![4 S. Deb et al.
1 Introduction
Education could not remain passive and nonchalant; the traditional teaching learn-
ing process should be revised and reconsidered to upsurge the learning outcome. The
advent of high-quality teaching is a result of the incompetence of traditional courses
to capture the specifics of the course achieved by the learner. Teaching learning
process is an interactive process where teacher donates the knowledge and student
accepts it, and to enhance this pedagogy the acceptor’s preference in gaining knowl-
edge should be considered. The practice of learning in preferred natural learning
manner results in high performance and thus helps in achieving the goal of enhanced
learning outcomes. Learning styles are intellectual, emotional and behavioural char-
acteristics that help in indicating how a leaner concludes, discovers and acknowl-
edges the pedagogy. Depending upon learner’s interest, we can identify the learning
style and enhance their learning by gradually adjusting the teaching methodologies.
The analysis and the interpretation of learners behaviour is very vital factor in per-
sonalizing the teaching learning process among the class of students having hetero-
geneous learning cultures. In our approach, we are determining the learner’s interest
through a pre-evaluation process, clustering them according to those interest. The
pre-assessment performed as per their behavioural learning styles using Honey and
Mumford questionnaire, depicting particulars learning techniques. Honey and Mum-
ford questionnaire [1] outcome results in four clusters namely Activists, Reflectors,
Theorists and Pragmatists, at the beginning of the course. These groups will help
in observing the diversity among the same learning culture. On further analysis by
applying fuzzy inference system, we denote the degree of membership of individual
in the cluster.
2 Survey on Learning Styles
Over the years, various learning style models have been developed by theorists and
researchers. They have contributed valuable resolutions in categorizing them into
groups according to their theories. David Kolb [2] published his learning style model
in 1984 from which he developed his learning style inventory. Kolb’s model out-
lines two related approaches towards grasping experience: Concrete Experience and
Abstract Conceptualization, as well as two related approaches towards transforming
experience: Reflective Observation and Active Experimentation. The distinct mod-
els presented are based on different learning theories [3] such as Kolb’s model is an
experimental theory model in which learners are categorized as Divergers, Assim-
ilators and Convergers; Honey and Mumford model is a behavioural theory model
and learners are categorized as Activists, Theorists, Pragmatists and Reflectors; Gre-
gorc model [4] is cognitive theory model, where learners are classified as Abstract
sequential, Abstract random, Concrete sequential and Concrete random; Carl and
Myers Briggs Indicator model is based on person’s personality, where learners](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-28-320.jpg)
![A Framework to Enhance the Learning Outcome ... 5
are classified as Extroversion, Introversion, Sensing, Intuitions, Thinking, Feeling,
Judgement and Perception; Felder-Silverman [5] model is a physiological theory
model, where learners are classified as Sensing–Intuitive, Visual–Verbal, Indicative–
Deductive, Active, Reflective and Sequential global.
The focus of this study is on academic learning in which the clustering is based
on the Honey and Mumford [1] learning questionnaire model. Peter Honey and Alan
Mumford adapted Kolb’s experimental learning model for their learning cycle the-
ory. Honey and Mumford presented a self-development tool consisting of 80 num-
bers of questionnaires which are to be answered YES or NO and get one point for
each YES. The evaluation results in four groups namely Activists, Reflectors, The-
orists and Pragmatists.
∙ Activists are those students who learn by participating in new experiments and
activities. They are enthusiastic about learning and implementing them.
∙ Reflectors understand the problem thoroughly and create their viewpoint before
engaging themselves or coming to any conclusion.
∙ Theorists involve themselves in observations and try to integrate them with logical
theories. They perform the step-by-step evolution of any given situation.
∙ Pragmatists apply their conceptual theories to the problems and generate profound
results. They are keen to try things.
3 Motivation
Many attempts have been made [6] to enhance students learning outcome and hence
academic achievements. The main motive of teaching learning process is to develop
the student’s mind so that the student can stand and gain success in the society. One
of the critical factors that affect the teaching and learning process is a learning style.
This is to design an effective instruction that can help in acknowledging the diverse
learning style among the students. This type of nontraditional learning paradigms
requires a fundamental shift in the classroom input to achieve benchmarks. This
shifts from pedagogy that is centred on providing instruction to the one that focuses
on learning. Our system helps the students as well as teachers to define the het-
erogeneous objectives among homogeneous groups, thereby increasing the learning
outcome.
4 System Architecture
4.1 General
The general architecture of the proposed system consists of two main components
that form stand-alone objects while simultaneously proving to be interdependent.
The first object is a learner or a group of learners participating individually as well](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-29-320.jpg)
![A Framework to Enhance the Learning Outcome ... 7
4.3 Dataset
The dataset used in this system is a two-dimensional vector consisting of accuracy
and the time taken by the each student. The accuracy is calculated as the total marks
obtained to the maximum marks obtained. This dataset is analysed using fuzzy logic
controller which provides the membership for each individual among the cluster.
4.4 Analysis
This module will help in assessing each cluster as well as the student of the particular
cluster individually.
STEP1: Fuzzification [7] of these input values to fuzzy values is done by using
Gaussian membership function:
f(x; 𝜎i, c) = exp(−(x − c)2
∕2𝜎2
i ), (1)
where c is the centre (i.e. mean), and 𝜎i is the width, i.e. standard deviation of ith
fuzzy set. The Gaussian membership function is more robust than the triangular as
it uses two parameters instead of three, thereby reducing the degree of freedom. In
our system, we choose the three centres, i.e. 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8. Therefore, Gaussian
Fig. 2 Fuzzy logic
controller](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-31-320.jpg)
![8 S. Deb et al.
membership functions increase the probability that every rule fires from the inference
engine.
STEP 2: Inference-based system [6] with the help of defined IF-THEN rules in the
rule base. The rules in rule base are based on the accuracy matrix and the time rate
matrix of individual student and the linguistic variables are assigned to each, respec-
tively (Fig. 2).
STEP 3: Defuzzification is a process which results in crisp output from given fuzzy
sets. In our work, we have used the Centre of Gravity method or COG. It gives the
crisp value for the centroid area of the curve. The output membership functions to
which the fuzzy outputs are transposed are restricted to being singletons:
Crispoutput = (fuzzyoutput) × (singletonvalueonx − axis)∕(fuzzyoutput). (2)
4.5 Outcome
The Mamdani’s fuzzy inference method produces the fuzzy output set and relative
linguistic variables to define the students of a cluster. For example, in a cluster, if
student A obtains 9 marks out of 10, then the time taken was more than the assigned
time. Another student B is getting 9 marks out of 10 and the time taken is less than
student A, then the degree of membership of each student belonging to the same
cluster will be different. The output from the second module, i.e. Analysis, provides
an in-depth of individual’s performance belonging to different clusters (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3 Fuzzy surface view of rule base](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-32-320.jpg)
![out, might well gladden their philanthropic hearts. They had lived
many years on the island, and had witnessed its transformation,
through God’s blessing on Christian efforts, from a worldly, dissipated
community to one of which it might almost be said, “Religion was
every man’s business.” This mission establishment was the beloved
child and the common centre of interest of the few Protestant families
clustered around it. Through the zeal and good management of Mr.
and Mrs. Ferry, and the fostering encouragement of the congregation,
the school was in great repute, and it was pleasant to observe the
effect of mental and religious culture in subduing the mischievous,
tricky propensities of the half-breed, and rousing the stolid apathy of
the genuine Indian.[4]
These were the palmy days of Mackinac. As the headquarters of
the American Fur Company,[5] and the entrepôt of the whole North-
West, all the trade in supplies and goods on the one hand, and in furs
and products of the Indian country on the other, was in the hands of
the parent establishment or its numerous outposts scattered along
Lakes Superior and Michigan, the Mississippi, or through still more
distant regions.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-36-320.jpg)
![MICHILIMACKINAC
From a sketch by Capt. S. Eastman, U. S. A., in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv.,
p. 188.
Probably few are ignorant of the fact, that all the Indian tribes,
with the exception of the Miamis and the Wyandots, had, since the
transfer of the old French possessions to the British Crown,
maintained a firm alliance with the latter. The independence achieved
by the United States did not alter the policy of the natives, nor did our
Government succeed in winning or purchasing their friendship. Great
Britain, it is true, bid high to retain them. Every year the leading men
of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottowattamies, Menomonees,
Winnebagoes, Sauks, and Foxes, and even still more remote tribes,
journeyed from their distant homes to Fort Maiden in Upper Canada,
to receive their annual amount of presents from their Great Father
across the water. It was a master-policy thus to keep them in pay, and
had enabled those who practised it to do fearful execution through the
aid of such allies in the last war between the two countries.
The presents they thus received were of considerable value,
consisting of blankets, broadcloths or strouding, calicoes, guns,
kettles, traps, silver-works (comprising arm-bands, bracelets,
brooches, and ear-bobs), looking-glasses, combs, and various other
trinkets distributed with no niggardly hand.
The magazines and store-houses of the Fur Company were the
resort of all the upper tribes for the sale of their commodities, and the
purchase of all such articles as they had need of, including those
above enumerated, and also ammunition, which, as well as money
and liquor, their British friends very commendably omitted to furnish
them.
Besides their furs, various in kind and often of great value—beaver,
otter, marten, mink, silver-gray and red fox, wolf, bear, and wild cat,
musk-rat, and smoked deer-skins—the Indians brought for trade
maple-sugar in abundance, considerable quantities of both Indian corn
and petit-blé,[B] beans and the folles avoines,[C] or wild-rice, while the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-37-320.jpg)
![squaws added to their quota of merchandize a contribution in the form
of moccasins, hunting-pouches, mococks, or little boxes of birch-bark
embroidered with porcupine quills and filled with maple-sugar, mats of
a neat and durable fabric, and toy-models of Indian cradles, snow
shoes, canoes, &c., &c.
[B] Corn which has been parboiled, shelled from the cob, and
dried in the sun.
[C] Literally, crazy oats. It is the French name for the
Menomonees.
It was no unusual thing, at this period, to see a hundred or more
canoes of Indians at once approaching the island, laden with their
articles of traffic; and if to these we add the squadrons of large
Mackinac boats[6] constantly arriving from the outposts, with the furs,
peltries, and buffalo-robes collected by the distant traders, some idea
may be formed of the extensive operations and important position of
the American Fur Company, as well as of the vast circle of human
beings either immediately or remotely connected with it.
It is no wonder that the philanthropic mind, surveying these races
of uncultivated heathen, should stretch forward to the time when, by
an unwearied devotion of the white man’s energies, and an untiring
sacrifice of self and fortune, his red brethren might rise in the scale of
social civilization—when Education and Christianity should go hand in
hand, to make “the wilderness blossom as the rose.”
Little did the noble souls at this day rejoicing in the success of their
labors at Mackinac, anticipate that in less than a quarter of a century
there would remain of all these numerous tribes but a few scattered
bands, squalid, degraded, with scarce a vestige remaining of their
former lofty character—their lands cajoled or wrested from them—the
graves of their fathers turned up by the ploughshare—themselves
chased farther and farther towards the setting sun, until they were
literally grudged a resting place on the face of the earth!
Our visit to the Mission school was of short duration, for the
“Henry Clay” was to leave at two o’clock, and in the meantime we](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-38-320.jpg)
![were to see what we could of the village and its environs, and after
that, dine with Mr. Mitchell, an old friend of my husband. As we
walked leisurely along over the white gravelly road, many of the
residences of the old inhabitants were pointed out to me. There was
the dwelling of Madame Laframboise,[7] an Ottawa woman, whose
husband had taught her to read and write, and who had ever after
continued to use the knowledge she had acquired for the instruction
and improvement of the youth among her own people. It was her
custom to receive a class of young pupils daily at her house, that she
might give them lessons in the branches mentioned, and also in the
principles of the Roman Catholic religion, to which she was deeply
devoted. She was a woman of a vast deal of energy and enterprise—
of a tall and commanding figure, and most dignified deportment. After
the death of her husband, who was killed while away at his trading-
post by a Winnebago named White Ox, she was accustomed to visit
herself the trading-posts, superintend the clerks and engagés, and
satisfy herself that the business was carried on in a regular and
profitable manner.
The Agency-house, with its unusual luxuries of piazza and gardens,
was situated at the foot of the hill on which the fort was built. It was a
lovely spot, notwithstanding the stunted and dwarfish appearance of
all cultivated vegetation in this cold northern latitude.
The collection of rickety, primitive-looking buildings, occupied by
the officials of the Fur Company, reflected no great credit on the
architectural skill of my husband, who had superintended their
construction, he told me, when little more than a boy.
There were, besides these, the residences of the Dousmans, the
Abbotts, the Biddies, the Drews, and the Lashleys,[8] stretching away
along the base of the beautiful hill, crowned with the white walls and
buildings of the fort, the ascent to which was so steep, that on the
precipitous face nearest the beach staircases were built by which to
mount from below.
My head ached intensely, the effect of the motion of the boat on
the previous day, but I did not like to give up to it; so after I had been](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-39-320.jpg)
![shown all that could be seen of the little settlement in the short time
allowed us, we repaired to Mr. Mitchell’s.
We were received by Mrs. M., an extremely pretty, delicate woman,
part French and part Sioux, whose early life had been passed at
Prairie du Chien, on the Mississippi.[9] She had been a great belle
among the young officers at Fort Crawford; so much so, indeed, that
the suicide of the post-surgeon was attributed to an unsuccessful
attachment he had conceived for her. I was greatly struck with her
soft and gentle manners, and the musical intonation of her voice,
which I soon learned was a distinguishing peculiarity of those women
in whom are united the French and native blood.
A lady, then upon a visit to the Mission, was of the company. She
insisted on my lying down upon the sofa, and ministered most kindly
to my suffering head. As she sat by my side, and expatiated upon the
new sphere opening before me, she inquired:
“Do you not realize very strongly the entire deprivation of religious
privileges you will be obliged to suffer in your distant home?”
“The deprivation,” said I, “will doubtless be great, but not entire;
for I shall have my Prayer-Book, and though destitute of a church, we
need not be without a mode of worship.”
How often afterwards, when cheered by the consolations of this
precious book in the midst of the lonely wilderness, did I remember
this conversation, and bless God that I could never, while retaining it,
be without “religious privileges.”
We had not yet left the dinner-table, when the bell of the little
steamer sounded to summon us on board, and we bade a hurried
farewell to all our kind friends, bearing with us their hearty wishes for
a safe and prosperous voyage.
A finer sight can scarcely be imagined than Mackinac, from the
water. As we steamed away from the shore, the view came full upon
us—the sloping beach with the scattered wigwams, and canoes drawn
up here and there—the irregular, quaint-looking houses—the white](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-40-320.jpg)
![walls of the fort, and beyond one eminence still more lofty, crowned
with the remains of old Fort Holmes.[10] The whole picture
completed, showed the perfect outline that had given the island its
original Indian name, Mich-i-li-mack-i-nack, the Big Turtle.
