldstein's book as: the process involved in retaining
retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas and skills after the original
information is no longer present. He goes on to say that memory is active any time some past
experience has an effect on the way you think or behave now or in the future. (Goldstein, 2015).
One system supports conscious retrieval of facts and event details (explicit memory), another
supports the production of learned fear responses without conscious thought (implicit memory
(Philbert, Belzung, Griebel 2015).
Memory
Sensory Memory Sensory memory is the retention for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory
stimulation (Goldstein 2015). We can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Procedural memories are those that recall how to do certain tasks. These tasks range from how to tie
a shoe to how to ride a bike. "Procedural memory includes learned behaviors and psychomotor skills
such as bicycling, feeding self, and combing hair" (Son, Therrien, Whall 2002). Procedural memory
is also called skill memory, these are skills that we don't have to try to recall they have become
second nature. Many times even though you know how to do these skills, it's very hard to explain
how and when you learned how to do them, such as when you learned how to walk. One example of
this is: "Concert pianists often report that when they try to become conscious of how they are
moving their fingers while playing a difficult passage, they are no longer able to play the passage"
(Goldstein

Three Models Of Memory: The Three Models Of The Human Memory
Memory is storing and retrieving information which learnt over the time. Sensory memory, working
memory and long term memory are the three models of the human memory. Immediate memories,
sense through sensory organs, called as sensory memory which rapidly fades away within a few
seconds or processes into the working memory. The working memory is a part of the short term
memory which involves in controlling and coordinating memories. Short term memory involves in
remembering the limited amount of information for a short period (7 to 9 chunks, between 5 to 15
seconds), for an example remembering a phone number. Short term memory connects in neural
network processes in the frontal, prefrontal and partial lobes of the brain. Through rehearsing the
information over a period, the short term information encodes into the long term memory (Schraw,
and McCrudden 2013). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two memory types in long term memory; explicit memory (declarative memory) and
implicit memory (procedural memory). Explicit memory is consciously recalled memories gained
through life events. Two branches of explicit memory are episodic memories which are related to
recall period and time of a past experience such as autobiographic memories, semantic memory
stores general knowledge and concepts and meaningful associations. Explicit memory is connected
with the neural network process in the temporal lobe of the brain. Cerebellum, putamen, and motor
cortex control the implicit memory which is unconscious and important for learning and motor skills
such as walking and writing (The human memory 2010).
The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system and positioned at the medial the temporal lobe in
both hemispheres. The hippocampus involves converting short term memory into the long term
memory. Damaged hippocampus or aging can be a reason for impairments of the long term
memories (Myers 2006). The location of the hippocampus, Figure

Hippocampus
Memory is both an essential, yet complex, psychological process that relies on numerous
neuroanatomical structures, including parts of the prefrontal cortex, cerebral cortex, temporal lobe,
amygdala, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and the hippocampus, just to name a few. However, almost all
areas of the human brain are connected to the systematic functioning of memory. According to
Okano, Hirano, & Balaban (2000), differentiation between the process of memory and the process of
learning is important in order understanding the neurobiological aspects of memory, although both
are very closely connected. The researchers define memory as a behavioral modification resulting
from innate experiences, while the act of learning is more of a process for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As part of the limbic system, the hippocampus is associated with the formation of new memories, as
well as the process of learning and regulation of emotions. One of the primary responsibilities that
the hippocampus is known for is its ability to turn short–term memories into long–term memories.
According to Kalat (2013), the hippocampus is also important to processing three types of memory,
including declarative memory (and episodic memory), spatial memory, and contextual memory. In
studying patients with hippocampal damage, research has shown that the hippocampus is in fact
important to learning to new facts, skills, and utilizing episodic memory (Kalat, 2013). Another
hypothesis regarding the importance of the hippocampus relates to the ability to learn context.
Essentially, it is hypothesized that being able to learn certain context relies on details that are
remembered via the hippocampus. Recollection of memories, particularly more recent ones, relies
on the hippocampus. However, Kalat (2013) also states that "as time passes, memory becomes less
detailed, less dependent on the hippocampus, and more dependent on the cerebral cortex" (p. 401).
Finally, spatial memory refers to the ability of the brain to record specific information about the
layout or closeness of stimuli within one's general environment. Researchers have been able to study
the effects of the hippocampus on spatial memory through tests using such techniques as the radial
maze or the Morris water maze. Their findings provide evidence of increased activity in the
hippocampus during focus in spatial memories, as well as response learning. "It is suggested that it
is involved in associating together information usually originating from different cortical regions,
for example, about objects and their place in the spatial

