Programming languages
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This document provides an overview of many popular and niche programming languages. It discusses the main types of languages including assembly languages, procedural languages, object-oriented languages, functional languages, query languages, command line languages, little languages, and esoteric languages. Examples are given for languages from each category, along with short code snippets to illustrate their syntax and use.
![Java
● A “safer” C
● Object-oriented: data and methods grouped into objects; no
global variables
● Uses virtual machine (VM), runs on anything that has a VM
class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/programminglanguages-161012063512/85/Programming-languages-8-320.jpg)
![Erlang
● Ericsson Language, developed for telecom switches
● Concurrent, distributed, fault-tolerant, soft real-time
● Non-stop applications, code hot swapping, runs on VM
● Has built-in database and Web server
-module(fib).
-export([fib/1]).
fib(1) -> 1;
fib(2) -> 1;
fib(N) -> fib(N - 2) + fib(N - 1).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/programminglanguages-161012063512/85/Programming-languages-12-320.jpg)
![Brainfuck
● An esoteric language notable for its extreme minimalism. 100
byte compiler!
“Hello world!”:
++++++++++[>+++++++>++++++++++>+++<<<-]>++.>+.
+++++++..+++.>++.<<+++++++++++++++.>.++
+.------.--------.>+.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/programminglanguages-161012063512/85/Programming-languages-19-320.jpg)
Programming languages
- 1. Programming Languages We Haz It: ~700 titles on Wikipedia
- 2. TIOBE Top 20 2016 2015 2016 2015 Java 1 1 Assembly 11 12 C 2 2 Swift 12 15 C++ 3 3 Ruby 13 10 C# 4 4 Visual Basic 14 13 Python 5 5 Delphi 15 11 JavaScript 6 8 Go 16 65 PHP 7 6 Groovy 17 32 VB .Net 8 7 R 18 20 Perl 9 9 Matlab 19 17 Objective C 10 14 SQL 20 18 TIOBE Web Site
- 3. Assembly Languages ● Directly correspond to machine languages ● Allow to address memory in a symbolic way (“variables”) ● Examples: – Microsoft assembler (masm, 1981), GNU assembler (gas), Netwide assembler (nasm)
- 4. Netwide Assembler (nasm) global _start section .text _start: mov eax, 4 mov ebx, 1 mov ecx, msg mov edx, msg.len int 0x80 ; write mov eax, 1 mov ebx, 0 int 0x80 ; exit(0) section .data msg: db "Hello, world!", 10 .len: equ $ - msg
- 5. Procedural Languages ● A program composed of units (modules) ● A unit is called a procedure, function, routine, subroutine, method ● Examples: – Fortran (1957), Algol (1958), Cobol (1959), PL/I (1964), BASIC (1964), Pascal (1970), C (1972), Ada (1977), Modula-2 (1978), Rapira (1980), C++ (1983), Occam (1983), Python (1991), Visual Basic 91991), Java (1995), C# (2000), Go (2009)
- 6. FORTRAN (Fortran) ● “Formula Translation.” First general-purpose language PROGRAM AVERAGE REAL X,Y WRITE (*,*) "Input x:" READ (*,*) X WRITE (*,*) "Input y:" READ (*,*) Y WRITE (*,'(a,g12.4)') 'Average = ', (x+y)/2 END PROGRAM AVERAGE ● Data type determined by the first letter of the identifier: “In Fortran, GOD is REAL (unless declared INTEGER).”
- 7. C ● The language of Unix system programming ● The “founding father” of most modern languages #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int id; scanf("%d", &id) printf("hello, %dn", id); } ● Great flexibility; great power; great responsibility
- 8. Java ● A “safer” C ● Object-oriented: data and methods grouped into objects; no global variables ● Uses virtual machine (VM), runs on anything that has a VM class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); } }
- 9. Modula-2 ● A “Niklaus Wirth” language ● Based on Pascal ● Suitable for system programming (but not perfect); supports multiprogramming MODULE Hello; FROM STextIO IMPORT WriteString; BEGIN WriteString("Hello World!"); END Hello.
- 10. Functional Languages ● Programs and subroutines defined as mathematical functions ● Pure* languages do not have variables at all; Python is impure ● Examples: – Lisp (1958), APL (1964), C (1972), ML (1973), Erlang (1986), Haskell* (1990), Python (1991), Ruby (1995), C# (2000), Scala (2004), Java 8 (2014)
- 11. Lisp ● Favorite language for AI ● Lists are the only major data structure; a program itself is a list ● Modern implementations: Common Lisp, Clojure, Scheme (defun check (name age) (if (and (eq name "James") (> age 21)) (list "Welcome, James!" age) (list "Go home, kid!" nil))) (prin1 (check "Paul" 24)) ● “Lots of Irritating Single Parentheses”
- 12. Erlang ● Ericsson Language, developed for telecom switches ● Concurrent, distributed, fault-tolerant, soft real-time ● Non-stop applications, code hot swapping, runs on VM ● Has built-in database and Web server -module(fib). -export([fib/1]). fib(1) -> 1; fib(2) -> 1; fib(N) -> fib(N - 2) + fib(N - 1).
- 13. Query Languages ● Designed to insert data into and extract data from databases and other information retrieval systems ● Declarative: describe a problem rather than define a solution ● Examples: – SQL/MySQL (1974), XQuery (2007) SELECT author,title FROM book WHERE price > 100.00 ORDER BY author;
- 14. Command Line Languages ● Means of user interaction with the operating system ● Provide prompt; accept commands with optional parameters ● Allow limited support for procedural programming ● Examples: – Sh (1977), csh (1978), tcsh (1983), ksh (1983), bash (1989), zsh (1990)
- 15. C Shell / TC Shell ● The Unix system written in C; the C shell is the standard Unix shell ● Provides command history and editing, directory stack, file name completion, aliases, wildcarding, piping, background execution if ( $days > 365 ) then echo This is over a year. endif
- 16. Little Languages ● Serve a specialized problem domain ● Example: – awk (1977; text processing and data extraction) $1>0 { s += $1 } END { print s }
- 17. Esoteric Languages ● Because it's fun :) ● Examples: – Lolcode, Brainfuck
- 18. Lolcode ● Created in 2007 by Adam Lindsay (Lancaster University). HAI 1.2 CAN HAS STDIO? PLZ OPEN FILE "LOLCATS.TXT"? AWSUM THX VISIBLE FILE O NOES INVISIBLE "ERROR!" KTHXBYE
- 19. Brainfuck ● An esoteric language notable for its extreme minimalism. 100 byte compiler! “Hello world!”: ++++++++++[>+++++++>++++++++++>+++<<<-]>++.>+. +++++++..+++.>++.<<+++++++++++++++.>.++ +.------.--------.>+.