Then those pure, living waters, in whose depths the fish might be
seen gliding and darting to and fro, whose clearness is such that an
object dropped to the bottom may be discerned at the depth of fifty or
sixty feet, a dollar lying far down on its green bed, looking no larger
than a half dime. I could hardly wonder at the enthusiastic lady who
exclaimed: “Oh! I could wish to be drowned in these pure, beautiful
waters!”
As we passed the extreme western point of the island, my husband
pointed out to me, far away to the north-west, a promontory which he
told me was Point St. Ignace. It possessed great historic interest, as
one of the earliest white settlements on this continent. The Jesuit
missionaries had established here a church and school as early as
1607, the same year in which a white settlement was made at St.
Augustine, in Florida, and one year before the founding of Jamestown,
Virginia.[11]
All that remains of the enterprises of these devoted men, is the
remembrance of their labors, perpetuated, in most instances, only by
the names of the spots which witnessed their efforts of love in behalf
of their savage brethren. The little French church at Sandwich,
opposite Detroit, alone is left, a witness of the zeal and self-sacrifice of
these pioneers of Christianity.[12]
Passing “Old Mackinac,” on the main land, which forms the
southern border of the straits, we soon came out into the broad
waters of Lake Michigan. Every traveller, and every reader of our
history, is familiar with the incidents connected with the taking of the
old fort by the Indians, in the days of Pontiac. How, by means of a
game of ball, played in an apparently friendly spirit outside the walls,
and of which the officers and soldiers had come forth to be spectators,
the ball was dexterously tossed over the wall, and the savages rushing](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-41-320.jpg)
![in, under pretext of finding it, soon got possession and massacred the
garrison.
The little Indian village of L’Arbre Croche[13] gleamed far away
south, in the light of the setting sun. With that exception, there was
no sign of living habitation along that vast and wooded shore. The
gigantic forest-trees, and here and there the little glades of prairie
opening to the water, showed a landscape that would have gladdened
the eye of the agriculturist, with its promise of fertility; but it was
evidently untrodden by the foot of man, and we left it, in its solitude,
as we took our course westward across the waters.
The rainy and gusty weather, so incident to the equinoctial season,
overtook us again before we reached the mouth of Green Bay, and
kept us company until the night of our arrival upon the flats, about
three miles below the settlement. Here the little steamer grounded
“fast and hard.” As almost every one preferred braving the elements to
remaining cooped up in the quarters we had occupied for the past
week, we decided to trust ourselves to the little boat, spite of wind,
and rain, and darkness, and in due time we reached the shore.
CHAPTER III
GREEN BAY
Our arrival at Green Bay was at an unfortunate moment. It was the
time of a treaty between the United States Government and the
Menomonees and Wau-ba-na-kees. Consequently, not only the
commissioners of the treaty, with their clerks and officials, but traders,
claimants, travellers, and idlers innumerable were upon the ground.
Most of these were congregated in the only hotel the place afforded.
This was a tolerably-sized house near the river-side, and as we
entered the long dining-room, cold and dripping from the open boat,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-42-320.jpg)
![we were infinitely amused at the motley assemblage it contained.
Various groups were seated around. New comers, like ourselves, stood
here and there, for there were not seats enough to accommodate all
who sought entertainment. Judge Arndt, the landlord, sat calm and
indifferent, his hands in his pockets, exhibiting all the phlegm of a
Pennsylvania Dutchman.[14]
His fat, notable spouse was trotting round, now stopping to scold
about some one who, “burn his skin!” had fallen short in his duty, now
laughing good humoredly until her sides shook, at some witticism
addressed to her.
She welcomed us very cordially, but to our inquiry, “Can you
accommodate us?” her reply was, “Not I. I have got twice as many
people now as I know what to do with. I have had to turn my own
family out of their quarters, what with the commissioners and the lot
of folks that has come in upon us.”
FORT HOWARD IN 1855.
From daguerreotype in possession of Wisconsin Historical Society.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-43-320.jpg)
!["What are we to do then? It is too late and stormy to go up to
Shanty-town[15] to seek for lodgings."
“Well, sit you down and take your supper, and we will see what we
can do.”
And she actually did contrive to find a little nook, in which we were
glad to take refuge from the multitudes around us.
A slight board partition separated us from the apartment occupied
by General Root, of New York, one of the commissioners of the treaty.
The steamer in which we came had brought the mail, at that day a
rare blessing to the distant settlements. The opening and reading of
all the dispatches, which the General received about bed-time, had, of
course, to be gone through with, before he could retire to rest. His
eyes being weak, his secretaries were employed to read the
communications. He was a little deaf withal, and through the slight
division between the two apartments the contents of the letters, and
his comments upon them, were unpleasantly audible, as he
continually admonished his secretary to raise his voice.
“What is that, Walter? Read that over again.”
In vain we coughed and hemmed, and knocked over sundry pieces
of furniture. They were too deeply interested to hear aught that
passed around them, and if we had been politicians we should have
had all the secrets of the working-men’s party at our disposal, out of
which to have made capital.
The next morning it was still rain! rain! nothing but rain! In spite of
it, however, the gentlemen would take a small boat to row to the
steamer, to bring up the luggage, not the least important part of that
which appertained to us, being sundry boxes of silver for paying the
annuities to the Winnebagoes at the Portage.
I went out with some others of the company upon the piazza, to
witness their departure. A gentleman pointed out to me Fort Howard,
on a projecting point of the opposite shore, about three-quarters of a
mile distant—the old barracks, the picketed inclosure, the walls, all](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-44-320.jpg)
![looking quaint, and, considering their modern erection, really ancient
and venerable.[16] Presently we turned our attention to the boat,
which had by this time gained the middle of the river. One of the
passengers was standing up in the stern, apparently giving some
directions.
“That is rather a venturesome fellow,” remarked one; “if he is not
careful he will lose his balance.” And at this moment we saw him
actually perform a summerset backward, and disappear in the water.
“Oh!” cried I, “he will be drowned!”
The gentlemen laughed. “No, there he is; they are helping him in
again.”
The course of the boat was immediately changed, and the party
returned to the shore. It was not until one disembarked and came
dripping and laughing towards me, that I recognized him as my own
peculiar property. He was pleased to treat the matter as a joke, but I
thought it rather a sad beginning of western experience.
He suffered himself to be persuaded to intrust the care of his
effects to his friends, and having changed his dress, prepared to
remain quietly with me, when just at this moment a vehicle drove up
to the door, and we recognized the pleasant, familiar face of our old
friend. Judge Doty.[17]
He had received the news of our arrival, and had come to take us
at once to his hospitable mansion. We were only too happy to gather
together our bags and travelling baskets, and accompany him without
farther ceremony.
Our drive took us first along the edge of Navarino, next through
Shanty-town (the latter a far more appropriate name than the former),
amid mud and mire, over bad roads, and up and down hilly, break-
neck places, until we reached the little brick dwelling of our friends.
Mrs. Doty received us with such true sisterly kindness, and everything
seemed so full of welcome, that we soon felt ourselves at home.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-45-320.jpg)
![We found that, expecting our arrival, invitations had already been
prepared to assemble the whole circle of Green Bay society to meet us
at an evening party—this, in a new country, being the established
mode of doing honor to guests or strangers.
We learned, upon inquiry, that Captain Harney,[18] who had kindly
offered to come with a boat and crew of soldiers from Fort
Winnebago, to convey us to that place, our destined home, had not
yet arrived; we therefore felt at liberty to make arrangements for a
few days of social enjoyment at “the Bay.”
It was pleasant to people, secluded in such a degree from the
world at large, to hear all the news we had brought—all the particulars
of life and manners—the thousand little items that the newspapers of
that day did not dream of furnishing—the fashions, and that general
gossip, in short, which a lady is erroneously supposed more au fait of,
than a gentleman.
I well remember that, in giving and receiving information, the day
passed in a pretty uninterrupted stream of communication. All the
party except myself had made the journey, or rather voyage, up the
Fox River and down the Wisconsin to the Mississippi.
There were plenty of anecdotes of a certain trip performed by
them in company, along with a French trader and his two sisters, now
making their début as western travellers. The manner in which
Mademoiselle Julie would borrow, without leave, a fine damask napkin
or two, to wipe out the ducks in preparation for cooking—the difficulty
of persuading either of the sisters of the propriety of washing and
rinsing their table apparatus nicely before packing it away in the mess-
basket, the consequence of which was, that another nice napkin must
be stealthily whisked out, to wipe the dishes when the hour for meals
arrived—the fun of the young gentleman in hunting up his stray
articles, thus misappropriated, from the nooks and corners of the
boat, tying them with a cord, and hanging them over the stern, to
make their way down the Wisconsin to Prairie du Chien.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-46-320.jpg)
![Then there was a capital story of M. Rolette[19] himself. At one
point on the route (I think in crossing Winnebago Lake), the travellers
met one of the Company’s boats on its way to Green Bay for supplies.
M. R. was one of the agents of the Company, and the people in the
boat were his employés. Of course, after an absence of some weeks
from home, the meeting on these lonely waters and the exchanging of
news was an occasion of great excitement.
The boats were stopped—earnest greetings interchanged—
question followed question.
“Eh! Bien—have they finished the new house?”
“Oui, Monsieur.”
“Et la cheminée, fume-t-elle?” (Does the chimney smoke?)
“Non, Monsieur.”
“And the harvest—how is that?”
“Very fine, indeed.”
“Is the mill at work?”
“Yes, plenty of water.”
“How is Whip?” (his favorite horse).
“Oh! Whip is first-rate.”
Everything, in short, about the store, the farm, the business of
various descriptions being satisfactorily gone over, there was no
occasion for farther delay. It was time to proceed.
“Eh! Men—adieu! hon voyage!”
“Arrachez—mes gens!” (Go ahead, men!)
Then suddenly—“Arrétez—arrétez!” (Stop, stop!)
“Comment se portent Madame Rolette ct les enfans?”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-47-320.jpg)
![(How are Mrs. Rolette and the children?)
This day, with its excitement, was at length over, and we retired to
our rest, thankful that we had not General Root and his secretary
close to our bed’s head, with their budget of political news.
My slumbers were not destined, however, to be quite undisturbed.
I was awakened, at the first slight peep of dawn by a sound from an
apartment beneath our own—a plaintive, monotonous chant, rising
and then falling in a sort of mournful cadence. It seemed to me a wail
of something unearthly—so wild—so strange—so unaccountable. In
terror I awoke my husband, who reassured me by telling me it was
the morning salutation of the Indians to the opening day.
Some Menomonees had been kindly given shelter for the night in
the kitchen below, and having fulfilled their unvarying custom of
chanting their morning hymn, they now ceased, and again composed
themselves to sleep. But not so their auditor. There was to me
something inexpressibly beautiful in this morning song of praise from
the untaught sons of the forest. What a lesson did it preach to the
civilized, Christianized world, too many of whom lie down and rise up
without an aspiration of thanksgiving to their Almighty Preserver—
without even a remembrance of His care, who gives His angels charge
concerning them! Never has the impression of that simple act of
worship faded from my mind. I have loved to think that, with some,
these strains might be the outpouring of a devotion as pure as that of
the Christian when he utters the inspiring words of the sainted Ken—
“Awake, my soul! and with the sun,” etc.
Among the visitors who called to offer me a welcome to the West,
were Mr. and Miss Cadle,[20] who were earnestly engaged in the first
steps of their afterwards flourishing enterprise for the education of
Indian and half-breed children. The school-houses and chapel were
not yet erected, but we visited their proposed site, and listened with
great interest to bright anticipations of the future good that was to be](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-48-320.jpg)
![sweetness and cultivated taste made it a matter of universal regret
that she was afterwards led to adopt the seclusion of a convent.[21]
Captain Harney and his boat arrived in due time, and active
preparations for the comfort of our journey commenced under the
kind supervision of Mrs. Doty. The mess-basket was stowed with good
things of every description—ham and tongue—biscuit and plum-cake—
not to mention the substantial of crackers, bread, and boiled pork, the
latter of which, however, a lady was supposed to be too fastidious to
think of touching, even if starving in the woods.
We had engaged three Canadian voyageurs to take charge of our
tent, mess-basket, and matters and things in general. Their business it
was to be to cut the wood for our fires, prepare our meals, and give a
helping hand to whatever was going forward. A messenger had also
been sent to the Kakalin, or rapids, twenty-one miles above, to notify
Wish-tay-yun (the blacksmith), the most accomplished guide through
the difficult passes of the river, to be in readiness for our service on a
specified day.
In the meantime, we had leisure for one more party, and it was to
be a “real western hop.” Everybody will remember that dance at Mrs.
Baird’s.[22] All the people, young and old, that would be gathered
throughout, or, as it was the fashion to express it, on Green Bay, were
assembled. The young officers were up from Fort Howard, looking so
smart in their uniforms. Treasures of finery, long uncalled forth, were
now brought to light. Everybody was bound to do honor to the
strangers by appearing in their very best. It was to be an
entertainment unequalled by any given before. All the house was put
in requisition for the occasion. Desks and seats were unceremoniously
dismissed from Mr. B.'s office, which formed one wing, to afford more
space for the dancers. Not only the front portion of the dwelling, but
even the kitchen was made fit for the reception of company, in case
any primitive visitor, as was sometimes the case, should prefer sitting
down quietly there and smoking his cigar. I do not know that this was
actually done, but it was an emergency that, in those days, had
always to be provided for.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-50-320.jpg)
![Nothing could exceed the mirth and hilarity of the company. No
restraint, but of good manners—no excess of conventionalities—
genuine, hearty good-humor and enjoyment, such as pleasant,
hospitable people, with just enough of the French element to add zest
to anything like amusement, could furnish, to make the entertainment
agreeable. In a country so new, and where, in a social gathering the
number of the company was, in a slight degree more important than
the quality, the circle was not always, strictly speaking, select. For
instance, the connexions of each family must be invited, even if there
was something “a little peculiar” in their appearance, manners, or
perhaps vocation, which might make their presence not quite
desirable.
I was aware of this, and was therefore more amused than
surprised when a clumsy little man, with a broad, red, laughing face,
waddled across the room to where I had taken my seat after a dance,
and thus addressed me:
“Miss K ——, nobody hain’t never introduced you to me, but I’ve
seen you a good many times, and I know your husband very well, so I
thought I might just as well come and speak to you—my name is A—
dt.”
“Ah! Mr. A——, good evening. I hope you are enjoying yourself.
How is your sister?”
“Oh! she is a great deal worse—her cold has got into her eye, and
it is all shot up.”
Then turning full upon a lady[D] who sat near, radiant with youth
and beauty, sparkling with wit and genuine humor:
[D] A niece of James Fenimore Cooper.