Difference Between Straight Programming And...
Procedural Programing Assignment 1
Question 1
1.1. The two programming paradigms we get is Object–Orientated and Procedural. To understand
what they are we need to explain what each are and how they operate and what are the strengths and
weaknesses of each. Now Procedural Programming languages are referred to as straight
programming taking on a read from the top to the end method, whereas Object–Oriented
programming use objects and classes. Procedural takes on applications by solving problems from
using a top to down way reading the problem from the start and going through everything until the
program is finished at the end (Eliason, 2015).
So to see the scope of the two is to go into detail of what each does and how they function. Now
Procedural you will provide step by step instructions and the program will run through everything
throughout the process and solve the problem. Procedural was mainly used in the earlier
programming languages, like COBOL or C (Gaddis, 2016). Object–Oriented languages use a
different way of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An OOP language can use a group of objects that will send message when they are called for a
request for a specific service or information. Objects is able to pass or receive messages or process
information in the form of data. The reason we use OOP is that it makes maintaining code easier and
faster to change and modify existing code. That mean we cut down on development time and
changing the programme much easier. Also Object–Orientated Programming is more efficient at
memory management, and thus makes it more effective towards Procedural, where you must
manage your own memory usage.
So in short Object–oriented programming uses data fields and Procedural Programming use
procedures (Elisason,2015).
Object–Oriented Programming Languages. Procedural Programming

Discuss the Interaction Between Cognition and Physiology...
Discuss the interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behavior
Introduction: cognition, physiology, relation Amnesia: retrograde, anterograde Memory: multi–store,
division, *amnesic patients, ways of distinguishing types of memory (KC, spiers maguire and
burgess, vargha and khadem) HM Clive Wearing Conclusion: cognition, physiology
Cognition, as defined by Neisser, is all the processes by which the brain transforms, reduces,
elaborates, stores, retrieves, and uses information. Physiology refers to the structures of the human
body and brain. The relationship between cognition and physiology is bi–directional, meaning that
cognition can effect physiology and vice versa. Every cognitive aspect ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These two stores and further divided. Explicit memory contains episodic (events) and semantic
(facts). implicit contains procedural (skills) and emotional (emotions). For amnesic patients, the
problem lies mostly with explicit memory.
There are three main ways to study the differences between the types of memories. The first is the
study of anterograde amnesic patients. For example, the study done by Spiers, Maguire and Burgess.
They studied 147 cases of anterograde amnesia with damage to the hippocampus. psychological
testing proved that all cases had impaired episodic memory and limitedly impaired semantic. This
shows that the hippocampus is responsible for episodic memory. To make the conclusion more
reliable, another study was done by Vargha and Khadem, with 3 anterograde amnesic patients, and
found the same results, except that the semantic memory was completely intact. They found that
semantic memory was localized to the cortices underlying the hippocampus.
Another way of studying the differences between the two is by studying retrograde amnesic patients.
a retrograde amnesic patient known as KC was studied to find that the damage to his hippocampus
impaired his episodic memory, but his semantic memory was still intact. The study of amnesic
patients is done in psychology to study the relations between the physiology and cognition, because
the damage to the brain can be seen easily,

Psychology 103
Question 1 of 10
1.0 Points
How is the diversity of psychology limited, even today?
A. There are very few psychologists that are members of racial minorities. B. The majority of
psychologists are male.
Incorrect C. Psychologists in the United States far outnumber those in all other countries combined.
D. Both A and B.
Answer Key: A Feedback: Remember that only approximately 5% of psychologists in the United
States are members of a minority group.
Question 2 of 10
1.0 Points
According to your textbook, Psychology is defined as
A. the study of mental processes. B. the study of mental disorders and their treatment. C. the science
of behavior.
Correct D. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
forgetting is due to ineffective encoding
Correct B. people forget information because of competition from other material C. the principal
cause of forgetting should be the passage of time D. the events that occur during the retention
interval do not affect forgetting
Answer Key: B
Question 4 of 10
1.0 Points
According to the decay theory, forgetting occurs because:
A. new information is learned to take its place. B. previous learning gets in the way of the new
information coming in.

Correct C. the passage of time causes the memory trace to fade away. D. people forget more and
more as they grow old.
Answer Key: C
Question 5 of 10
1.0 Points
Your memory of your first day of high school would be an example of which of the following types
of memory?
A. short–term B. semantic
Correct C. episodic D. procedural
Answer Key: C
Question 6 of 10
1.0 Points
When you are examined with multiple choice items, you rely on ____________ to select an answer
from the alternatives.
A. recall B. relearning C. recollection
Correct D. recognition
Answer Key: D
Question 7 of 10
1.0 Points
Elaboration involves:
Incorrect A. increasing the complexity of the material to be remembered B. forming two kinds of
memory code for each word C. decreasing