“Oh! Mrs. Beall,”[23] he began, “what a beautiful gown you have
got on, and how handsome you do look! I declare you’re the prettiest
woman in the room, and dance the handsomest.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-51-320.jpg)
![“Indeed, Mr. A——,” replied she, suppressing her love of fun and
assuming a demure look, “I am afraid you flatter me.”
“No, I don’t—I’m in earnest. I’ve just come to ask you to dance.”
Such was the penalty of being too charming. Poor A——, in a
cotillion, was not the least enlivening part of this evening’s
entertainment.
CHAPTER IV
VOYAGE UP FOX RIVER
It had been arranged that Judge Doty should accompany us in our
boat as far as the Butte des Morts, at which place his attendant would
be waiting with horses to convey him to Mineral Point, where he was
to hold court.
It was a bright and beautiful morning when we left his pleasant
home, to commence our journey up the Fox River. Capt. Harney was
proposing to remain a few days longer at “the Bay,” but he called to
escort us to the boat, and install us in all its comforts.
As he helped me along over the ploughed ground and other
inequalities in our way to the river-bank, where the boat lay, he told
me how impatiently Mrs. Twiggs,[24] the wife of the commanding
officer, who, since the past spring had been the only white lady at Fort
Winnebago, was now expecting a companion and friend. We had met
in New York shortly after her marriage, and were, therefore, not quite
unacquainted. I, for my part, felt sure that when there were two of us
—when my piano was safely there—when the Post Library which we
had purchased should be unpacked—when all should be fairly
arranged and settled, we should be, although far away in the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-52-320.jpg)
![Until now I had never seen a gentleman attired in a colored shirt, a
spotless white collar and bosom being one of those “notions” that
“Boston,” and consequently New England “folks,” entertained of the
becoming in a gentleman’s toilette. Mrs. Cass[25] had laughingly
forewarned me, that not only calico shirts, but patch-work pillow-cases
were an indispensable part of a travelling equipment; and, thanks to
the taste and skill of some tidy little Frenchwoman, I found our divan
pillows all accommodated in the brightest and most variegated garb.
The Judge and my husband were gay with the deepest of blue and
pink. Each was prepared, besides, with a bright red cap (a bonnet
rouge, or tuque, as the voyageurs call it), which, out of respect for the
lady, was to be donned only when a hearty dinner, a dull book, or the
want of exercise made an afternoon nap indispensable.
The Judge was an admirable travelling companion. He had lived
many years in the country, had been with General Cass on his
expedition to the head waters of the Mississippi, and had a vast fund
of anecdote regarding early times, customs, and inhabitants.
Some instances of the mode of administering justice in those days,
I happen to recall.
There was an old Frenchman at “the Bay,” named Réaume,[26]
excessively ignorant and grasping, although otherwise tolerably good-
natured. This man was appointed justice of the peace. Two men once
appeared before him, the one as plaintiff, the other as defendant. The
justice listened patiently to the complaint of the one, and the defence
of the other; then rising, with dignity, he pronounced his decision:
“You are both wrong. You, Bois-vert,” to the plaintiff, “you bring me
one load of hay; and you, Crély,” to the defendant, “you bring me one
load of wood; and now the matter is settled.” It does not appear that
any exceptions were taken to this verdict.
This anecdote led to another, the scene of which was Prairie du
Chien, on the Mississippi.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-54-320.jpg)
![There was a Frenchman, a justice of the peace, who was
universally known by the name of "Col. Boilvin."[27] His office was
just without the walls of the fort, and it was much the fashion among
the officers to lounge in there of a morning, to find sport for an idle
hour, and to take a glass of brandy-and-water with the old gentleman,
which he called “taking a little quelque-chose.”
A soldier, named Fry, had been accused of stealing and killing a
calf belonging to M. Rolette, and the constable, a bricklayer of the
name of Bell, had been dispatched to arrest the culprit and bring him
to trial.
While the gentlemen were making their customary morning visit to
the justice, a noise was heard in the entry, and a knock at the door.
“Come in,” cried the old gentleman, rising and walking toward the
door.
Bell. Here sir, I have brought Fry to you, as you ordered.
Justice. Fry, you great rascal! What for you kill M. Rolette’s calf?
Fry. I did not kill M. Rolette’s calf.
Justice (shaking his fist). You lie, you great rascal! Bell, take him to
jail. Come gentlemen, come, let us take a leetle quelque-chose.
The Canadian boatmen always sing while rowing, or paddling, and
nothing encourages them so much as to hear the “bourgeois”[E] take
the lead in the music. If the passengers, more especially those of the
fair sex, join in the refrain, the compliment is all the greater.
[E] Master—or to use the emphatic Yankee term—boss.
Their songs are of a light cheerful character, generally embodying
some little satire or witticism, calculated to produce a spirited,
sometimes an uproarious chorus.[28]
The song and refrain are carried on somewhat in the following
style:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-55-320.jpg)
![measured strokes of the oar keeping time to the strains of “Le Rosier
Blanc,” “En roulant ma Boule,” or “Leve ton pied, ma jolie Bergere.”
The climax of fun seemed to be in a comic piece, which, however
oft-repeated, appeared never to grow stale. It was somewhat after
this fashion:
Bourgeois. Michaud est monté dans un prunier,
Pour treiller des prunes.
La branche a cassé—
Chorus. Michaud a tombé?
Bourgeois. Ou est-ce qu-il est?
Chorus. Il est en bas.
Bourgeois. Oh! réveille, réveille, réveille,
Oh! réveille, Michaud est en haut![F]
[F] Michaud climbed into a plum-tree, to gather plums. The
branch broke. Michaud fell! Where is he? He is down on the
ground. No, he is up in the tree.
It was always a point of etiquette to look astonished at the luck of
Michaud in remaining in the tree, spite of the breaking of the branch,
and the joke had to be repeated through all the varieties of fruit-trees
that Michaud might be supposed able to climb.
By evening of the first day we arrived at the Kakalin, where
another branch of the Grignon family resided.[29] We were very
pleasantly entertained, although in my anxiety to begin my forest life,
I would fain have had the tent pitched on the bank of the river, and
have laid aside, at once, the indulgences of civilization. This, however,
would have been a slight, perhaps an affront, so Ave did much better,
and partook of the good cheer that was offered us in the shape of hot
venison steaks and crepes, and that excellent cup of coffee which
none can prepare like a Frenchwoman, and which is so refreshing
after a day in the open air.
The Kakalin is a rapid of the Fox River, sufficiently important to
make the portage of the heavy lading of a boat necessary; the boat
itself being poled or dragged up with cords against the current. It is](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-57-320.jpg)
![one of a series of rapids and chûtes, or falls, which occur between this
point and Lake Winnebago, twenty miles above.[30]
The next morning, after breakfast, we took leave of our hosts, and
prepared to pursue our journey. The bourgeois, from an early hour,
had been occupied in superintending his men in getting the boat and
its loading over the Kakalin. As the late rains had made the paths
through the woods and along the banks of the river somewhat muddy
and uncomfortable for walking, I was put into an ox-cart, to be jolted
over the unequal road; saluting, impartially, all the stumps and stones
that lay in our way, the only means of avoiding which seemed to be,
when the little, thick-headed Frenchman, our conductor, bethought
him of suddenly guiding his cattle into a projecting tree or thorn-bush,
to the great detriment, not only of my straw-bonnet, but of my very
eyes.
But we got through at last, and arriving at the head of the rapids, I
found the boat lying there, all in readiness for our re-embarking.
Our Monomonee guide, Wish-tay-yun, a fine, stalwart Indian, with
an open, good-humored, one might almost say roguish countenance,
came forward to be presented to me.
“Bon-jour, bon-jour, maman,” was his laughing salutation. Again I
was surprised, not as before at the French, for to that I had become
accustomed, but at the respectable title he was pleased to bestow
upon me.
“Yes,” said my husband, “you must make up your mind to receive a
very numerous and well-grown family, consisting of all the
Winnebagoes, Pottowattamies, Chippewas, and Ottawas, together
with such Sioux, Sacs, and Foxes, and Iowas, as have any point to
gain in applying to me. By the first named tribe, in virtue of my office,
and by the others as a matter of courtesy, I am always addressed as
‘father’—you, of course, will be their ‘mother.’”
Wish-tay-yun and I were soon good friends, my husband
interpreting to me the Chippewa language in which he spoke. We](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-58-320.jpg)
![were impatient to be off, the morning being already far advanced, and
all things being in readiness, the word was given.
“Pousse au large, mes gens!” (Push out, my men).
At this moment a boat was seen leaving the opposite bank of the
river and making towards us. It contained white men, and they
showed by signs that they wished to detain us until they came up.
They drew near, and we found them to be Mr. Marsh,[31] a missionary
among the Wau-ba-na-kees, or the New York Indians, lately brought
into this country, and the Rev. Eleazar Williams,[G] who was at that
time living among his red brethren on the left bank of the Fox River.
[32]
[G] The supposed Dauphin of France.
To persons so situated, even more emphatically than to those of
“the settlements,” the arrival of visitors from the “east countrie” was a
godsend indeed. We had to give all the news of various kinds that we
had brought—political, ecclesiastical, and social—as well as a tolerably
detailed account of what we proposed to do, or rather what we hoped
to be able to do, among our native children at “the Portage.”
I was obliged, for my part, to confess that, being almost entirely a
stranger to the Indian character and habits, I was going among them
with no settled plans of any kind—general good-will, and a hope of
making them my friends, being the only principles I could lay claim to
at present. I must leave it for time and a better acquaintance to show
me in what way the principle could be carried out for their greatest
good.
Mr. Williams was a dark-complexioned, good-looking man. Having
always heard him spoken of, by his relations in Connecticut, as “our
Indian cousin,” it never occurred to me to doubt his belonging to that
race, although I now think that if I had met him elsewhere, I should
have taken him for a Spaniard or a Mexican. His complexion had
decidedly more of the olive than the copper hue, and his countenance
was grave, almost melancholy. He was very silent during this](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/28989-250306194836-6b83e12a/85/Progress-in-Advanced-Computing-and-Intelligent-Engineering-Proceedings-of-ICACIE-2016-Volume-2-1st-Edition-Khalid-Saeed-59-320.jpg)
Progress in Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering Proceedings of ICACIE 2016 Volume 2 1st Edition Khalid Saeed
- 1. Explore the full ebook collection and download it now at textbookfull.com Progress in Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering Proceedings of ICACIE 2016 Volume 2 1st Edition Khalid Saeed https://textbookfull.com/product/progress-in-advanced- computing-and-intelligent-engineering-proceedings-of- icacie-2016-volume-2-1st-edition-khalid-saeed/ OR CLICK HERE DOWLOAD EBOOK Browse and Get More Ebook Downloads Instantly at https://textbookfull.com Click here to visit textbookfull.com and download textbook now
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- 5. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 564 Khalid Saeed Nabendu Chaki Bibudhendu Pati Sambit Bakshi Durga Prasad Mohapatra Editors Progress in Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering Proceedings of ICACIE 2016,Volume 2
- 6. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing Volume 564 Series editor Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland e-mail: kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl
- 7. The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern intelligent systems and computing. The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily textbooks and proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the short publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of research results. Advisory Board Chairman Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India e-mail: nikhil@isical.ac.in Members Rafael Bello Perez, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba e-mail: rbellop@uclv.edu.cu Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain e-mail: escorchado@usal.es Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK e-mail: hani@essex.ac.uk László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary e-mail: koczy@sze.hu Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA e-mail: vladik@utep.edu Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan e-mail: ctlin@mail.nctu.edu.tw Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia e-mail: Jie.Lu@uts.edu.au Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico e-mail: epmelin@hafsamx.org Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil e-mail: nadia@eng.uerj.br Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland e-mail: Ngoc-Thanh.Nguyen@pwr.edu.pl Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong e-mail: jwang@mae.cuhk.edu.hk More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156
- 8. Khalid Saeed ⋅ Nabendu Chaki Bibudhendu Pati ⋅ Sambit Bakshi Durga Prasad Mohapatra Editors Progress in Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering Proceedings of ICACIE 2016, Volume 2 123
- 9. Editors Khalid Saeed Faculty of Computer Science Bialystok University of Technology Białystok Poland Nabendu Chaki Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Calcutta Kolkata India Bibudhendu Pati C. V. Raman College of Engineering Bhubaneswar, Odisha India Sambit Bakshi Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Rourkela, Odisha India Durga Prasad Mohapatra Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Rourkela, Odisha India ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic) Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ISBN 978-981-10-6874-4 ISBN 978-981-10-6875-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6875-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955277 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
- 10. Preface This volume contains the papers presented at International Conference on Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering (ICACIE 2016) that was held during December 23–25, 2016, at the C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar, India (www.icacie.com). There were 638 submissions and each qualified submission was reviewed by a minimum of two Technical Program Committee members using the criteria of relevance, originality, technical quality, and presentation. The committee accepted and published in proceedings 136 full papers for oral presentation at the conference and the overall acceptance rate is 21.32%. ICACIE is an initiative focusing on research and applications on several topics of advanced computing and intelligent engineering. The focus was also to present state-of-the-art scientific results, disseminate modern technologies, and promote collaborative research in advanced computing and intelligent engineering. The accepted papers were chosen based on their research excellence, presenta- tion quality, novelty, and the state-of-the-art representation. Researchers presented their work and had an excellent opportunity to interact with eminent professors and scholars in their area of research. All participants benefitted from discussions that facilitated the emergence of innovative ideas and approaches. Many distinguished professors, well-known scholars, industry leaders, and young researchers partici- pated in making ICACIE 2016 an immense success. We organized a special session named as Women in Engineering (WiE) on the topic “Empowerment of Women in the field of Engineering and Management” to encourage young women in the field of engineering and management to participate in the discussion. We had also industry and academia panel discussion and we invited people from software industries like TCS and Infosys. We thank the Technical Program Committee members and all reviewers/ sub-reviewers for their timely and thorough participation in the reviewing process. We express our sincere gratitude to Shri Sanjib Kumar Rout, Chairman, C. V. Raman Group of Institutions, for allowing us to organize ICACIE 2016 on the campus. We also thank Prof. B. Bhattacharya, Principal, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, for his moral support. We thank Dr. Manmath Narayan Sahoo, NIT v
- 11. Rourkela, Program Chair, for his valuable and timely support. We especially thank Dr. Chhabi Rani Panigrahi, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, for her support in local arrangement to make ICACIE 2016 a grand success. We appreciate the time and efforts put in by the members of the local organizing team at C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar, especially the student volunteers, adminis- trative staff, account section staff, and hostel management staff, who dedicated their time and efforts to ICACIE 2016. We thank Mr. Swagat Ranjan Sahoo for designing and maintaining ICACIE 2016 website. We are very grateful to all our sponsors, especially DRDO and other local supporters, for their generous support toward ICACIE 2016. Finally, we acknowledge the help of EasyChair in the submission, review, and proceedings creation processes. We are very pleased to express our sincere thanks to Springer, especially Mr. Anil Chandy, Mr. Harmen van Paradijs, Mr. Aninda Bose, and the editorial staff, for their support in publishing the proceedings of ICACIE 2016. Białystok, Poland Khalid Saeed Kolkata, India Nabendu Chaki Bhubaneswar, India Bibudhendu Pati Rourkela, India Sambit Bakshi Rourkela, India Durga Prasad Mohapatra vi Preface
- 12. Organizing Committee Advisory Board Laxmi Narayan Bhuyan, FIEEE, FACM, FAAAS, University of California, Riverside, USA Shyam Sundar Pattnaik, SMIEEE, FIETE, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha, India Israel Koren, FIEEE, University of Massachusetts, USA Katina Michael, SMIEEE, University of Wollongong, Australia L.M. Patnaik, FIEEE, FINSA, FIETE, FIE, Indian Institute of Science, India Rajib Mall, SMIEEE, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Prasant Mohapatra, FIEEE, University of California, USA Abhay Bansal, SMIEEE, FIETE, FIET, Amity School of Engineering and Tech- nology, India Arun Somani, FIEEE, Iowa State University, USA Atulya Nagar, Liverpool Hope University, UK Brijesh Verma, SMIEEE, Central Queensland University, Australia Debajyoti Mukhopadhyay, SMIEEE, FIE, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, India George A. Tsihrintzis, University of Piraeus, Greece Hugo Proenca, SMIEEE, University of Beira Interior, Portugal Janusz Kacprzyk, FIEEE, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Kenji Suzuki, SMIEEE, The University of Chicago, USA Khalid Saeed, SMIEEE, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland Klaus David, University of Kassel, Germany Gautam Das, FIEEE, University of Texas at Arlington, USA Ganapati Panda, SMIEEE, IIT Bhubaneswar, India Nabanita Das, SMIEEE, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India Rama Krishna Challa, SMIEEE, NITTTR, Chandigarh, India Biswanath Mukherjee, FIEEE, University of California, Davis, USA Subhankar Dhar, FIEEE, San Jose State University, USA vii
- 13. Ashutosh Dutta, SMIEEE, AT&T Lab, USA Kuan-Ching Li, FIET, SMIEEE, Providence University, Taiwan Maode Ma, FIET, SMIEEE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Massimo Tistarelli, FIAPR, SMIEEE, University of Sassari, Italy Mohammad S. Obaidat, FIEEE, Monmouth University, USA Sudip Misra, SMIEEE, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Michele Nappi, University of Salerno, Italy Nishchal K. Verma, SMIEEE, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Ouri E. Wolfson, FIEEE, FACM, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA Pascal Lorenz, SMIEEE, FIARIA, University of Haute Alsace, France Pierre Borne, FIEEE, Central School of Lille, France Raj Jain, FIEEE, FACM, FAAAS, Washington University in St. Louis, USA Rajkumar Buyya, SMIEEE, LMACM, The University of Melbourne, Australia Raouf Boutaba, FIEEE, University of Waterloo, Canada Saman Halgamuge, SMIEEE, University of Melbourne, Australia Sansanee Auephanwiriyakul, SMIEEE, Chiang Mai University, Thailand Subhash Saini, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), USA Arun Pujari, SMIEEE, Central University of Rajasthan, India Sudhir Dixit, FIEEE, HP Lab, USA Sanjay Mohapatra, Vice President, CSI, India Chief Patron Shri. Sanjib Kumar Rout, Chairman, C. V. Raman Group of Institutions, India Patron Smt. Shailja Rout, Managing Director, SSEPL Skills Pvt. Ltd, Odisha, India Honorary General Chairs Prasant Mohapatra, University of California, Davis, USA Rajib Mall, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Sudip Misra, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Steering Committee Kartik Chandra Patra, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Bhabes Bhattacharya, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Debdas Mishra, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India viii Organizing Committee
- 14. General Chairs Bibudhendu Pati, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Pankaj K. Sa, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India Organizing Chairs Chhabi Rani Panigrahi, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Sambit Bakshi, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India Special Session Chairs Rachita Mishra, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Brojo Kishore Mishra, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Program Chairs Manmath Narayan Sahoo, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India Subhas Chandra Misra, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Publication Chairs Sukant Kishoro Bisoy, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Soubhagya S. Barpanda, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Finance Chair Mohit Ranjan Panda, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Website Chair Swagat Ranjan Sahoo, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Registration Chair Priyadarshini Nayak, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Organizing Committee ix
- 15. Publicity Chair Tanmay Kumar Das, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Organizing Committee Amardeep Das Abhaya Kumar Sahoo Amrut Ranjan Jena Amulya Kumar Satpathy Babitarani Garanayak Banee Bandana Das Bijaylaxmi Panda Biswajit Upadhyay Chhabirani Mohapatra Chandra kanta Mohanty Debasis Mohanty Debapriya Panda Harapriya Rout Himansu Das Jyotiranjan Swain Kartik chandra Jena Khitish Kumar Gadnayak Lalat Kishore Choudhury M. Priyattama Sahoo Madhusmita Mishra Mamata Rani Das Mamata Rath Manas Ranjan Mishra Monalisa Mishra Nilamadhaba Dash Prakash Chandra Sahu Prashanta Kumar Dash Rashmiprava Sahoo Rojalin Priyadarshini Sharmistha Puhan Sasmita Parida Satyashree Samal Soumya Sahoo Shreela Dash Sujit Mohapatra Sunil Kumar Mohapatra x Organizing Committee
- 16. Sushruta Mishra Suvendu Chandan Nayak Technical Programme Committee Chui Kwok Tai, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Bernd E. Wolfinger, University of Hamburg, Hamburg Amin Al-Habaibeh, Nottingham Trent University, UK Carlo Vallati, University of Pisa, Italy Rajendra Prasath, University College Cork, Ireland Chi-Wai Chow, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan Mohammed Ghazal, Abu Dhabi University, UAE Felix Albu, Valahia University of Targoviste, Romania Vasanth Iyer, Florida International University, USA Victor Govindaswaormy, Concordia University Chicago, USA Priyadarshi Kanungo, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Sangram Mohapatra, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Saikat Charjee, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Chakchai So-In, Khon Kaen University, Thailand Cristina Alcaraz, University of Malaga, Spain Barun Kumar Saha, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Pushpendu Kar, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Samaresh Bera, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Ayan Mandal, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Tamoghna Ojha, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Subhadeep Sarkar, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Somanath Tripathy, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, India George Caridakis, University of the Aegean, Greece Carlos Alberto Malcher Bastos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Laizhong Cui, Shenzhen University, China Srinivas Prasad, GMRIT, Rajam, India Prasant Kumar Sahu, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India Mohand Lagha, University of Blida, Algeria Vincenzo Eramo, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Italy Ruggero Donida Labati, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy Satyananda Rai, SIT, Bhubaneswar, India Dinesh Bhatia, North Eastern Hill University, Meghalaya, India Vasilis Friderikos, King’s College London, UK C. Lakshmi Devasena, IFHE University, India Arijit Roy, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Roberto Caldelli, Università degli Studi Firenze, Italy Christos Bouras, University of Patras, Greece Organizing Committee xi
- 17. Iti Saha Misra, Jadavpur University, India Salil Kumar Sanyal, Jadavpur University, India J. Joshua Thomas, School of Engineering, KDU Penang University College, Penang Shibendu Debbarma, Tripura University, India Angelo Genovese, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy Marco Mussetta, Politecnico Di Milano, Italy Radu-Emil Precup, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania Debi Acharjya, VIT University, Vellore, India Samaresh Mishra, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India Rio D’Souza, St Joseph Engineering College, Mangalore, India Yogesh Dandawate, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, India Sanjay Singh, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India Rajesh R., Central University of Kerala, India Abhishek Ray, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India Lalat Indu Giri, National Institute of Technology, Goa, India Debdas Mishra, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Ameresh Panda, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Odisha, India Tripti Swarnakar, SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India Judhistir Mohapatro, National Institute of Technology, Delhi, India Manas Khatua, SUTD, Singapore Sujata Pal, University of Waterloo, Canada Sumit Goswami, DRDO, New Delhi, India Rabi Narayana Sathpathy, HIT, Bhubaneswar, India Harihar Kalia, SEC, India Hari Saran Dash, Infosys, Bhubaneswar, India Siba Kumar Udgata, University of Hyderabad, India Mu-Song Chen, Da-Yeh University, Taiwan Félix J. García, University of Murcia, Spain Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, KIIT University, India Poornalatha G., MIT, Manipal, India Nishant Doshi, MEFGI, Rajkot, India V.N. Manjunath Aradhya, JCE, Mysore, India Prabhakar C.J., Kuvempu University, Karnataka, India Enrico Cambiaso, National Research Council, CNR-IEIIT, Italy Gianluigi Ferrari, University of Parma, Italy Elena Benderskaya, Saint-Petersburg State Politechnical University, Russia Josep Domènech, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain Himansu Das, KIIT University, India Vivek Kumar Sehagl, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, India Monish Chatterjee, Asansol Engineering College, Asansol, India Teresa Gomes, Universidade de Coimbra—Polo II, Portugal Chandralekha, DRIEMS, India Haoxiang Wang, Cornell University, USA xii Organizing Committee
- 18. Contents Part I Learning Algorithms, Neural Networks and Pattern Recognition A Framework to Enhance the Learning Outcome with Fuzzy Logic-Based ABLS (Adaptive Behaviourial Learning System) . . . . . . . . 3 Suman Deb, Jagrati and Paritosh Bhattacharya Experimental Comparison of Sampling Techniques for Imbalanced Datasets Using Various Classification Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Sanjibani Sudha Pattanayak and Minakhi Rout Blended 3D Interaction Using Wii-Remote for Learning Educational Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Suman Deb, Mitali Sinha, Sonia Nandi and Paritosh Bhattacharya Augmented Use of Depth Vision for Interactive Applications. . . . . . . . . 29 Sonia Nandi, Suman Deb and Mitali Sinha An Enhanced Intrusion Detection System Based on Clustering . . . . . . . 37 Samarjeet Borah, Ranjit Panigrahi and Anindita Chakraborty Identification of Co-expressed microRNAs Using Rough Hypercuboid- Based Interval Type-2 Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Partha Garai and Pradipta Maji A Novel Algorithm for Network Anomaly Detection Using Adaptive Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 D. Ashok Kumar and S. R. Venugopalan Recognition of Odia Conjunct Characters Using a Hybrid ANN-DE Classification Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Mamata Nayak and Ajit Kumar Nayak Email Classification Using Supervised Learning Algorithms . . . . . . . . . 81 Akshay Bhadra, Saifuddin Hitawala, Ruchit Modi and Suraj Salunkhe xiii
- 19. Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network Based Immersive VR System for Cognitive Computer Gaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 P. S. Jagadeesh Kumar Computer-Aided Therapeutic of Alzheimer’s Disease Eulogizing Pattern Classification and Deep Learning Protruded on Tree-Based Learning Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 P. S. Jagadeesh Kumar A Survey on Computer-Aided Detection Techniques of Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Gaurav Garg and Mamta Juneja Thought Co-Relation: A Quantitative Approach to Classify EEG Data for Predictive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Anirvan Maiti, Hema Veeradhi and Snehanshu Saha Modified Rotation Forest Ensemble Classifier for Medical Diagnosis in Decision Support Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 R. Ani, Jithu Jose, Manu Wilson and O. S. Deepa Social Data Analytics by Visualized Clustering Approach for Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 K. Rajendra Prasad, I. Surya Prabha, N. Rajasekhar and M. Rajasekhar Reddy Mining Efficient Rules for Scene Classification Using Human-Inspired Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Padmavati Shrivastava, K. K. Bhoyar and A. S. Zadgaonkar Patent Document Clustering Using Dimensionality Reduction . . . . . . . . 167 K. Girthana and S. Swamynathan SC2 : A Selection-Based Consensus Clustering Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Arko Banerjee, Bibhudendu Pati and Chhabi Rani Panigrahi Isolated Kannada Speech Recognition Using HTK—A Detailed Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 V. Sneha, G. Hardhika, K. Jeeva Priya and Deepa Gupta Part II Application of Informatics Simulation-Based Detection of Lyme Disease in Blood in Rhesus Macaques Using Combined Volterra RLS-MTP Approach for Proper Antibiotic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Sumant Kumar Mohapatra, Sushil Kumar Mahapatra, Santosh Kumar Sahoo, Shubhashree Ray and Smurti Ranjan Dash xiv Contents
- 20. A Study on Some Aspects of Biologically Inspired Multi-agent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Gautam Mitra and Susmita Bandyopadhyay A Qualitative Hemodynamic Analysis on Human Cerebrovascular Phantom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Pranati Rakshit, Nirmal Das, Mita Nasipuri and Subhadip Basu A Case Study for Ranking of Relevant Search Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Rakesh Chandra Balabantaray and Santanu Ghosh Constrained Team Formation Using Risk Estimation Based on Reputation and Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Gaganmeet Kaur Awal and K. K. Bharadwaj Compare Different Similarity Measure Formula Based Imprecise Query on Neutrosophic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Soumitra De and Jaydev Mishra Path Executions of Java Bytecode Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Safeeullah Soomro, Zainab Alansari and Mohammad Riyaz Belgaum An Approach to Track Context Switches in Sentiment Analysis . . . . . . 273 Srishti Sharma and Shampa Chakraverty Calendric Association Rule Mining from Time Series Database . . . . . . . 283 Mudra C. Panchal and Ghanshyam I. Prajapati Maintaining Bi-temporal Schema Versions in Temporal Data Warehouses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Anjana Gosain and Kriti Saroha Designing Natural Language Processing Systems with QuickScript as a Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Anirudh Khanna, Akshay, Akshay Garg and Akshita Bhalla Implementation of Low Cost, Reliable, and Advanced Control with Head Movement, Wheelchair for Physically Challenged People . . . . . . . 313 Kunjan D. Shinde, Sayera Tarannum, T Veerabhadrappa, E Gagan and P Vinay Kumar Part III Computation Intelligence Algorithms, Applications, and Future Directions Optimize Scale Independent Queries with Invariant Computation . . . . . 331 S. Anuja, M. Monisha Devi and Radha Senthilkumar Generation of Optimized Robotic Assembly of Radial Engine . . . . . . . . 343 Rupalin Biswal and B. B. Choudhury Contents xv
- 21. Velocity Restriction-Based Improvised Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 H. Mouna, M. S. Mukhil Azhagan, M. N. Radhika, V. Mekaladevi and M. Nirmala Devi Multipurpose GPS Guided Autonomous Mobile Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Dhruba Ningombam, Abhishek Singh and Kshetrimayum Thoithoi Chanu A Modification to Graph Based Approach for Extraction Based Automatic Text Summarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Sunchit Sehgal, Badal Kumar, Maheshwar, Lakshay Rampal and Ankit Chaliya Intellectual Conveyance Structure for Travellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Vishal B. Pattanashetty, Nalini C. Iyer and H. L. Viswanath A Viewpoint on Different Data Deduplication Systems and Allied Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Shamsher Singh and Ravinder Singh Improved Genetic Algorithm for Selecting Significant Genes in Cancer Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Soumen Kumar Pati, Saptarshi Sengupta and Asit K. Das Perspective Approach Towards Business Intelligence Framework in Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Mittal Kavita, S. K. Dubey and B. K. Sharma Gene Selection and Enrichment for Microarray Data—A Comparative Network Based Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Debasish Swapnesh Kumar Nayak, Saswati Mahapatra and Tripti Swarnkar Part IV Big Data and Recommendation Systems Role of Big Data in Make in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Sandeep Tayal, Nishant Nagwal and Kapil Sharma Agent-Based Wormhole Attack Detection and Prevention Algorithm in the Cloud Network Using MapReduce Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Priyanka Verma, Shashikala Tapaswi and W. Wilfred Godfrey Tourism Recommendation Using Machine Learning Approach . . . . . . . 447 Anjali Dewangan and Rajdeep Chatterjee A Secure Clustering Technique for Unstructured and Uncertain Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Md Tabrez Nafis and Ranjit Biswas xvi Contents