Difference Between Object Oriented And Object-Driven...
Unit 6 Assignment by Ali Shafiq
(P1–P2)
In programming, there are three different types of paradigms that we use in programming. And they
are procedural, object–oriented and event–driven programming paradigms.
Procedural Language
Procedural programming is a programming paradigm which is derived from structured
programming and it is based upon the concept of the procedure call such as where you can keep a
record of procedure call programs. It's also a list or set of instructions telling a computer what to do
step by step. Also tell the computer how to perform from the first code to the second code. The
program can be broken into procedures or subroutines or functions such as Anglo, C and Pascal.
Procedural programming uses a list of instruction to tell the computer what to do step by step. It
relies on procedures, routines and sub–routine. The procedural contents of capitation of steps to be
carry ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Object–oriented programming is a programming language model organized around objects. And it
represents the concept of object that has data fields. The Object–oriented programming is a type of
language that is oriented around objects. They do not base their action on the logic that manipulate
the object, but on object.
By using object–oriented, you can solve problems. The object–oriented language is a type of
programming that is kept in a single unit called object. Meaning that the only way user can access
the data is by using the objects methods. This can insure that the user will be incapable of corrupting
the object and also internal working can be changed without corrupting the code using the object.
Some of the limitations for this programming language are that you have to do most of the task
manually. Object oriented programming is also limited with low amount of functions as comparing
to low programming that interacts directly with hardware.

The Effect Of Sleep For Procedural Formation Of Memory And...
The current essay will primary focus on the effect of sleep for procedural formation of memory and
subsequent consolidation. The choice of procedural memory is based upon the large amount of
conflicting prior research with boundless amounts of evidence for both effects of sleep in memory
formations and explanations for the varying effects during stages of sleep. Sleep is composed of
many different stages, with each having variable impacts on memory formation. Deprivation in
some sleep stages, even during small sleep stage time windows can cause significant deficits in
memory consolidation (Smith & Butler, 1982), so specific areas of sleep must play a larger part in
memory consolidation that others. De Koninck, Lorrain, Christ, Proulx and Coulombe (1989) found
that following the concentrated learning of another language, participants showed a significant
increase in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which further correlated with the degree of effective
learning in participants. These effects in memory formation due to sleep are not just exclusive to
nocturnal sleep, brief periods of daytime sleep have been found to be beneficial in procedural
memory learning (Mednick, Nakayama, Cantero, Atienza, Levin, Pathak & Stickgold, 2002).
Memory consolidation increases during sleep, indicating that additional learning has taken place
without further rehearsal. Brashers–Krug, Shadmehr and Bizzi (1996) measured participants
performance after a 24 hour period (including sleep)

Infant Trauma
There are many types of trauma that people experience everyday in our world. People can do awful
things to each other, including violence, abuse, and neglect. Accidents happen that leave us feeling
distressed. Some threaten our sense of safety and connection. These are all experiences that take
time to heal and recover from. We must find a way to reconcile the life we had before it happened
and the life as we know it after a tragic event. The pain of the memories alone can be devastating. It
takes time and support to find a sense of self again, to feel safe in the world again. But what if the
trauma happened before life ever really began? Is there any lasting effect on a person that was
merely an infant when the trauma was experienced? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The other form of memory is declarative memory (also known as "explicit" or "late" memory). It
stores sequential and contextual events, as well as factual knowledge that can be articulated (Paley
& Alpert, 2003). Procedural memories are also described and indelible and are, therefore, engraved
in your brain and body for life. Other types of memories that are described in more detail and are
classified as non–verbal are categorized as behavioral memory, somatic–somatosensory memory,
and visual memory. Behavioral memories can be seen in play therapy where the child will actually
be able to act out their experiences with dolls. Somatic–somatosensory memory presentation is
particularly relevant to traumatized newborns or very young infants, who may perceive trauma
predominantly as concrete sensory perceptions (Paley & Alpert, 2003). All of this research tells me
that we need to broaden out ways of thinking of memory. It is not simply a process in which, if you
can tell me what happened, then you remember it, if you can't, then you simply have no memory of
the event. As we have discussed in class and in Discussion Board, your body remembers. It makes
sense that we can extend this concept to "pre–memory" infancy or childhood. To consider the impact
these traumatic events can have on a person's life, we must investigate how they can change
development. Paley and Alpert

How A Person 's Memory Works Memory
Alexis–Marie Robinson Mrs Reilly English III Honors Period 6 09 Of March 2015 How A Person's
Memory Works Memory is a concept that refers to the process of remembering. Recalling memories
uses the same neurological paths humans use originally to sense the experience–which in result,
almost recreates the event. Researchers believe memory is a brain–wide process, meaning that
memory is not restricted to one area of the brain. Scent is one of the strongest senses tied to
memory. Humans receive information through the five senses: 1sight, smell, taste, touch, and sound.
Someone can imagine how different a memory would be for a person if one of they did not have one
of their senses– sight, sound, smell – whatever the sense was that ties them closely to the memory
the most. Memories are just different ways people store and remember various things they have
sensed throughout life.
2It should be known that a single memory is a complex construction. For example, when people
think of a simple object the brain retrieves the objects name, its shape, function, and anything else
that closely ties itself to that object. 2Each part of this memory is from a different region of the
brain. 3(Mohs and Turkington) As stated by April Holladay, "memories of concepts and ideas are
related to sense experiences because we extract the essence from sensed experiences to form
generalized concepts." And in the past, many experts explained memory as a 'filing cabinet' full of
memory folders where

Procedural Memory Essay

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