- 22. Reducing Search Space in Big Data Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Surabhi Kumari, V. G. Sathve and Savita K. Shetty Justified Group Recommender Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Venkateswara Rao Kagita, Arun K. Pujari and Vineet Padmanabhan Part V Communication Systems, Antenna Research, and Cognitive Radio Equalization of Communication Channels Using GA-Trained RBF Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 Pradyumna Mohapatra, Tumbanath Samantara, Siba Prasada Panigrahi and Santanu Kumar Nayak Effect of Circular Variation in Thickness and Linear Variation in Density on Vibrational Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Amit Sharma, Ashok Kumar Raghav, Vijay Kumar and Ashish Kumar Sharma Design of a Low-Power ALU and Synchronous Counter Using Clock Gating Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Nehru Kandasamy, Nagarjuna Telagam and Chinthada Devisupraja N-bit Pipelined CSM Based Square Root Circuit for Binary Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Siba Kumar Panda, Arpita Jena and Dhruba Charan Panda Modelling of a Fibonacci Sequence 8-bit Current Steering DAC to Improve the Second Order Nonlinearities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Anshuman Das Mohapatra and Manmath Narayan Sahoo Design of Low-Power and High-Performance Network Interface for 2 × 2 SDM-Based NoC and Implementation on Spartan 6 FPGA . . . . 545 Y. Amar Babu, G. M. V. Prasad and John Bedford Solomon Aspects of Machine Learning in Cognitive Radio Networks. . . . . . . . . . 553 Harmandeep Kaur Jhajj, Roopali Garg and Nitin Saluja FPGA Implementation of Buffer-Less NoC Router for SDM-Based Network-on-Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 Y. Amar Babu, G. M. V. Prasad and John Bedford Solomon A High-Speed Booth Multiplier Based on Redundant Binary Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Ranjan Kumar Barik, Ashish Panda and Manoranjan Pradhan Evaluation of Channel Modeling Techniques for Indoor Power Line Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Shashidhar Kasthala and Prasanna Venkatesan G. K. D Contents xvii
- 23. Power Analysis and Implementation of Low-Power Design for Test Architecture for UltraSPARC Chip Multiprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 John Bedford Solomon, D Jackuline Moni and Y. Amar Babu Power Optimization for Arithmetic Components in Assistive Digital Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Mansi Jhamb and Gitanjali EEG Artifact Detection Model: A Landmark-Based Approach . . . . . . . 609 S. Mouneshachari, M. B. Sanjay Pande and B. N. Raveesh Design and Comparison of Electromagnetically Coupled Patch Antenna Arrays at 30 GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 Sujata D. Mendgudle, Shreya A. Chakraborty, Jinisha Y. Bhanushali, Manmohansingh Bhatia and Sachin B. Umbarkar Part VI Internet, Web Technology, IoT, and Social Networks & Applications Natural Language Query to Formal Syntax for Querying Semantic Web Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 D. Suryanarayana, S. Mahaboob Hussain, Prathyusha Kanakam and Sumit Gupta Bat Inspired Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 Himja Khurana and Sanjib Kumar Sahu Internet of Things: A Survey on IoT Protocol Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . 651 Karthikeyan Ponnusamy and Narendran Rajagopalan Influence of Twitter on Prediction of Election Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 Prabhsimran Singh and Ravinder Singh Sawhney The Rise of Internet of Things (IoT) in Big Healthcare Data: Review and Open Research Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 Zainab Alansari, Safeeullah Soomro, Mohammad Riyaz Belgaum and Shahaboddin Shamshirband Implementation of SSVEP Technology to Develop Assistive Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 Manjot Kaur and Birinder Singh E-Governance an Ease or Difficult to Chase in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 Guncha Hashmi, Pooja Khanna and Puneet Sharma Domain-Based Search Engine Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 Nidhi Bajpai and Deepak Arora Author Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 xviii Contents
- 24. About the Editors Khalid Saeed received B.Sc. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering in 1976 from Baghdad University, M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Wroclaw University of Technology, in Poland in 1978 and 1981, respectively. He received his D.Sc. degree (Habilitation) in Computer Science from Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw in 2007. He is Professor of Computer Science at AGH University of Science and Technology in Poland. He has authored more than 200 publications including 27 edited books, journals, and conference proceedings, and 8 text and reference books. He supervised more than 110 M.Sc. and 12 Ph.D. theses. His areas of interest are Biometrics, Image Analysis, and Processing and Computer Infor- mation Systems. He gave 45 invited lectures and keynotes in different universities in Europe, China, India, South Korea, and Japan. The talks were on Biometric Image Processing and Analysis. He received about 19 academic awards. Khalid Saeed is a member of the editorial boards of over 15 international journals and conferences. He is IEEE Senior Member and has been selected as IEEE Distin- guished Speaker for 2011–2013 and 2014–2016. Khalid Saeed is Editor-in-Chief of International Journal of Biometrics with Inderscience Publishers. Nabendu Chaki is Professor in the Department Computer Science and Engi- neering, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India. Dr. Chaki did his first graduation in Physics from the legendary Presidency College in Kolkata and then in Computer Science and Engineering, University of Calcutta. He completed Ph.D. in 2000 from Jadavpur University, India. He is sharing two US patents and one patent in Japan with his students. Professor Chaki is quite active in developing international standards for Software Engineering. He represents the country in the Global Directory (GD) for ISO-IEC. Besides editing more than 20 books in different Springer series including LNCS, Dr. Chaki has authored 5 text and research books and about 130 peer-reviewed research papers in journals and international confer- ences. His areas of research interests include distributed computing, image pro- cessing, and software engineering. Dr. Chaki has served as Research Assistant Professor in the Ph.D. program in Software Engineering in U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. He is having strong and active collaborations in US, xix
- 25. Europe, Australia, and other institutes and industries in India. He is visiting faculty member for many universities in India and abroad. Dr. Chaki has been the Knowledge Area Editor in Mathematical Foundation for the SWEBOK project of the IEEE Computer Society. Besides being in the editorial board for several international journals, he has also served in the committees of more than 50 international conferences. Professor Chaki is the founder Chair of ACM Profes- sional Chapter in Kolkata. Bibudhendu Pati is Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Dr. Pati has total 19 Years of Experience in Teaching, Research, and Industry. His interest areas include Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Internet of Things, and Network Virtualization. He completed his Ph.D. from IIT Kharagpur in 2014, MBA from Punjab Technological University in 2010, and M.E. from NITTTR, Chandigarh in 2008. He is Life Member of Indian Society of Technical Education (ISTE), Member of IEEE, ACM, CSI and Computer Sci- ence and Engineering Research Group, IIT Kharagpur. He has got several papers published in journals, conference proceedings, and books. Sambit Bakshi is Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India. He completed his M.Tech. and Ph.D. from NIT Rourkela in 2011 and 2014, respec- tively. His research interest areas are Biometric Security and Visual Surveillance. He has several journal publications, book chapters, two authored books, and six edited volumes to his credit. He has been teaching subjects like biometric security, statistical analysis, linear algebra and statistical analysis laboratory, digital image processing, etc. He has also been involved in many professional and editorial activities. Durga Prasad Mohapatra received his Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India. He joined the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India in 1996, where he is pre- sently serving as Associate Professor. His research interests include Software Engineering, Real-Time Systems, Discrete Mathematics, and Distributed Comput- ing. He has published over 30 research papers in these fields in various international journals and conferences. He has received several project grants from DST and UGC, Government of India. He has received the Young Scientist Award for the year 2006 by Orissa Bigyan Academy. He has also received the Prof. K. Arumugam National Award and the Maharashtra State National Award for outstanding research work in Software Engineering for the years 2009 and 2010, respectively, from the Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE), New Delhi. He is going to receive the Bharat Sikshya Ratan Award for significant contribution in academics awarded by the Global Society for Health and Educational Growth, Delhi. xx About the Editors
- 26. Part I Learning Algorithms, Neural Networks and Pattern Recognition
- 27. A Framework to Enhance the Learning Outcome with Fuzzy Logic-Based ABLS (Adaptive Behaviourial Learning System) Suman Deb, Jagrati and Paritosh Bhattacharya Abstract Intelligent adaptive learning style in education system is a demanding trend in expertise learning with a specific outcome. Taking advantage of the contin- uous improving learning system for teaching purpose increases the students learning ability. Learning style recommends the mode in which one understands and wants to learn. The proposed method clusters the students of a class according to individual’s natural learning ability. It gives the clear association and definition to each member belonging to a particular cluster. It is an enhanced design of deliverable for provid- ing enhanced and effective outcome which the teacher can customize for the class as well as for their teaching methodologies. Experiments show that the proposed system can significantly help the teacher in predetermining the expectation, level of under- standing, expandability, etc. With periodic outcome from the class evaluation, the teacher can steer the teaching learning process. This can be quantified dynamically and motivates the learners in a continuous process of teaching learning method. Keywords Learning style ⋅ Learner’s profile ⋅ Fuzzy inference engine Clustering ABLS S. Deb ⋅ Jagrati ⋅ P. Bhattacharya (✉) Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, India e-mail: pari76@rediffmail.com S. Deb e-mail: sumandebcs@springer.com Jagrati e-mail: jagratimahalwal1992@springer.com © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 K. Saeed et al. (eds.), Progress in Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 564, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6875-1_1 3
- 28. 4 S. Deb et al. 1 Introduction Education could not remain passive and nonchalant; the traditional teaching learn- ing process should be revised and reconsidered to upsurge the learning outcome. The advent of high-quality teaching is a result of the incompetence of traditional courses to capture the specifics of the course achieved by the learner. Teaching learning process is an interactive process where teacher donates the knowledge and student accepts it, and to enhance this pedagogy the acceptor’s preference in gaining knowl- edge should be considered. The practice of learning in preferred natural learning manner results in high performance and thus helps in achieving the goal of enhanced learning outcomes. Learning styles are intellectual, emotional and behavioural char- acteristics that help in indicating how a leaner concludes, discovers and acknowl- edges the pedagogy. Depending upon learner’s interest, we can identify the learning style and enhance their learning by gradually adjusting the teaching methodologies. The analysis and the interpretation of learners behaviour is very vital factor in per- sonalizing the teaching learning process among the class of students having hetero- geneous learning cultures. In our approach, we are determining the learner’s interest through a pre-evaluation process, clustering them according to those interest. The pre-assessment performed as per their behavioural learning styles using Honey and Mumford questionnaire, depicting particulars learning techniques. Honey and Mum- ford questionnaire [1] outcome results in four clusters namely Activists, Reflectors, Theorists and Pragmatists, at the beginning of the course. These groups will help in observing the diversity among the same learning culture. On further analysis by applying fuzzy inference system, we denote the degree of membership of individual in the cluster. 2 Survey on Learning Styles Over the years, various learning style models have been developed by theorists and researchers. They have contributed valuable resolutions in categorizing them into groups according to their theories. David Kolb [2] published his learning style model in 1984 from which he developed his learning style inventory. Kolb’s model out- lines two related approaches towards grasping experience: Concrete Experience and Abstract Conceptualization, as well as two related approaches towards transforming experience: Reflective Observation and Active Experimentation. The distinct mod- els presented are based on different learning theories [3] such as Kolb’s model is an experimental theory model in which learners are categorized as Divergers, Assim- ilators and Convergers; Honey and Mumford model is a behavioural theory model and learners are categorized as Activists, Theorists, Pragmatists and Reflectors; Gre- gorc model [4] is cognitive theory model, where learners are classified as Abstract sequential, Abstract random, Concrete sequential and Concrete random; Carl and Myers Briggs Indicator model is based on person’s personality, where learners
- 29. A Framework to Enhance the Learning Outcome ... 5 are classified as Extroversion, Introversion, Sensing, Intuitions, Thinking, Feeling, Judgement and Perception; Felder-Silverman [5] model is a physiological theory model, where learners are classified as Sensing–Intuitive, Visual–Verbal, Indicative– Deductive, Active, Reflective and Sequential global. The focus of this study is on academic learning in which the clustering is based on the Honey and Mumford [1] learning questionnaire model. Peter Honey and Alan Mumford adapted Kolb’s experimental learning model for their learning cycle the- ory. Honey and Mumford presented a self-development tool consisting of 80 num- bers of questionnaires which are to be answered YES or NO and get one point for each YES. The evaluation results in four groups namely Activists, Reflectors, The- orists and Pragmatists. ∙ Activists are those students who learn by participating in new experiments and activities. They are enthusiastic about learning and implementing them. ∙ Reflectors understand the problem thoroughly and create their viewpoint before engaging themselves or coming to any conclusion. ∙ Theorists involve themselves in observations and try to integrate them with logical theories. They perform the step-by-step evolution of any given situation. ∙ Pragmatists apply their conceptual theories to the problems and generate profound results. They are keen to try things. 3 Motivation Many attempts have been made [6] to enhance students learning outcome and hence academic achievements. The main motive of teaching learning process is to develop the student’s mind so that the student can stand and gain success in the society. One of the critical factors that affect the teaching and learning process is a learning style. This is to design an effective instruction that can help in acknowledging the diverse learning style among the students. This type of nontraditional learning paradigms requires a fundamental shift in the classroom input to achieve benchmarks. This shifts from pedagogy that is centred on providing instruction to the one that focuses on learning. Our system helps the students as well as teachers to define the het- erogeneous objectives among homogeneous groups, thereby increasing the learning outcome. 4 System Architecture 4.1 General The general architecture of the proposed system consists of two main components that form stand-alone objects while simultaneously proving to be interdependent. The first object is a learner or a group of learners participating individually as well
- 30. 6 S. Deb et al. in collaborative learning and assessing process. The root of the system is formed on this entity, and the working process of the second entity functionally depends on the first. The second entity is the guide or experts whose goal is to design and operate the whole system for the better computational and educational efficiency. This group defines the content of course and forms the objective as per learner’s knowledge level in the specific learning subject. This group of experts maintains the whole system in three steps, that is, capturing the data, analysing the data and measuring the outcome of the individuals and hence enhancing efficiency of learning outcome. 4.2 Capture This module will enable the teacher to cluster the students of a class on the basis of a pre-assessment using Honey and Mumford learning style questionnaire model. Students were provided with a number of questionnaires in which they have to select YES or NO. Individual results were calculated; one point for the question for which the student has marked YES and no point for the answered marked as NO or even left unattempt, and according to their score they were assigned to groups to which stu- dents are more similar to each other than to those who are in other groups. Then according to their grasping potential, the group is assigned with their respective objectives. The group was then assessed and the results are stored in database for the further analysis (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Modules of student clustering using Honey and Mumford learning style questionnaire model
- 31. A Framework to Enhance the Learning Outcome ... 7 4.3 Dataset The dataset used in this system is a two-dimensional vector consisting of accuracy and the time taken by the each student. The accuracy is calculated as the total marks obtained to the maximum marks obtained. This dataset is analysed using fuzzy logic controller which provides the membership for each individual among the cluster. 4.4 Analysis This module will help in assessing each cluster as well as the student of the particular cluster individually. STEP1: Fuzzification [7] of these input values to fuzzy values is done by using Gaussian membership function: f(x; 𝜎i, c) = exp(−(x − c)2 ∕2𝜎2 i ), (1) where c is the centre (i.e. mean), and 𝜎i is the width, i.e. standard deviation of ith fuzzy set. The Gaussian membership function is more robust than the triangular as it uses two parameters instead of three, thereby reducing the degree of freedom. In our system, we choose the three centres, i.e. 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8. Therefore, Gaussian Fig. 2 Fuzzy logic controller
- 32. 8 S. Deb et al. membership functions increase the probability that every rule fires from the inference engine. STEP 2: Inference-based system [6] with the help of defined IF-THEN rules in the rule base. The rules in rule base are based on the accuracy matrix and the time rate matrix of individual student and the linguistic variables are assigned to each, respec- tively (Fig. 2). STEP 3: Defuzzification is a process which results in crisp output from given fuzzy sets. In our work, we have used the Centre of Gravity method or COG. It gives the crisp value for the centroid area of the curve. The output membership functions to which the fuzzy outputs are transposed are restricted to being singletons: Crispoutput = (fuzzyoutput) × (singletonvalueonx − axis)∕(fuzzyoutput). (2) 4.5 Outcome The Mamdani’s fuzzy inference method produces the fuzzy output set and relative linguistic variables to define the students of a cluster. For example, in a cluster, if student A obtains 9 marks out of 10, then the time taken was more than the assigned time. Another student B is getting 9 marks out of 10 and the time taken is less than student A, then the degree of membership of each student belonging to the same cluster will be different. The output from the second module, i.e. Analysis, provides an in-depth of individual’s performance belonging to different clusters (Fig. 3). Fig. 3 Fuzzy surface view of rule base
- 33. A Framework to Enhance the Learning Outcome ... 9 A performance graph for each group plotted is studied. The graph (Fig. 4) helps the students in knowing their performance and membership in the cluster and moti- vates them to enhance it. The guide can also easily identify the grasping efficiency of a student belonging to a group and revise the teaching technique, if necessary, accordingly. This continuous process of clustering, assessing and revising is helpful Fig. 4 Membership graph of students in one cluster Table 1 Input dataset and result of students belonging to activist cluster Sl no Input Accuracy Time taken (min) Result 1 7 10 0.5366 2 8 10 0.5387 3 6 9 0.6100 4 9 8 0.8603 5 8 9 0.8453 6 3 12 0.4086 7 2 12 0.2108 8 2 8 0.4946 9 6 7 0.6119 10 4 10 0.4873 11 10 10 0.5223 12 10 15 0.4948 13 10 7 0.8436 14 8 9 0.8453 15 9 12 0.4946 16 6 12 0.4383 17 7 9 0.7645 18 6 10 0.5268
- 34. Exploring the Variety of Random Documents with Different Content
- 35. CHAPTER II MICHILIMACKINAC Michilimackinac! that gem of the Lakes! How bright and beautiful it looked as we walked abroad on the following morning! The rain had passed away, but had left all things glittering in the light of the sun as it rose up over the waters of Lake Huron, far away to the east. Before us was the lovely bay, scarcely yet tranquil after the storm, but dotted with canoes and the boats of the fishermen already getting out their nets for the trout and white-fish, those treasures of the deep. Along the beach were scattered the wigwams or lodges of the Ottawas who had come to the island to trade. The inmates came forth to gaze upon us. A shout of welcome was sent forth, as they recognized Shaw-nee- aw-kee, who, from a seven years' residence among them, was well known to each individual. A shake of the hand, and an emphatic “Bon-Jour—bon-jour,” is the customary salutation between the Indian and the white man. “Do the Indians speak French?” I inquired of my husband. “No; this is a fashion they have learned of the French traders during many years of intercourse.” Not less hearty was the greeting of each Canadian engagé, as he trotted forward to pay his respects to “Monsieur John,” and to utter a long string of felicitations, in a most incomprehensible patois. I was forced to take for granted all the good wishes showered upon “Madame John,” of which I could comprehend nothing but the hope that I should be happy and contented in my “vie sauvage.” The object of our early walk was to visit the Mission-house and school which had been some few years previously established at this place, by the Presbyterian Board of Missions. It was an object of especial interest to Mr. and Mrs. Stuart, and its flourishing condition at this period, and the prospects of extensive future usefulness it held
- 36. out, might well gladden their philanthropic hearts. They had lived many years on the island, and had witnessed its transformation, through God’s blessing on Christian efforts, from a worldly, dissipated community to one of which it might almost be said, “Religion was every man’s business.” This mission establishment was the beloved child and the common centre of interest of the few Protestant families clustered around it. Through the zeal and good management of Mr. and Mrs. Ferry, and the fostering encouragement of the congregation, the school was in great repute, and it was pleasant to observe the effect of mental and religious culture in subduing the mischievous, tricky propensities of the half-breed, and rousing the stolid apathy of the genuine Indian.[4] These were the palmy days of Mackinac. As the headquarters of the American Fur Company,[5] and the entrepôt of the whole North- West, all the trade in supplies and goods on the one hand, and in furs and products of the Indian country on the other, was in the hands of the parent establishment or its numerous outposts scattered along Lakes Superior and Michigan, the Mississippi, or through still more distant regions.
- 37. MICHILIMACKINAC From a sketch by Capt. S. Eastman, U. S. A., in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv., p. 188. Probably few are ignorant of the fact, that all the Indian tribes, with the exception of the Miamis and the Wyandots, had, since the transfer of the old French possessions to the British Crown, maintained a firm alliance with the latter. The independence achieved by the United States did not alter the policy of the natives, nor did our Government succeed in winning or purchasing their friendship. Great Britain, it is true, bid high to retain them. Every year the leading men of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottowattamies, Menomonees, Winnebagoes, Sauks, and Foxes, and even still more remote tribes, journeyed from their distant homes to Fort Maiden in Upper Canada, to receive their annual amount of presents from their Great Father across the water. It was a master-policy thus to keep them in pay, and had enabled those who practised it to do fearful execution through the aid of such allies in the last war between the two countries. The presents they thus received were of considerable value, consisting of blankets, broadcloths or strouding, calicoes, guns, kettles, traps, silver-works (comprising arm-bands, bracelets, brooches, and ear-bobs), looking-glasses, combs, and various other trinkets distributed with no niggardly hand. The magazines and store-houses of the Fur Company were the resort of all the upper tribes for the sale of their commodities, and the purchase of all such articles as they had need of, including those above enumerated, and also ammunition, which, as well as money and liquor, their British friends very commendably omitted to furnish them. Besides their furs, various in kind and often of great value—beaver, otter, marten, mink, silver-gray and red fox, wolf, bear, and wild cat, musk-rat, and smoked deer-skins—the Indians brought for trade maple-sugar in abundance, considerable quantities of both Indian corn and petit-blé,[B] beans and the folles avoines,[C] or wild-rice, while the
- 38. squaws added to their quota of merchandize a contribution in the form of moccasins, hunting-pouches, mococks, or little boxes of birch-bark embroidered with porcupine quills and filled with maple-sugar, mats of a neat and durable fabric, and toy-models of Indian cradles, snow shoes, canoes, &c., &c. [B] Corn which has been parboiled, shelled from the cob, and dried in the sun. [C] Literally, crazy oats. It is the French name for the Menomonees. It was no unusual thing, at this period, to see a hundred or more canoes of Indians at once approaching the island, laden with their articles of traffic; and if to these we add the squadrons of large Mackinac boats[6] constantly arriving from the outposts, with the furs, peltries, and buffalo-robes collected by the distant traders, some idea may be formed of the extensive operations and important position of the American Fur Company, as well as of the vast circle of human beings either immediately or remotely connected with it. It is no wonder that the philanthropic mind, surveying these races of uncultivated heathen, should stretch forward to the time when, by an unwearied devotion of the white man’s energies, and an untiring sacrifice of self and fortune, his red brethren might rise in the scale of social civilization—when Education and Christianity should go hand in hand, to make “the wilderness blossom as the rose.” Little did the noble souls at this day rejoicing in the success of their labors at Mackinac, anticipate that in less than a quarter of a century there would remain of all these numerous tribes but a few scattered bands, squalid, degraded, with scarce a vestige remaining of their former lofty character—their lands cajoled or wrested from them—the graves of their fathers turned up by the ploughshare—themselves chased farther and farther towards the setting sun, until they were literally grudged a resting place on the face of the earth! Our visit to the Mission school was of short duration, for the “Henry Clay” was to leave at two o’clock, and in the meantime we
- 39. were to see what we could of the village and its environs, and after that, dine with Mr. Mitchell, an old friend of my husband. As we walked leisurely along over the white gravelly road, many of the residences of the old inhabitants were pointed out to me. There was the dwelling of Madame Laframboise,[7] an Ottawa woman, whose husband had taught her to read and write, and who had ever after continued to use the knowledge she had acquired for the instruction and improvement of the youth among her own people. It was her custom to receive a class of young pupils daily at her house, that she might give them lessons in the branches mentioned, and also in the principles of the Roman Catholic religion, to which she was deeply devoted. She was a woman of a vast deal of energy and enterprise— of a tall and commanding figure, and most dignified deportment. After the death of her husband, who was killed while away at his trading- post by a Winnebago named White Ox, she was accustomed to visit herself the trading-posts, superintend the clerks and engagés, and satisfy herself that the business was carried on in a regular and profitable manner. The Agency-house, with its unusual luxuries of piazza and gardens, was situated at the foot of the hill on which the fort was built. It was a lovely spot, notwithstanding the stunted and dwarfish appearance of all cultivated vegetation in this cold northern latitude. The collection of rickety, primitive-looking buildings, occupied by the officials of the Fur Company, reflected no great credit on the architectural skill of my husband, who had superintended their construction, he told me, when little more than a boy. There were, besides these, the residences of the Dousmans, the Abbotts, the Biddies, the Drews, and the Lashleys,[8] stretching away along the base of the beautiful hill, crowned with the white walls and buildings of the fort, the ascent to which was so steep, that on the precipitous face nearest the beach staircases were built by which to mount from below. My head ached intensely, the effect of the motion of the boat on the previous day, but I did not like to give up to it; so after I had been
- 40. shown all that could be seen of the little settlement in the short time allowed us, we repaired to Mr. Mitchell’s. We were received by Mrs. M., an extremely pretty, delicate woman, part French and part Sioux, whose early life had been passed at Prairie du Chien, on the Mississippi.[9] She had been a great belle among the young officers at Fort Crawford; so much so, indeed, that the suicide of the post-surgeon was attributed to an unsuccessful attachment he had conceived for her. I was greatly struck with her soft and gentle manners, and the musical intonation of her voice, which I soon learned was a distinguishing peculiarity of those women in whom are united the French and native blood. A lady, then upon a visit to the Mission, was of the company. She insisted on my lying down upon the sofa, and ministered most kindly to my suffering head. As she sat by my side, and expatiated upon the new sphere opening before me, she inquired: “Do you not realize very strongly the entire deprivation of religious privileges you will be obliged to suffer in your distant home?” “The deprivation,” said I, “will doubtless be great, but not entire; for I shall have my Prayer-Book, and though destitute of a church, we need not be without a mode of worship.” How often afterwards, when cheered by the consolations of this precious book in the midst of the lonely wilderness, did I remember this conversation, and bless God that I could never, while retaining it, be without “religious privileges.” We had not yet left the dinner-table, when the bell of the little steamer sounded to summon us on board, and we bade a hurried farewell to all our kind friends, bearing with us their hearty wishes for a safe and prosperous voyage. A finer sight can scarcely be imagined than Mackinac, from the water. As we steamed away from the shore, the view came full upon us—the sloping beach with the scattered wigwams, and canoes drawn up here and there—the irregular, quaint-looking houses—the white
- 41. walls of the fort, and beyond one eminence still more lofty, crowned with the remains of old Fort Holmes.[10] The whole picture completed, showed the perfect outline that had given the island its original Indian name, Mich-i-li-mack-i-nack, the Big Turtle. Then those pure, living waters, in whose depths the fish might be seen gliding and darting to and fro, whose clearness is such that an object dropped to the bottom may be discerned at the depth of fifty or sixty feet, a dollar lying far down on its green bed, looking no larger than a half dime. I could hardly wonder at the enthusiastic lady who exclaimed: “Oh! I could wish to be drowned in these pure, beautiful waters!” As we passed the extreme western point of the island, my husband pointed out to me, far away to the north-west, a promontory which he told me was Point St. Ignace. It possessed great historic interest, as one of the earliest white settlements on this continent. The Jesuit missionaries had established here a church and school as early as 1607, the same year in which a white settlement was made at St. Augustine, in Florida, and one year before the founding of Jamestown, Virginia.[11] All that remains of the enterprises of these devoted men, is the remembrance of their labors, perpetuated, in most instances, only by the names of the spots which witnessed their efforts of love in behalf of their savage brethren. The little French church at Sandwich, opposite Detroit, alone is left, a witness of the zeal and self-sacrifice of these pioneers of Christianity.[12] Passing “Old Mackinac,” on the main land, which forms the southern border of the straits, we soon came out into the broad waters of Lake Michigan. Every traveller, and every reader of our history, is familiar with the incidents connected with the taking of the old fort by the Indians, in the days of Pontiac. How, by means of a game of ball, played in an apparently friendly spirit outside the walls, and of which the officers and soldiers had come forth to be spectators, the ball was dexterously tossed over the wall, and the savages rushing
- 42. in, under pretext of finding it, soon got possession and massacred the garrison. The little Indian village of L’Arbre Croche[13] gleamed far away south, in the light of the setting sun. With that exception, there was no sign of living habitation along that vast and wooded shore. The gigantic forest-trees, and here and there the little glades of prairie opening to the water, showed a landscape that would have gladdened the eye of the agriculturist, with its promise of fertility; but it was evidently untrodden by the foot of man, and we left it, in its solitude, as we took our course westward across the waters. The rainy and gusty weather, so incident to the equinoctial season, overtook us again before we reached the mouth of Green Bay, and kept us company until the night of our arrival upon the flats, about three miles below the settlement. Here the little steamer grounded “fast and hard.” As almost every one preferred braving the elements to remaining cooped up in the quarters we had occupied for the past week, we decided to trust ourselves to the little boat, spite of wind, and rain, and darkness, and in due time we reached the shore. CHAPTER III GREEN BAY Our arrival at Green Bay was at an unfortunate moment. It was the time of a treaty between the United States Government and the Menomonees and Wau-ba-na-kees. Consequently, not only the commissioners of the treaty, with their clerks and officials, but traders, claimants, travellers, and idlers innumerable were upon the ground. Most of these were congregated in the only hotel the place afforded. This was a tolerably-sized house near the river-side, and as we entered the long dining-room, cold and dripping from the open boat,
- 43. we were infinitely amused at the motley assemblage it contained. Various groups were seated around. New comers, like ourselves, stood here and there, for there were not seats enough to accommodate all who sought entertainment. Judge Arndt, the landlord, sat calm and indifferent, his hands in his pockets, exhibiting all the phlegm of a Pennsylvania Dutchman.[14] His fat, notable spouse was trotting round, now stopping to scold about some one who, “burn his skin!” had fallen short in his duty, now laughing good humoredly until her sides shook, at some witticism addressed to her. She welcomed us very cordially, but to our inquiry, “Can you accommodate us?” her reply was, “Not I. I have got twice as many people now as I know what to do with. I have had to turn my own family out of their quarters, what with the commissioners and the lot of folks that has come in upon us.” FORT HOWARD IN 1855. From daguerreotype in possession of Wisconsin Historical Society.
- 44. "What are we to do then? It is too late and stormy to go up to Shanty-town[15] to seek for lodgings." “Well, sit you down and take your supper, and we will see what we can do.” And she actually did contrive to find a little nook, in which we were glad to take refuge from the multitudes around us. A slight board partition separated us from the apartment occupied by General Root, of New York, one of the commissioners of the treaty. The steamer in which we came had brought the mail, at that day a rare blessing to the distant settlements. The opening and reading of all the dispatches, which the General received about bed-time, had, of course, to be gone through with, before he could retire to rest. His eyes being weak, his secretaries were employed to read the communications. He was a little deaf withal, and through the slight division between the two apartments the contents of the letters, and his comments upon them, were unpleasantly audible, as he continually admonished his secretary to raise his voice. “What is that, Walter? Read that over again.” In vain we coughed and hemmed, and knocked over sundry pieces of furniture. They were too deeply interested to hear aught that passed around them, and if we had been politicians we should have had all the secrets of the working-men’s party at our disposal, out of which to have made capital. The next morning it was still rain! rain! nothing but rain! In spite of it, however, the gentlemen would take a small boat to row to the steamer, to bring up the luggage, not the least important part of that which appertained to us, being sundry boxes of silver for paying the annuities to the Winnebagoes at the Portage. I went out with some others of the company upon the piazza, to witness their departure. A gentleman pointed out to me Fort Howard, on a projecting point of the opposite shore, about three-quarters of a mile distant—the old barracks, the picketed inclosure, the walls, all
- 45. looking quaint, and, considering their modern erection, really ancient and venerable.[16] Presently we turned our attention to the boat, which had by this time gained the middle of the river. One of the passengers was standing up in the stern, apparently giving some directions. “That is rather a venturesome fellow,” remarked one; “if he is not careful he will lose his balance.” And at this moment we saw him actually perform a summerset backward, and disappear in the water. “Oh!” cried I, “he will be drowned!” The gentlemen laughed. “No, there he is; they are helping him in again.” The course of the boat was immediately changed, and the party returned to the shore. It was not until one disembarked and came dripping and laughing towards me, that I recognized him as my own peculiar property. He was pleased to treat the matter as a joke, but I thought it rather a sad beginning of western experience. He suffered himself to be persuaded to intrust the care of his effects to his friends, and having changed his dress, prepared to remain quietly with me, when just at this moment a vehicle drove up to the door, and we recognized the pleasant, familiar face of our old friend. Judge Doty.[17] He had received the news of our arrival, and had come to take us at once to his hospitable mansion. We were only too happy to gather together our bags and travelling baskets, and accompany him without farther ceremony. Our drive took us first along the edge of Navarino, next through Shanty-town (the latter a far more appropriate name than the former), amid mud and mire, over bad roads, and up and down hilly, break- neck places, until we reached the little brick dwelling of our friends. Mrs. Doty received us with such true sisterly kindness, and everything seemed so full of welcome, that we soon felt ourselves at home.
- 46. We found that, expecting our arrival, invitations had already been prepared to assemble the whole circle of Green Bay society to meet us at an evening party—this, in a new country, being the established mode of doing honor to guests or strangers. We learned, upon inquiry, that Captain Harney,[18] who had kindly offered to come with a boat and crew of soldiers from Fort Winnebago, to convey us to that place, our destined home, had not yet arrived; we therefore felt at liberty to make arrangements for a few days of social enjoyment at “the Bay.” It was pleasant to people, secluded in such a degree from the world at large, to hear all the news we had brought—all the particulars of life and manners—the thousand little items that the newspapers of that day did not dream of furnishing—the fashions, and that general gossip, in short, which a lady is erroneously supposed more au fait of, than a gentleman. I well remember that, in giving and receiving information, the day passed in a pretty uninterrupted stream of communication. All the party except myself had made the journey, or rather voyage, up the Fox River and down the Wisconsin to the Mississippi. There were plenty of anecdotes of a certain trip performed by them in company, along with a French trader and his two sisters, now making their début as western travellers. The manner in which Mademoiselle Julie would borrow, without leave, a fine damask napkin or two, to wipe out the ducks in preparation for cooking—the difficulty of persuading either of the sisters of the propriety of washing and rinsing their table apparatus nicely before packing it away in the mess- basket, the consequence of which was, that another nice napkin must be stealthily whisked out, to wipe the dishes when the hour for meals arrived—the fun of the young gentleman in hunting up his stray articles, thus misappropriated, from the nooks and corners of the boat, tying them with a cord, and hanging them over the stern, to make their way down the Wisconsin to Prairie du Chien.
- 47. Then there was a capital story of M. Rolette[19] himself. At one point on the route (I think in crossing Winnebago Lake), the travellers met one of the Company’s boats on its way to Green Bay for supplies. M. R. was one of the agents of the Company, and the people in the boat were his employés. Of course, after an absence of some weeks from home, the meeting on these lonely waters and the exchanging of news was an occasion of great excitement. The boats were stopped—earnest greetings interchanged— question followed question. “Eh! Bien—have they finished the new house?” “Oui, Monsieur.” “Et la cheminée, fume-t-elle?” (Does the chimney smoke?) “Non, Monsieur.” “And the harvest—how is that?” “Very fine, indeed.” “Is the mill at work?” “Yes, plenty of water.” “How is Whip?” (his favorite horse). “Oh! Whip is first-rate.” Everything, in short, about the store, the farm, the business of various descriptions being satisfactorily gone over, there was no occasion for farther delay. It was time to proceed. “Eh! Men—adieu! hon voyage!” “Arrachez—mes gens!” (Go ahead, men!) Then suddenly—“Arrétez—arrétez!” (Stop, stop!) “Comment se portent Madame Rolette ct les enfans?”
- 48. (How are Mrs. Rolette and the children?) This day, with its excitement, was at length over, and we retired to our rest, thankful that we had not General Root and his secretary close to our bed’s head, with their budget of political news. My slumbers were not destined, however, to be quite undisturbed. I was awakened, at the first slight peep of dawn by a sound from an apartment beneath our own—a plaintive, monotonous chant, rising and then falling in a sort of mournful cadence. It seemed to me a wail of something unearthly—so wild—so strange—so unaccountable. In terror I awoke my husband, who reassured me by telling me it was the morning salutation of the Indians to the opening day. Some Menomonees had been kindly given shelter for the night in the kitchen below, and having fulfilled their unvarying custom of chanting their morning hymn, they now ceased, and again composed themselves to sleep. But not so their auditor. There was to me something inexpressibly beautiful in this morning song of praise from the untaught sons of the forest. What a lesson did it preach to the civilized, Christianized world, too many of whom lie down and rise up without an aspiration of thanksgiving to their Almighty Preserver— without even a remembrance of His care, who gives His angels charge concerning them! Never has the impression of that simple act of worship faded from my mind. I have loved to think that, with some, these strains might be the outpouring of a devotion as pure as that of the Christian when he utters the inspiring words of the sainted Ken— “Awake, my soul! and with the sun,” etc. Among the visitors who called to offer me a welcome to the West, were Mr. and Miss Cadle,[20] who were earnestly engaged in the first steps of their afterwards flourishing enterprise for the education of Indian and half-breed children. The school-houses and chapel were not yet erected, but we visited their proposed site, and listened with great interest to bright anticipations of the future good that was to be
- 49. accomplished—the success that was to crown their efforts for taming the heathen, and teaching them the knowledge of their Saviour, and the blessings of civilized life. The sequel has shown how little the zeal of the few can accomplish, when opposed to the cupidity of the many. Our evening party went off as parties do elsewhere. The most interesting feature to me, because the most novel, was the conversation of some young ladies to whom I was introduced, natives of Green Bay, or its vicinity. Their mother was a Me-no-mo-nee, but their father was a Frenchman, a descendant of a settler some generations back, and who, there is reason to believe, was a branch of the same family of Grignon to which the daughter of Madame de Sevigné belonged. At least, it is said there are in the possession of the family many old papers and records which would give that impression, although the orthography of the name has become slightly changed. Be that as it may, the Miss Grignons were strikingly dignified, well- bred young ladies, and there was a charm about their soft voices, and original, unsophisticated remarks, very attractive to a stranger. They opened to me, however, a new field of apprehension; for, on my expressing my great impatience to see my new home, they exclaimed, with a look of wonder: “Vous n’avez done pas peur des serpens?” “Snakes! Was it possible there were snakes at Fort Winnebago?” “At the Portage! oh! yes—one can never walk out for them—rattle- snakes—copper-heads—all sorts!” I am not naturally timid, but I must confess that the idea of the serpens sonnettes and the siffleurs was not quite a subject of indifference. There was one among these young ladies whose tall, graceful figure, rich, blooming complexion, and dark, glancing eye, would have distinguished her in any drawing-room—and another, whose gentle
- 50. sweetness and cultivated taste made it a matter of universal regret that she was afterwards led to adopt the seclusion of a convent.[21] Captain Harney and his boat arrived in due time, and active preparations for the comfort of our journey commenced under the kind supervision of Mrs. Doty. The mess-basket was stowed with good things of every description—ham and tongue—biscuit and plum-cake— not to mention the substantial of crackers, bread, and boiled pork, the latter of which, however, a lady was supposed to be too fastidious to think of touching, even if starving in the woods. We had engaged three Canadian voyageurs to take charge of our tent, mess-basket, and matters and things in general. Their business it was to be to cut the wood for our fires, prepare our meals, and give a helping hand to whatever was going forward. A messenger had also been sent to the Kakalin, or rapids, twenty-one miles above, to notify Wish-tay-yun (the blacksmith), the most accomplished guide through the difficult passes of the river, to be in readiness for our service on a specified day. In the meantime, we had leisure for one more party, and it was to be a “real western hop.” Everybody will remember that dance at Mrs. Baird’s.[22] All the people, young and old, that would be gathered throughout, or, as it was the fashion to express it, on Green Bay, were assembled. The young officers were up from Fort Howard, looking so smart in their uniforms. Treasures of finery, long uncalled forth, were now brought to light. Everybody was bound to do honor to the strangers by appearing in their very best. It was to be an entertainment unequalled by any given before. All the house was put in requisition for the occasion. Desks and seats were unceremoniously dismissed from Mr. B.'s office, which formed one wing, to afford more space for the dancers. Not only the front portion of the dwelling, but even the kitchen was made fit for the reception of company, in case any primitive visitor, as was sometimes the case, should prefer sitting down quietly there and smoking his cigar. I do not know that this was actually done, but it was an emergency that, in those days, had always to be provided for.
- 51. Nothing could exceed the mirth and hilarity of the company. No restraint, but of good manners—no excess of conventionalities— genuine, hearty good-humor and enjoyment, such as pleasant, hospitable people, with just enough of the French element to add zest to anything like amusement, could furnish, to make the entertainment agreeable. In a country so new, and where, in a social gathering the number of the company was, in a slight degree more important than the quality, the circle was not always, strictly speaking, select. For instance, the connexions of each family must be invited, even if there was something “a little peculiar” in their appearance, manners, or perhaps vocation, which might make their presence not quite desirable. I was aware of this, and was therefore more amused than surprised when a clumsy little man, with a broad, red, laughing face, waddled across the room to where I had taken my seat after a dance, and thus addressed me: “Miss K ——, nobody hain’t never introduced you to me, but I’ve seen you a good many times, and I know your husband very well, so I thought I might just as well come and speak to you—my name is A— dt.” “Ah! Mr. A——, good evening. I hope you are enjoying yourself. How is your sister?” “Oh! she is a great deal worse—her cold has got into her eye, and it is all shot up.” Then turning full upon a lady[D] who sat near, radiant with youth and beauty, sparkling with wit and genuine humor: [D] A niece of James Fenimore Cooper. “Oh! Mrs. Beall,”[23] he began, “what a beautiful gown you have got on, and how handsome you do look! I declare you’re the prettiest woman in the room, and dance the handsomest.”
- 52. “Indeed, Mr. A——,” replied she, suppressing her love of fun and assuming a demure look, “I am afraid you flatter me.” “No, I don’t—I’m in earnest. I’ve just come to ask you to dance.” Such was the penalty of being too charming. Poor A——, in a cotillion, was not the least enlivening part of this evening’s entertainment. CHAPTER IV VOYAGE UP FOX RIVER It had been arranged that Judge Doty should accompany us in our boat as far as the Butte des Morts, at which place his attendant would be waiting with horses to convey him to Mineral Point, where he was to hold court. It was a bright and beautiful morning when we left his pleasant home, to commence our journey up the Fox River. Capt. Harney was proposing to remain a few days longer at “the Bay,” but he called to escort us to the boat, and install us in all its comforts. As he helped me along over the ploughed ground and other inequalities in our way to the river-bank, where the boat lay, he told me how impatiently Mrs. Twiggs,[24] the wife of the commanding officer, who, since the past spring had been the only white lady at Fort Winnebago, was now expecting a companion and friend. We had met in New York shortly after her marriage, and were, therefore, not quite unacquainted. I, for my part, felt sure that when there were two of us —when my piano was safely there—when the Post Library which we had purchased should be unpacked—when all should be fairly arranged and settled, we should be, although far away in the
- 53. wilderness, the happiest little circle imaginable. All my anticipations were of the most sanguine and cheerful character. It was a moderate-sized Mackinac boat, with a crew of soldiers, and our own three voyageurs in addition, that lay waiting for us—a dark-looking structure of some thirty feet in length. Placed in the center was a framework of slight posts, supporting a roof of canvas, with curtains of the same, which might be let down at the sides and ends, after the manner of a country stage-coach, or rolled up to admit the light and air. In the midst of this little cabin or saloon was placed the box containing my piano, and on it a mattress, which was to furnish us a divan through the day and a place of repose at night, should the weather at any time prove too wet or unpleasant for encamping. The boxes of silver were stowed next. Our mess-basket was in a convenient vicinity, and we had purchased a couple of large square covered baskets of the Waubanakees, or New York Indians, to hold our various necessary articles of outward apparel and bedding, and at the same time to answer as very convenient little work or dinner tables. As a true daughter of New England, it is to be taken for granted I had not forgotten to supply myself with knitting-work and embroidery. Books and pencils were a matter of course. The greater part of our furniture, together with the various articles for housekeeping with which we had supplied ourselves in New York and Detroit, were to follow in another boat, under the charge of people whose business it professed to be to take cargoes safely up the rapids, and on to Fort Winnebago. This was an enterprise requiring some three weeks of time and a great amount of labor, so that the owners of the goods transported might think themselves happy to receive them at last, in a wet, broken, and dilapidated condition. It was for this reason that we took our choicest possessions with us, even at the risk of being a little crowded.
- 54. Until now I had never seen a gentleman attired in a colored shirt, a spotless white collar and bosom being one of those “notions” that “Boston,” and consequently New England “folks,” entertained of the becoming in a gentleman’s toilette. Mrs. Cass[25] had laughingly forewarned me, that not only calico shirts, but patch-work pillow-cases were an indispensable part of a travelling equipment; and, thanks to the taste and skill of some tidy little Frenchwoman, I found our divan pillows all accommodated in the brightest and most variegated garb. The Judge and my husband were gay with the deepest of blue and pink. Each was prepared, besides, with a bright red cap (a bonnet rouge, or tuque, as the voyageurs call it), which, out of respect for the lady, was to be donned only when a hearty dinner, a dull book, or the want of exercise made an afternoon nap indispensable. The Judge was an admirable travelling companion. He had lived many years in the country, had been with General Cass on his expedition to the head waters of the Mississippi, and had a vast fund of anecdote regarding early times, customs, and inhabitants. Some instances of the mode of administering justice in those days, I happen to recall. There was an old Frenchman at “the Bay,” named Réaume,[26] excessively ignorant and grasping, although otherwise tolerably good- natured. This man was appointed justice of the peace. Two men once appeared before him, the one as plaintiff, the other as defendant. The justice listened patiently to the complaint of the one, and the defence of the other; then rising, with dignity, he pronounced his decision: “You are both wrong. You, Bois-vert,” to the plaintiff, “you bring me one load of hay; and you, Crély,” to the defendant, “you bring me one load of wood; and now the matter is settled.” It does not appear that any exceptions were taken to this verdict. This anecdote led to another, the scene of which was Prairie du Chien, on the Mississippi.
- 55. There was a Frenchman, a justice of the peace, who was universally known by the name of "Col. Boilvin."[27] His office was just without the walls of the fort, and it was much the fashion among the officers to lounge in there of a morning, to find sport for an idle hour, and to take a glass of brandy-and-water with the old gentleman, which he called “taking a little quelque-chose.” A soldier, named Fry, had been accused of stealing and killing a calf belonging to M. Rolette, and the constable, a bricklayer of the name of Bell, had been dispatched to arrest the culprit and bring him to trial. While the gentlemen were making their customary morning visit to the justice, a noise was heard in the entry, and a knock at the door. “Come in,” cried the old gentleman, rising and walking toward the door. Bell. Here sir, I have brought Fry to you, as you ordered. Justice. Fry, you great rascal! What for you kill M. Rolette’s calf? Fry. I did not kill M. Rolette’s calf. Justice (shaking his fist). You lie, you great rascal! Bell, take him to jail. Come gentlemen, come, let us take a leetle quelque-chose. The Canadian boatmen always sing while rowing, or paddling, and nothing encourages them so much as to hear the “bourgeois”[E] take the lead in the music. If the passengers, more especially those of the fair sex, join in the refrain, the compliment is all the greater. [E] Master—or to use the emphatic Yankee term—boss. Their songs are of a light cheerful character, generally embodying some little satire or witticism, calculated to produce a spirited, sometimes an uproarious chorus.[28] The song and refrain are carried on somewhat in the following style:
- 56. Bourgeois. Par derriere chéz ma tante, Par derriere chéz ma tante, Chorus. Par derriere chéz ma tante, Par derriere chéz ma tante. Bourgeois. Il-y-a un coq qui chante, Des pommes, des poires, des raves, des choux, Des figues nouvelles, des raisins doux. Chorus. Des pommes, des poires, des raves, des choux, Des figues nouvelles, des raisins doux. Bourgeois. Il-y-a un coq qui chante, Il-y-a un coq qui chante. Chorus. Il-y-a un coq qui chante, &c. Bourgeois. Demande une femme à prendre Des pommes, des poires, des raves, des choux, &c. Chorus. Des pommes, des poires, &c. Bourgeois. Demande une femme à prendre, Demande une femme à, &c. And thus it continues until the advice is given successively. Ne prenez pas une noire. Car elles aiment trop à boire, Ne prenez pas une rousse. Car elles sont trop jalouses. And by the time all the different qualifications are rehearsed and objected to, lengthened out by the interminable repetition of the chorus, the shout of the bourgeois is heard— “Whoop la! à terre, à terre—pour la pipe!” It is an invariable custom for the voyageurs to stop every five or six miles to rest and smoke, so that it was formerly the way of measuring distances—“so many pipes,” instead of “so many miles.” The Canadian melodies are sometimes very beautiful, and a more exhilarating mode of travel can hardly be imagined than a voyage over these waters, amid all the wild magnificence of nature, with the
- 57. measured strokes of the oar keeping time to the strains of “Le Rosier Blanc,” “En roulant ma Boule,” or “Leve ton pied, ma jolie Bergere.” The climax of fun seemed to be in a comic piece, which, however oft-repeated, appeared never to grow stale. It was somewhat after this fashion: Bourgeois. Michaud est monté dans un prunier, Pour treiller des prunes. La branche a cassé— Chorus. Michaud a tombé? Bourgeois. Ou est-ce qu-il est? Chorus. Il est en bas. Bourgeois. Oh! réveille, réveille, réveille, Oh! réveille, Michaud est en haut![F] [F] Michaud climbed into a plum-tree, to gather plums. The branch broke. Michaud fell! Where is he? He is down on the ground. No, he is up in the tree. It was always a point of etiquette to look astonished at the luck of Michaud in remaining in the tree, spite of the breaking of the branch, and the joke had to be repeated through all the varieties of fruit-trees that Michaud might be supposed able to climb. By evening of the first day we arrived at the Kakalin, where another branch of the Grignon family resided.[29] We were very pleasantly entertained, although in my anxiety to begin my forest life, I would fain have had the tent pitched on the bank of the river, and have laid aside, at once, the indulgences of civilization. This, however, would have been a slight, perhaps an affront, so Ave did much better, and partook of the good cheer that was offered us in the shape of hot venison steaks and crepes, and that excellent cup of coffee which none can prepare like a Frenchwoman, and which is so refreshing after a day in the open air. The Kakalin is a rapid of the Fox River, sufficiently important to make the portage of the heavy lading of a boat necessary; the boat itself being poled or dragged up with cords against the current. It is
- 58. one of a series of rapids and chûtes, or falls, which occur between this point and Lake Winnebago, twenty miles above.[30] The next morning, after breakfast, we took leave of our hosts, and prepared to pursue our journey. The bourgeois, from an early hour, had been occupied in superintending his men in getting the boat and its loading over the Kakalin. As the late rains had made the paths through the woods and along the banks of the river somewhat muddy and uncomfortable for walking, I was put into an ox-cart, to be jolted over the unequal road; saluting, impartially, all the stumps and stones that lay in our way, the only means of avoiding which seemed to be, when the little, thick-headed Frenchman, our conductor, bethought him of suddenly guiding his cattle into a projecting tree or thorn-bush, to the great detriment, not only of my straw-bonnet, but of my very eyes. But we got through at last, and arriving at the head of the rapids, I found the boat lying there, all in readiness for our re-embarking. Our Monomonee guide, Wish-tay-yun, a fine, stalwart Indian, with an open, good-humored, one might almost say roguish countenance, came forward to be presented to me. “Bon-jour, bon-jour, maman,” was his laughing salutation. Again I was surprised, not as before at the French, for to that I had become accustomed, but at the respectable title he was pleased to bestow upon me. “Yes,” said my husband, “you must make up your mind to receive a very numerous and well-grown family, consisting of all the Winnebagoes, Pottowattamies, Chippewas, and Ottawas, together with such Sioux, Sacs, and Foxes, and Iowas, as have any point to gain in applying to me. By the first named tribe, in virtue of my office, and by the others as a matter of courtesy, I am always addressed as ‘father’—you, of course, will be their ‘mother.’” Wish-tay-yun and I were soon good friends, my husband interpreting to me the Chippewa language in which he spoke. We
- 59. were impatient to be off, the morning being already far advanced, and all things being in readiness, the word was given. “Pousse au large, mes gens!” (Push out, my men). At this moment a boat was seen leaving the opposite bank of the river and making towards us. It contained white men, and they showed by signs that they wished to detain us until they came up. They drew near, and we found them to be Mr. Marsh,[31] a missionary among the Wau-ba-na-kees, or the New York Indians, lately brought into this country, and the Rev. Eleazar Williams,[G] who was at that time living among his red brethren on the left bank of the Fox River. [32] [G] The supposed Dauphin of France. To persons so situated, even more emphatically than to those of “the settlements,” the arrival of visitors from the “east countrie” was a godsend indeed. We had to give all the news of various kinds that we had brought—political, ecclesiastical, and social—as well as a tolerably detailed account of what we proposed to do, or rather what we hoped to be able to do, among our native children at “the Portage.” I was obliged, for my part, to confess that, being almost entirely a stranger to the Indian character and habits, I was going among them with no settled plans of any kind—general good-will, and a hope of making them my friends, being the only principles I could lay claim to at present. I must leave it for time and a better acquaintance to show me in what way the principle could be carried out for their greatest good. Mr. Williams was a dark-complexioned, good-looking man. Having always heard him spoken of, by his relations in Connecticut, as “our Indian cousin,” it never occurred to me to doubt his belonging to that race, although I now think that if I had met him elsewhere, I should have taken him for a Spaniard or a Mexican. His complexion had decidedly more of the olive than the copper hue, and his countenance was grave, almost melancholy. He was very silent during this
- 60. interview, asking few questions, and offering no observations except in reply to some question addressed to him. It was a hard pull for the men up the rapids. Wish-tay-yun, whose clear, sonorous voice was the bugle of the party, shouted and whooped—each one answered with a chorus, and a still more vigorous effort. By-and-by the boat would become firmly set between two huge stones— “Whoop la! whoop! whoop!” Another pull, and another, straining every nerve—in vain. “She will not budge!” “Men, overboard!” and instantly every rower is over the side and into the water. By pulling, pushing, and tugging, the boat is at length released from her position, and the men walk along beside her, helping and guiding her, until they reach a space of comparatively smooth water, when they again take their seats and their oars. It will be readily imagined that there were few songs this day, but very frequent pipes, to refresh the poor fellows after such an arduous service. It was altogether a new spectacle to me. In fact, I had hardly ever before been called upon to witness severe bodily exertion, and my sympathies and sensibilities were, for this reason, the more enlisted on the occasion. It seemed a sufficient hardship to have to labor in this violent manner; but to walk in cold water up to their waists, and then to sit down in their soaking garments without going near a fire! Poor men! this was too much to be borne! What then was my consternation to see my husband, who, shortly after our noon-tide meal, had surprised me by making his appearance in a pair of duck trowsers and light jacket, at the first cry of “fast, again!” spring over into the water with the men, and “bear a hand” throughout the remainder of the day.
- 61. When he returned on board, it was to take the oar of a poor, delicate-looking boy, one of the company of soldiers, who from the first had suffered with bleeding at the nose on every unusual exertion. I was not surprised, on inquiring, to find that this lad was a recruit just entered the service. He passed by the name of Gridley, but that was undoubtedly an assumed name. He had the appearance of having been delicately nurtured, and had probably enlisted without at all appreciating the hardships and discomforts of a soldier’s life. This is evident from the dissatisfaction he always continued to feel, until at length he deserted from his post. This was some months subsequent to the time of which I am writing. He was once retaken, and kept for a time in confinement, but immediately on his release deserted again, and his remains were found the following spring, not many miles from the fort. He had died either of cold or starvation. This is a sad interlude—we will return to our boating. With all our tugging and toiling we had accomplished but thirteen miles since leaving the Kakalin, and it was already late when we arrived in view of the “Grande Chûte,” near which we were to encamp. We had passed the “Little Chûte” (the post where the town of Appleton now stands) without any farther observation than that it required a vast deal of extra exertion to buffet with the rushing stream, and come off, as we did, victorious. The brilliant light of the setting sun was resting on the high wooded banks through which broke the beautiful, foaming, dashing waters of the Chûte. The boat was speedily turned toward a little headland projecting from the right bank, which had the advantage of a long strip of level ground, sufficiently spacious to afford a good encamping ground. I jumped ashore before the boat was fairly pulled up by the men, and with the Judge’s help made my way as rapidly as possibly to a point lower down the river, from which, he said, the best view of the Chûte could be obtained. I was anxious to make a sketch before the daylight quite faded away. The left bank of the river was to the west, and over a portion less elevated than the rest the sun’s parting rays fell upon the boat, the
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